Artuqids
Artuqid State Artuklu Beyliği | |||||||||
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1102–1409 | |||||||||
Kara Koyunlu (Mardin) | 1409 | ||||||||
Currency | dinar | ||||||||
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Today part of | Syria Turkey |
The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid;
History
The dynasty was founded by
Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in
After pillaging the
Kara Aslan's son
The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198 and its center was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by the Sultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between the Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of the
Art
Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and the art of metalworking. The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
They made the most significant additions to
A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil engineering feat of Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially standing Old Bridge, Hasankeyf, was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan.
The Great Mosques of
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Magic Mirror of Abu-l-Fadl Artuq Shah of Harput, Eastern Anatolia, ca. 1220-30, David Collection. It is "representative of medieval Islamic examples of the “Chinese” type".[11]
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Basin of Sultan Qara Arslan b. Il-Ghazi, Jazira, Syria, or Egypt, late 13th cen. (1289-92) MIA, Doha.[12]
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Figurative Architectural Piece Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, Istanbul
Literature
The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic.
The Artuqid ruler
An early edition of the
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"Sign of Sagittarius" byṢuwar al-kawākib al-thābita, Artuqid Mardin, 1131 CE (TSMK, A. 3493).[19]
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Court scene. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).[15]
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Turkic figure. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).[15]
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A Jariya prostitute, in the Maqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3929), also thought to belong to the same Artuqid school of painting.[20][18]
List of rulers
The major branches of the Artuqid dynasty were those based in Hasankeyf, Harput, Mardin and Aleppo.[21]
Hasankeyf branch
This branch was initially based at Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to Diyarbakır (Amid) in 1183.
- Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1102–1104
- Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā, son of Sökmen, 1104–1109
- Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd (Dāʾūd), son of Sökmen, 1109–1144
- Kara Arslan, son of Dāʾūd, 1144–1174)[22]
- Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of Kara Arslan, 1174–1185[22]
- Sökmen II, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1185–1201[22]
- Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1201–1222[22]
- Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, son of Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, 1222–1232/33.
Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the
Harput branch
The Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan.
- Imad ud-din Abu Bakr, son of Kara Arslan, 1185–1204
- Ibrahim ibn Abu Bakr, son of Abu Bakr, 1203–1223
- Ahmad Khidr, son of Ibrahim, 1223–1234
- Artuq Shah, son of Ahmad Khidr, 1234.[23]
Harput was conquered by Kayqubad I, Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia.
Mardin branch
The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in
- Yāqūti, son of Alp-Yaruq (son of Artuk), 1101–1104
- 'Ali ibn Yāqūti, son of Yāqūti, 1104
- Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1101–1104
- Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1107–1122
- Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1122–1154
- Alpï I, son of Timurtash, 1154–1176
- Ilghazi II, son of Alpï I, 1176–1184
- Yülük Arslan, son of Ilghazi II, 1184–1203
- Artuk Arslan, son of Yülük Arslan, 1203–1239
- Al-Sa'id Najm al-Din Ghazi I, son of Yülük Arslan, 1239–1260
- Hulegu.[4]
- Al-Sa'id Shams al-Din Dāwūd I, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1292–1294
- Al-Mansur Najm al-Din Ghazi II, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1294–1312
- 'Ali Alpï II, son of Ghazi II, 1312
- As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (Mahmūd), son of Ghazi II, 1312–1364
- Al-Mansur Husam al-Din Ahmad, son of Mahmūd, 1364–1367
- As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (second rule), 1367
- Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Dāwūd II, son of Mahmūd, 1367–1376
- Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, son of Dāwūd II, 1376–1407
- Al-Salih Şhihab al-Din Ahmad, son of Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, 1407–1409.
Aleppo subbranch
The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also
- Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1117–1121
- Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman, son of Abd al-Jabar (son of Artuk), 1121–1123
- Belek Ghazi, son of Bahram ibn Artuk (son of Artuk), 1123–1124
- Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1124–1125[26]
- [Seljuks under al-Bursuqi and various others, 1125–1127]
- Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman (second rule), 1127–1128.
Aleppo was taken by Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183.
Coinage
Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".[4]
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Crowned, bearded Byzantine-style bust, with clean-shavenFakhr al-Din Qara Arslan, Hisn Kayfa or Amid mint. Dated AH 559 (1163-4 CE).
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Coinage of Kara Arslan, dated AH 562 (1166-7 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".[4]
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Nasir al-Din Mahmud, dirham, 619 AH (1213-4 CE)
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Najm al-Din Alpi, Mardin, 558 H (1162-3 CE)
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Nur al-Din Muhammad, al-Hisn, 578 H (1182-3 CE), with youthful Seleucid head.
See also
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- Artuklu Palace
References
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore, (E.J. Brill, 1976), 107, 134;"The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr..."
- ^ Islamic Desk Reference, ed. E. J. Van Donzel, (Brill, 1994), 39;"Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over...."
- ^ "Артук Гази, артукиды и их первые тюркские бейлики в Анатолии" (in Russian). TRT Russian. 22 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-0-85772-685-8.
- ISBN 978-0-900860-86-7.
- .
- ISBN 978-90-04-20100-2.
- ^ .
The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardln line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu.
- hdl:1842/7341.
- ^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 57, item 7.
- ^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2016. p. 58.
- ^ a b Snelders 2010, p. Chapter 4, 4th page.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ a b Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83: 69.
- ^ Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83: 77.
- ^ a b Ward, Rachel (1 January 1985). "Evidence for a School of Painting at the Artuqid Court". Oxfod Studies in Islamic Art, vol. 1, pp. 69-83: 76–77.
- . Manuscript "Ahmet III 3493"
- .
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford E., The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, pgs. 194-196
- ^ a b c d Whelan 1988, p. 146.
- ^ Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43
- ISBN 978-1-879080-02-7.
But who was the "Nur al - Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type , and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins , but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al - Din Arslan Shah I , the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul ( 589-607 / 1193-1210 ) , the only atabeg with the laqab Nur al - Din known to have been active at that time . This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog.
- ^ Künker, Fritz Rudolf. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 391.
But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg" featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193-1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear
- ^ Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43–44
Sources
- Aslanapa, Oktay (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi [Early Turkish Architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and Development] (in Turkish). Ankara: AKM Publications. ISBN 975-16-0264-5. Archived from the originalon 2004-08-30.
- Balafrej, Lamia (2022). "Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206". 21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual. 3 (4): 737–774. ISSN 2701-1569.
- ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
- Hillenbrand, Carole (1990), A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: The Early Artuqid State, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut
- Hillenbrand, Carole (2000), The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Routledge
- Holt, P.M. (1989), The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, Longman
- Runciman, Steven (1952), A History of the Crusades, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press
- Setton, Kenneth, ed. (1969–1989), A History of the Crusades, Madison, archived from the original on 2003-04-01, retrieved 2006-04-14
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Snelders, B. (2010). Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area. Peeters, Leuven.
- Whelan, Estelle (1988), "Representations of the Khassakiyah and the Origins of Mamluk Emblems", in Soucek, Priscilla (ed.), Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press
External links
- "Hasankeyf Bridge, Hasankeyf". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19.
- Mustafa Güler, İlknur Aktuğ Kolay. "12. yüzyıl Anadolu Türk Camileri (12th century Turkish mosques in Anatolia" (PDF) (in Turkish). Istanbul Technical University Magazine (İtüdergi). Archived from the original on 2007-07-04.