Aryan
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Aryan or Arya (
Although the stem *arya may be of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin,[8] its use as an ethnocultural self-designation is only attested among Indo-Iranian peoples and there is no evidence of its use as an ethnonym among 'Proto-Indo-Europeans'. In any case, scholars point out that, even in ancient times, the idea of being an Aryan was religious, cultural, and linguistic, not racial.[9][10][11]
In the 1850s, the term '
Etymology
The term Arya was first rendered into a modern European language in 1771 as Aryens by French Indologist
Indo-Iranian
The
These two terms derive from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-Iranian stem *arya- or *āryo-,[22] which was probably the name used by the prehistoric Indo-Iranian peoples to designate themselves as an ethnocultural group.[2][23][24] The term did not have any racial connotation, which only emerged later in the works of 19th-century Western writers.[9][10][25] According to David W. Anthony, "the Rigveda and Avesta agreed that the essence of their shared parental Indo-Iranian identity was linguistic and ritual, not racial. If a person sacrificed to the right gods in the right way using the correct forms of the traditional hymns and poems, that person was an Aryan."[25]
Proto-Indo-European
Since
- Early PIE: *h₂erós,[30]
The term *h₂er(y)ós may derive from the PIE verbal root *h₂er-, meaning 'to put together'.[39][28] Oswald Szemerényi has also argued that the stem could be a Near-Eastern loanword from the Ugaritic ary ('kinsmen'),[40] although J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams find this proposition "hardly compelling".[28] According to them, the original PIE meaning had a clear emphasis on the in-group status of the "freemen" as distinguished from that of outsiders, particularly those captured and incorporated into the group as slaves. In Anatolia, the base word has come to emphasize personal relationship, whereas it took a more ethnic meaning among Indo-Iranians, presumably because most of the unfree (*anarya) who lived among them were captives from other ethnic groups.[28]
Historical usage
Proto-Indo-Iranians
The term *arya was used by
The stem is also found in the Indo-Iranian god *Aryaman, translated as 'Arya-spirited,' 'Aryanness,' or 'Aryanhood;' he was known in Vedic Sanskrit as Aryaman and in Avestan as Airyaman.[45][46][47] The deity was in charge of welfare and the community, and connected with the institution of marriage.[48][47] Through marital ceremonies, one of the functions of Aryaman was to assimilate women from other tribes to the host community.[49] If the Irish heroes Érimón and Airem and the Gaulish personal name Ariomanus are also cognates (i.e. linguistic siblings sharing a common origin), a deity of Proto-Indo-European origin named *h₂eryo-men may also be posited.[48][35][47]
Ancient India
Vedic Sanskrit speakers viewed the term ā́rya as a religious–linguistic category, referring to those who spoke the Sanskrit language and adhered to Vedic cultural norms, especially those who worshipped the Vedic gods (Indra and Agni in particular), took part in the yajna and festivals, and practiced the art of poetry.[52]
The 'non-Aryas' designated primarily those who were not able to speak the āryā language correctly, the Mleccha or Mṛdhravāc.[53] However, āryā is used only once in the Vedas to designate the language of the texts, the Vedic area being defined in the Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka as that where the āryā vāc ('Ārya speech') is spoken.[54] Some 35 names of Vedic tribes, chiefs and poets mentioned in the Rigveda were of 'non-Aryan' origin, demonstrating that cultural assimilation to the ā́rya community was possible, and/or that some 'Aryan' families chose to give 'non-Aryan' names to their newborns.[55][56][57] In the words of Indologist Michael Witzel, the term ārya "does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)".[58]
In later Indian texts and Buddhist sources, ā́rya took the meaning of 'noble', such as in the terms Āryadésa- ('noble land') for India, Ārya-bhāṣā- ('noble language') for Sanskrit, or āryaka- ('honoured man'), which gave the Pali ayyaka- ('grandfather').[59] The term came to incorporate the idea of a high social status, but was also used as an honorific for the Brahmana or the Buddhist monks. Parallelly, the Mleccha acquired additional meanings that referred to people of lower castes or aliens.[53]
Ancient Iran
In the words of scholar
The people of the
By the late 6th–early 5th century BCE, the
The self-identifier was inherited in ethnic names such as the
The name Arizantoi, listed by Greek historian
Until the demise of the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), the Iranian identity was essentially defined as cultural and religious. Following conflicts between Manichean universalism and Zoroastrian nationalism during the 3rd century CE, however, traditionalistic and nationalistic movements eventually took the upper hand during the Sasanian period, and the Iranian identity (ērīh) came to assume a definite political value. Among Iranians (ērān), one ethnic group in particular, the Persians, were placed at the centre of the Ērān-šahr ('Kingdom of the Iranians') ruled by the šāhān-šāh ērān ud anērān ('King of Kings of the Iranians and non-Iranians').[33]
Ethical and ethnic meanings may also intertwine, for instance in the use of anēr ('non-Iranian') as a synonymous of 'evil' in anērīh ī hrōmāyīkān ("the evil conduct of the Romans, i.e. Byzantines"), or in the association of ēr ('Iranian') with good birth (hutōhmaktom ēr martōm, 'the best-born Arya man') and the use of ērīh ('Iranianness') to mean 'nobility' against "labor and burdens from poverty" in the 10th-century
Place names
In ancient
The stem airya- also appears in
Alania, the name of the medieval kingdom of the Alans, derives from a dialectal variant of the Old Iranian stem *Aryāna-, which is also linked to the mythical Airyanem Waēǰō.[73][7][64] Besides the ala- development, *air-y- may have turned into the stem ir-y- via an i-mutation in modern Ossetian languages, as in the place name Iryston (Ossetia), here attached to the Iranian suffix *-stān.[59][74]
Other
Personal names
Old Persian names derived the stem *arya- include Aryabignes (*arya-bigna, 'Gift of the Aryans'), Ariarathes (*Arya-wratha-, 'having Aryan joy'), Ariobarzanēs (*Ārya-bṛzāna-, 'exalting the Aryans'), Ariaios (*arya-ai-, probably used as a hypocorism of the precedent names), or Ariyāramna (whose meaning remains unclear).[75] The English Alan and the French Alain (from Latin Alanus) may have been introduced by Alan settlers to Western Europe during the first millennium CE.[76]
The name Aryan (including derivatives such as Aaryan, Arya, Ariyan or Aria) is still used as a given name or surname in modern South Asia and Iran. There has also been a rise in names associated with Aryan in the West, which have been popularized due to pop culture. According to the U.S. Social Security Administration in 2012, Arya was the fastest-rising girl's name in popularity in the U.S., jumping from 711th to 413th position.[77] The name entered the top 200 most commonly used names for baby girls born in England and Wales in 2017.[78]
In Latin literature
The word Arianus was used to designate Ariana,[79] the area comprising Afghanistan, Iran, North-western India and Pakistan.[80] In 1601, Philemon Holland used 'Arianes' in his translation of the Latin Arianus to designate the inhabitants of Ariana. This was the first use of the form Arian verbatim in the English language.[81][82][83]
Modern Persian nationalism
In the aftermath of the
Modern religious use
The word ārya is often found in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts. In the Indian spiritual context, it can be applied to Rishis or to someone who has mastered the four noble truths and entered upon the spiritual path. According to Indian leader Jawaharlal Nehru, the religions of India may be called collectively ārya dharma, a term that includes the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent (e.g. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism).[86]
The word ārya is also often used in Jainism, in Jain texts such as the Pannavanasutta. In Avaśyakaniryukti, an early Jaina text, a character named Ārya Mangu is mentioned twice.[87]
Scholarship
19th and early 20th century
The term 'Aryan' was initially introduced into the English language through works of comparative philology, as a modern rendering of the Sanskrit word ā́rya. First translated as 'noble' in
During the 19th century, through the works of Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829), Christian Lassen (1800–1876), Adolphe Pictet (1799–1875), and Max Müller (1823–1900), the terms Aryans, Arier, and Aryens came to be adopted by a number of Western scholars as a synonym of '(Proto-)Indo-Europeans'.[89] Many of them indeed believed that Aryan was also the original self-designation used by the prehistoric speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, based on the erroneous assumptions that Sanskrit was the oldest Indo-European language and on the linguistically untenable position that Ériu (Ireland) was related to Arya.[90] This hypothesis has since been abandoned in scholarship due to the lack of evidence for the use of arya as an ethnocultural self-designation outside the Indo-Iranian world.[29]
Contemporary scholarship
Archaeologists have identified the Indo-Aryans as descendants of the Indo-Iranian-speaking Andronovo culture, which centered mainly in Western Siberia.[91] The funerary practices of the Andronovo and Vedic peoples were identical, and the rite of sati has been attributed to the Andronovo culture.[92]
In contemporary scholarship, the terms 'Aryan' and 'Proto-Aryan' are still sometimes used to designate the prehistoric Indo-Iranian peoples and their proto-language. However, the use of 'Aryan' to mean 'Proto-Indo-European' is now regarded as an "aberration to be avoided".[93] The 'Indo-Iranian' subfamily of languages – which encompasses the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani branches – may also be referred to as the 'Aryan languages'.[94][43][29]
However, the atrocities committed in the name of Aryanist racial ideologies during the first part of the 20th century have led academics to generally avoid the term 'Aryan', which has been replaced in most cases by 'Indo-Iranian', although its Indic branch is still called 'Indo-Aryan'.[95][96][16] The name 'Iranian', which stems from the Old Persian *Aryānām, also continues to be used to refer to specific ethnolinguistic groups.[20]
- Iranian (or Iranic) is used to designate the speakers of Iranian languages or the peoples who identify as "Iranians", especially in Greater Iran. Modern Iranian ethnolinguistic groups include Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds, Tajiks, Balochs, Lurs, Pamiris, Zazas, and Ossetians. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are native speakers of an Iranian language.[99]
Some authors writing for popular consumption have kept on using the word "Aryan" for all Indo-Europeans in the tradition of H. G. Wells,[100][101] such as the science fiction author Poul Anderson,[102] and scientists writing for the popular media, such as Colin Renfrew.[103] According to F. B. J. Kuiper, echoes of "the 19th century prejudice about 'northern' Aryans who were confronted on Indian soil with black barbarians [...] can still be heard in some modern studies."[104]
Aryanism and racism
Invention of the "Aryan race"
Origin
Racially-oriented interpretations of the Vedic Aryas as "fair-skinned foreign invaders" coming from the North led to the adoption of the term Aryan in the West as a
Theories of racial supremacy
Arthur de Gobineau, the author of the influential
Led by
North European hypothesis
In the meantime, the idea that Indo-European languages had originated from South Asia gradually lost support among academics. After the end of the 1860s, alternative models of
British Raj
In India, the
Nazism and white supremacy
Through the works of
Many American
"Aryan invasion theory"
Translating the sacred Indian texts of the
In recent decades, the idea of an Aryan migration into India has been disputed mainly by Indian scholars, who claim various alternate
See also
- Indo-Aryans. It means "Abode of the Aryans."
- Airyanem Vaejah, mythological homeland of the early Iranians, it means expanse of the Aryans
- Alans, an Iranian people and ancestors of Ossetians, their name comes from word of Aryan
- Aria, province of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian Empires
- Ariana, Greco-Roman geographical term, synonym of Iran
- Hindu reform movement, their name means "Noble, i.e Aryan, Society"
- Graeco-Aryan
- Indo-Aryan peoples, speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, they historically referred to themselves as Aryans
- Iran, literally means "Land of Aryans"
- Eranshahr, official name of Sasanian Empire, literally means "Land/Empire of Iranians"
- Iranian peoples, speakers of Iranian languages, they historically referred to themselves as Aryans
- Yamnaya culture
Notes
- The Myth of the 20th Century". The term "Atlantis" is mentioned two times in the whole book, the term "Atlantis-hypothesis" is mentioned just once. Rosenberg (page 24): "It seems to be not completely impossible, that at parts where today the waves of the Atlantic ocean murmur and icebergs move along, once a blossoming land towered in the water, on which a creative race founded a great culture and sent its children as seafarers and warriors into the world; but if this Atlantis-hypothesis proves untenable, we still have to presume a prehistoric Nordic cultural center." Rosenberg (page 26): "The ridiculed hypothesis about a Nordic creative center, which we can call Atlantis – without meaning a sunken island – from where once waves of warriors migrated to all directions as first witnesses of Nordic longing for distant lands to conquer and create, today becomes probable." Original: Es erscheint als nicht ganz ausgeschlossen, dass an Stellen, über die heute die Wellen des Atlantischen Ozeans rauschen und riesige Eisgebirge herziehen, einst ein blühendes Festland aus den Fluten ragte, auf dem eine schöpferische Rasse große, weitausgreifende Kultur erzeugte und ihre Kinder als Seefahrer und Krieger hinaussandte in die Welt; aber selbst wenn sich diese Atlantishypothese als nicht haltbar erweisen sollte, wird ein nordisches vorgeschichtliches Kulturzentrum angenommen werden müssen. ... Und deshalb wird die alte verlachte Hypothese heute Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass von einem nordischen Mittelpunkt der Schöpfung, nennen wir ihn, ohne uns auf die Annahme eines versunkenen atlantischen Erdteils festzulegen, die Atlantis, einst Kriegerschwärme strahlenförmig ausgewandert sind als erste Zeugen des immer wieder sich erneut verkörpernden nordischen Fernwehs, um zu erobern, zu gestalten."
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states at the beginning of its definition, "[it] is one of the ironies of history that Aryan, a word nowadays referring to the blond-haired, blue-eyed physical ideal of Nazi Germany, originally referred to a people who looked vastly different. Its history starts with the ancient Indo-Iranians, peoples who inhabited parts of what are now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. "[126]
- ^ No support in mainstream scholarship:
- Romila Thapar (2006): "there is no scholar at this time seriously arguing for the indigenous origin of Aryans".[138]
- Wendy Doniger (2017): "The opposing argument, that speakers of Indo-European languages were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is not supported by any reliable scholarship. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity."[web 1]
- Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, 'an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument' ... The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse time's arrow ... The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history."[web 2]
- Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016): "Of course it is a fringe theory, at least internationally, where the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) is still the official paradigm. In India, though, it has the support of most archaeologists, who fail to find a trace of this Aryan influx and instead find cultural continuity."[139]
Web
- ^ Wendy Doniger (2017), "Another Great Story"", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2
- ^ Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory, Scroll.in
References
- ^ "Aryan". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ a b Benveniste 1973, p. 295: "Arya ... is the common ancient designation of the 'Indo-Iranians'."
- ^ a b Schmitt 1987, : "The name Aryan is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the 'non-Aryan' peoples of those 'Aryan' countries."
- ^ a b Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24.
- ^ a b Bailey 1987, : "It is used in the Avesta of members of an ethnic group and contrasts with other named groups (Tūirya, Sairima, Dāha, Sāinu or Sāini) and with the outer world of the An-airya 'non-Arya'."
- ^ a b Gnoli 2006, : "Mid. Pers. ēr (plur. ērān), just like Old Pers. ariya and Av. airya, has an evident ethnic value, which is also present in the abstract term ērīh, 'Iranian character, Iranianness'."
- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213: "Iran Alani (< *aryana) (the name of an Iranian group whose descendants are the Ossetes, one of whose subdivisions is the Iron [< *aryana-)), *aryanam (pl.) ‘of the Aryans’ (> MPers Iran)."
- ^ a b Watkins 1985, p. 3; Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, pp. 657–658; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213; Anthony 2007, pp. 92, 303
- ^ a b c Bryant 2001, pp. 60–63.
- ^ a b Witzel 2001, p. 24: "Arya/ārya does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)"
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 408: "The Rigveda and Avesta agreed that the essence of their shared parental Indo-Iranian identity was linguistic and ritual, not racial. If a person sacrificed to the right gods in the right way using the correct forms of the traditional hymns and poems, that person was an Aryan."
- ^ a b c d e Anthony 2007, pp. 9–11.
- ^ OCLC 9946459.
- OCLC 610166248.
- ^ "Aryan | Arian, adj. and n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2020.
Under the Nazi régime (1933–45) applied to the inhabitants of Germany of non-Jewish extraction. cf. 1933 tr. Hitler's Mein Kampf in Times 25 July 15/6: 'The exact opposite of the Aryan is the Jew.' 1933 Education 1 Sept. 170/2: 'The basic idea of the new law is that non-Aryans, that is to say mainly Jews...'
- ^ a b Witzel 2001, p. 3: "Linguists have used the term Ārya from early on in the 19th century to designate the speakers of most Northern Indian as well as of all Iranian languages and to indicate the reconstructed language underlying both Old Iranian and Vedic Sanskrit. Nowadays this well-reconstructed language is usually called Indo-Iranian (IIr.), while its Indic branch is called (Old) Indo-Aryan (IA)."
- ^ cf. Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature". Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31., p. 2.
- ^ a b c Arvidsson 2006, p. 20.
- ^ "Definition of Aryan". Merriam-Webster. 12 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schmitt 1987.
- ^ a b Witzel 2001, p. 4.
- ^ Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146; Watkins 1985, p. 3; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 304; Fortson 2011, p. 209
- ^ a b Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, pp. 657–658.
- ^ a b Kuzmina 2007, p. 456.
- ^ a b c d Anthony 2007, p. 408.
- ^ a b Delamarre 2003, p. 55: "Cette équation est cependant très controversée et de multiples tentatives pour expliquer indépendamment les formations celtiques et indo-iraniennes ont été produites : on a proposé entre autres de dériver le celtique ario- de *pṛrio- [*pṛhio-, racine *per(h)- 'devant, en avant', d'où le sens dérivé 'qui est en avant, éminent' ; on pourrait expliquer alors le NP Ario-uistus comme "Celui qui connaît (/ est connu) en avance", < *ario-wid-to-, LG 60. L'absence de corrélats indiscutables dans d'autres langues i.-e. (grec ari-, eri-, hitt. arawa, runique arjosteR etc.) rend l'équation incertaine. Un fait d'ordre mythologique, la comparaison entre l'Irlandais Eremon et l'Indien Aryaman, figures dotées de fonctions sociales similaires, renforcerait cependant la validité de la comparaison (*Ario-men-), cf. G. Dumézil Le troisième souverain et J. Puhvel Analecta 322–330."
- ^ a b Matasović 2009, p. 43: "A different etymology (e.g. in Meid 2005: 146) relates these Celtic words to PIE *prh₃- 'first' (Skt. pūrvá- etc.), but this is less convincing because there are no traces of the laryngeal in the purported Celtic reflexes (*prh₃yo- would have probably given PCelt. *frāyo-)."
- ^ a b c d e f g Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213.
- ^ a b c Fortson 2011, p. 209.
- ^ a b c d e Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 266.
- ^ a b c Kloekhorst 2008, p. 198.
- ^ a b c Mayrhofer 1992, pp. 174–175.
- ^ a b c d e f Gnoli 2006.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 213: "OIr aire 'freeman (whether commoner or noble), noble (as distinct from commoner)' (the latter meaning may be rather from *pṛios, a derivative of 'first')."
- ^ a b c d Delamarre 2003, p. 55.
- ^ a b Matasović 2009, p. 43.
- ^ a b Orel 2003, p. 23.
- ISBN 978-3-11-017462-5.
- ^ Duchesne-Guillemin 1979, p. 337.
- ^ Szemerényi 1977, pp. 125–146.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, p. 451.
- ^ Rédei 1986, p. 54.
- ^ a b Anthony 2007, p. 385.
- ISBN 978-9525150599.
- ^ Benveniste 1973, p. 303.
- ^ Mallory 1989, p. 130.
- ^ a b c West 2007, pp. 142–143.
- ^ a b Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 375.
- ^ Benveniste 1973, p. 72.
- ^ Bronkhorst 2007.
- ^ Samuel 2010.
- ^ Kuiper 1991, p. 96; Witzel 2001, pp. 4, 24; Bryant 2001, p. 61; Anthony 2007, p. 11
- ^ a b Thapar 2019, p. vii.
- ^ Thapar 2019, p. 2.
- ^ Kuiper 1991, pp. 6–8, 96.
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 11.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, p. 453.
- ^ Witzel 2001, p. 24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bailey 1987.
- ^ Kellens 2005.
- ISBN 978-0-7556-2459-1.
It is difficult to imagine that the text was composed anywhere other than in South Afghanistan and later than the middle of the 6th century BC.
- .
All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550 B.C.)
- ^ a b Bailey 1987, : "In the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt (ŠKZ), Parth. ʾryʾn W ʾnʾryʾn (aryān ut anaryān), Mid. Pers. ʾyrʾn W ʾnyrʾn (ērān ut anērān; cf. Armenian eran eut aneran) comprises the inhabitants of all the known lands ... In the singular Parth. ʾry, Mid. Pers. ʾyly, Greek arian occurs in a title: ʾry mzdyzn nrysḥw MLKʾ, *ary mazdēzn Narēsahv šāh (Parth. ŠKZ 19); ʾyly mzdysn nrsḥy MLKʾ (Mid. Pers. version 24), Greek arian masdaasnou ... New Persian has ērān (western, īrān), ērān-šahr. In the Caucasus, Ossetic has Digoron erä, irä, Iron ir, with Dig. iriston, Iron iryston (the i-umlaut modifying the vowel a-, but leaving the -r- untouched), [and] the ancestral Alān."
- ^ a b Alemany 2000, pp. 3–4, 8: "Nowadays, however, only two possibilities are admitted as regards [the etymology of Alān], both closely related: (a) the adjective *aryāna- and (b) the pl. *aryānām; in both cases the underlying OIran. ajective *arya- 'Aryan' is found. It is worth mentioning that although it is not possible to give an unequivocal option because both forms produce the same phonetic result, most researchers tend to favour the derivative *aryāna-, because it has a more appropriate semantic value ... The ethnic name *arya- underlying in the name of the Alans has been linked to the Av. Airiianəm Vaēǰō 'the Aryan plain'."
- ^ Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Arizantoi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories, Book 7, Chapter 62. perseus.tufts.edu.
- ISBN 978-1-139-95249-1.
- ^ Benveniste 1973, pp. 259–260.
- Vindhyasof Central India in the south and from the sea in the west to the sea in the east.
- ^ a b MacKenzie 1998b.
- ^ Alemany 2000, p. 3.
- ^ MacKenzie 1998a.
- ^ Benveniste 1973, p. 300: "The name of Alani goes back to *Aryana-, which is yet another form of the ancient ārya."
- ^ Harmatta 1970, pp. 78–81.
- ^ Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariyāramna". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariabignes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Brunner, C. J. (1986). "Ariaratus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Lecoq, P. (1986). "Ariobarzanes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul., Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Ariaeus". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- ^ Alemany 2000, p. 5.
- ^ Carlson, Adam (10 May 2013). "Game of Thrones baby names on the march". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^ Mzimba, Lizo (20 September 2017). "Game of Thrones Arya among 200 most popular names". BBC News.
- ^ The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. Taylor & Francis, Limited. 1881. p. 162.
- ISBN 9788179751688.
whole of Ariana (North-western India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran)
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ Robert K. Barnhart, Chambers Dictionary of Etymology pg. 54
- ^ ISBN 0-19-861213-3
- ^ Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin (2006), "Reflections on Arab and Iranian Ultra-Nationalism", Monthly Review Magazine, 11/06
- ISBN 0-300-12105-9
- ISBN 9780823249923.
- ISBN 978-81-88658-01-5.
- ^ Siegert, Hans (1941–1942), "Zur Geschichte der Begriffe 'Arier' und 'Arisch'", Wörter und Sachen, New Series, 4: 84–99
- ^ a b Arvidsson 2006, p. 21.
- ^ Schmitt 1987, : "The use of the name 'Aryan', in vogue especially in the 19th century, as a designation of the entire Indo-European language family was based on the erroneous assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest IE. language, and the untenable view (primarily propagated by Adolphe Pictet) that the names of Ireland and the Irishmen were etymologically related to 'Aryan'."
- .
- ISBN 978-1-946515-54-4.
- ^ Witzel 2001
- ^ Schmitt 1987, : "The Aryan parent language. The common ancestor of the historical Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages, called the Aryan parent language or Proto-Aryan, can be reconstructed by the methods of historical comparative linguistics."
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 22.
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 10.
- ^ Witzel 2001, p. 3.
- ^ Bryant & Patton 2005, pp. 246–247.
- ISBN 978-1-135-79703-4.
- ^ Wells, H.G. The Outline of History New York:1920 Doubleday & Co. Chapter 19 The Aryan Speaking Peoples in Pre-Historic Times [Meaning the Proto-Indo-Europeans] Pages 271–285
- ^ H.G. Wells describes the origin of the Aryans (Proto-Indo Europeans):
- ^ See the Poul Anderson short stories in the 1964 collection Time and Stars and the Polesotechnic League stories featuring Nicholas van Rijn
- ^ Renfrew, Colin. (1989). The Origins of Indo-European Languages. /Scientific American/, 261(4), 82–90. In explaining the Anatolian hypothesis, the term "Aryan" is used to denote "all Indo-Europeans"
- ^ Kuiper 1991.
- ^ Bryant 2001, p. 60.
- ^ a b Mallory 1989, p. 269.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 5.
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 61.
- ^ Mallory 1989, p. 268-269.
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 43.
- ^ Bryant 2001, pp. 60–63
- ^ Bryant & Patton 2005, p. 8
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 45.
- ^ a b c Mallory 1989, p. 268.
- ^
ISBN 9780226028606. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahhunderts (1899) [...] is often pointed out as one of the most important proto-Nazi texts.
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 155.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985, p. 2.
- ^ Arvidsson 2006, p. 52.
- ISBN 978-0-7456-3177-6.
- ^ a b Leopold 1974.
- ^ a b Thapar 1996.
- ^ Mein Kampf, tr. in The Times, 25 July 1933, p. 15/6
- ^ Glover, Jonathan (1998), "Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience", in Harris, John; Holm, Soren (eds.), The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice, and Regulation, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 57–65
- ^ Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at War: 1939–1945 : No Simple Victory, p. 167
- Friedrich Schlegel, a German scholar who was an important early Indo-Europeanist, came up with a theory that linked the Indo-Iranian words with the German word Ehre, 'honor', and older Germanic names containing the element ario-, such as the Swiss [sic] warrior Ariovistus who was written about by Julius Caesar. Schlegel theorized that far from being just a designation of the Indo-Iranians, the word *arya- had in fact been what the Indo-Europeans called themselves, meaning [according to Schlegel] something like 'the honorable people.' (This theory has since been called into question.)
- ^ Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution, pp, 9–11
- ^ "The range of blond hair color in pure Nordic peoples runs from flaxen and red to shades of chestnut and brown... It must be clearly understood that blondness of hair and of eye is not a final test of Nordic race. The Nordics include all the blonds, and also those of darker hair or eye when possessed of a preponderance of other Nordic characters. In this sense the word "blond" means those lighter shades of hair or eye color in contrast to the very dark or black shades which are termed brunet. The meaning of "blond" as now used is therefore not limited to the lighter or flaxen shades as in colloquial speech. In England among Nordic populations, there are large numbers of individuals with hazel brown eyes joined with the light brown or chestnut hair which is the typical hair shade of the English and Americans. This combination is also common in Holland and Westphalia and is frequently associated with a very fair skin. These men are all of "blond" aspect and constitution and consequently are to be classed as members of the Nordic race." Quoted in Grant, 1922, p. 26.
- ^ Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution, p. 68
- ^ Bissell, Kate (13 June 2005). "Fountain of Life". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 232–233.
- ISSN 1745-9133.
- ISBN 9780199978489.
- ISBN 9780759101722
- S2CID 221468124.
- ^ a b Witzel 2005, p. 348.
- ^ Bryant 2001; Bryant & Patton 2005; Singh 2008, p. 186; Witzel 2001.
- ^ Thapar 2006.
- ^ Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016), Koenraad Elst: "I am not aware of any governmental interest in correcting distorted history", Swarajya Magazine
- ^ Witzel 2001, p. 95.
- CiteSeerX 10.1.1.370.8351.
- ^ David W. Anthony. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. pp. 300–400.
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Further reading
- A. Kammpier. "A word for Aryan originality".
- Bronkhorst, J.; Deshpande, M.M., eds. (1999). Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation, and Ideology. Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University. ISBN 1-888789-04-2.
- Edelman, Dzoj (Joy) I. (1999). On the history of non-decimal systems and their elements in numerals of Aryan languages. In: Jadranka Gvozdanović (ed.), "Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide". Walter de Gruyter.
- Fussmann, G.; Francfort, H.P.; Kellens, J.; Tremblay, X. (2005). Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Institut Civilisation Indienne. ISBN 2-86803-072-6.
- Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Gamkrelidze, Thomas (1990). "The Early History of Indo-European Languages". Scientific American. 262 (3): 110–116. .
- Lincoln, Bruce (1999). Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. University of Chicago Press.
- Morey, Peter; Tickell, Alex (2005). Alternative Indias: Writing, Nation and Communalism. Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1927-1.
- Sugirtharajah, Sharada (2003). Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-63411-0.
- Tickell, A (2005). "The Discovery of Aryavarta: Hindu Nationalism and Early Indian Fiction in English". In Peter Morey; Alex Tickell (eds.). Alternative Indias: Writing, Nation and Communalism. pp. 25–53.