As-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Najm Al-Din Ayyub | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As-Salih Ismail | |||||
Successor | Al-Muazzam Turanshah | ||||
Born | 5 November 1205 Cairo | ||||
Died | 22 November 1249 | (aged 44)||||
Consort | Shajar al-Durr Bint al-Alima[1] | ||||
Issue | Al-Muazzam Turanshah | ||||
| |||||
Dynasty | Ayyubid dynasty | ||||
Father | Al-Kamil | ||||
Mother | Ward Al-Muna | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), nickname: Abu al-Futuh (
from 1240 to 1249.Early life
As-Salih was born in 1205, the son of
In 1238, al-Kamil died leaving as-Salih his designated heir in the Jazira, and his other son Al-Adil II as his heir in Egypt.[4] In the dynastic disputes which followed, as-Salih took control of Damascus,[5] in 1239, and set about using it as a base for enlarging his domain.
He received representations from his father's old Emirs in Egypt, who appealed to him to remove his brother, while making ready to invade Egypt, he was informed that his brother had been captured by his soldiers and was being held prisoner. As-Salih was invited to come at once and assume the Sultanate.[6]
In August 1239, Ayyub began pressuring
In April 1240, An-Nasir, quarreling with al-Adil II, released Ayyub and allied with him against the Egyptians, in return for a promise that Ayyub would reinstall him in Damascus. Al-Adil was imprisoned by his own troops, and Ayyub and An-Nasir made a triumphal entry into Cairo in June 1240, hence As-Salih became the paramount ruler of the Ayyubid family.[6]
Rise of the Mamluks
Once installed in Cairo, As-Salih was far from secure. The complex nature of the Ayyubid state meant that the ruling family itself, as well as associated Kurdish clans, had divided loyalties. Within Egypt, a powerful faction of Emirs, the Ashrafiyya, were conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle, as-Salih Ismail, who had regained control of Damascus after his departure. As-Salih shut himself in the Cairo citadel, and could no longer trust even the once-loyal Emirs who had brought him to power. The lack of loyal soldiers led him to begin buying large numbers of
Wars with other Ayyubid realms and the Crusaders
The period 1240–1243 was largely occupied with complex military and diplomatic manoeuvres involving the Crusader states in Palestine and the European armies that arrived during the
Death and legacy
As-Salih was away fighting his uncle in Syria when news of the Crusader invasion came, but he quickly returned to Egypt and encamped at
References
- ISBN 978-0-19-087320-2.
- ISBN 978-2262025694.
- ^ Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175–1237, Cambridge University Press, 2013 p.119
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 239.
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 249.
- ^ a b Humphreys 1977, p. 264.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.419/vol.1
- ^ "Basin". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Basin". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 268.
- ^ a b Irwin 1986, p. 18.
- ^ a b c Whelan 1988, p. 225.
- ^ a b c d Irwin 1986, p. 19.
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 283.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Islamica, "Baalbek".
- ^ Riley-Smith 1990, p. 96.
- ^ Piers D. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon, Cambridge University Press, 2004 p.213
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "From the Earliest Times to the Moslem Conquest". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Irwin 1986, p. 20.
- ^ Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton & Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War, Cambridge University Press, 1977 vol.2 p.209
Sources
- Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-263-4
- ISBN 1-5974-0466-7
- ISBN 0816021864
- Whelan, Estelle (1988), "Representations of the Khassakiyah and the Origins of Mamluk Emblems", in Soucek, Priscilla (ed.), Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press
See also
- List of rulers of Egypt