Aphrodisiac
An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.[1][2][3] These substances range from a variety of plants, spices and foods to synthetic chemicals.[1][4] Natural aphrodisiacs like cannabis or cocaine are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances.[4][5] Synthetic aphrodisiacs include MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (i.e., psychological or physiological).[1] Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties like bufotenin have psychological effects on a person that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure.[1][3] Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties like yohimbine have physiological effects on a person that can affect hormone levels and increase blood flow.[1][4]
It is possible that the aphrodisiac effect of a substance is due to the placebo effect.[2] Substances that impede on areas that aphrodisiacs aim to enhance are called anaphrodisiacs,[2] which have the opposite effects on libido.
Both males and females can potentially benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males as their properties tend to increase testosterone levels rather than estrogen levels.[3] This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on males. Only recent attention has been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function.[5] In addition, cultural influence in appropriate sexual behavior from males and females also play a part in the research gap.[5]
History
The name comes from the
Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Roman, and Greek cultures believed that certain substances could provide the key to improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior.
Ambergris, Bufo toad, yohimbine, horny goat weed, ginseng, alcohol, and certain foods are recorded throughout these texts as containing aphrodisiac qualities.[1] While numerous plants, extracts or manufactured hormones have been proposed as aphrodisiacs, there is little high-quality clinical evidence for the efficacy or long-term safety of using them.[8][10]
There has been increasing attention in recent years surrounding the use of aphrodisiac drugs.[11] In 2020, Julian Savulescu and Brian Earp published a philosophy book entitled Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships. They argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships. Both to fall in love, and, to fall out of it.[11]
Types
Ambergris
Ambergris is found in the gut of sperm whales. It is commonly used in Arab cultures as relief medication for headaches or as a performance enhancer. The chemical structure of Ambrein has shown to increase testosterone levels triggering sexual desire and sexual behavior in animal studies only. Further research is needed to know the effects on humans.[3]
Bufotenin
Bufotenin is found in the skin and glands of Bufo toads. It is commonly used in West Indian and Chinese cultures. West Indian cultures use it as an aphrodisiac called 'Love Stone'. Chinese cultures use bufotenin as heart medication called Chan su.[3] Research shows that it can have a negative effect on heart rate.[1]
Yohimbine
Yohimbine is a substance found in the bark of yohim trees in West Africa.[4] It was traditionally used in West African cultures, in which the bark would be boiled and the resulting water drunk until its effects showed proven benefits in increasing sexual desire.[1] It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and can be prescribed for sexual dysfunction in the United States and Canada.[1][5] It is also found in over-the-counter health products.[1] The chemical structure of yohimbine is an indole alkaloid that contains an adrenergic receptor blocker. This blocker affects the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and penile tissue and vascular smooth muscle cells that help men with physiological issues and treats psychogenic erectile dysfunction.[1][4] Known side effects include nausea, anxiety, irregular heartbeats, and restlessness.[4]
Horny goat weed
Alcohol
Alcohol has been associated as an aphrodisiac due to its effect as a central nervous system depressant.[5] Depressants can increase sexual desire and sexual behavior through disinhibition.[2][5] Alcohol affects people both physiologically and psychologically, and is therefore difficult to determine exactly how people are experiencing its aphrodisiacal effects (i.e., aphrodisiac qualities or the expectancy effect).[2] Alcohol taken in moderate quantities can elicit a positive increase in sexual desire whereas larger quantities are associated with difficulties reaching sexual pleasure.[2][12] Chronic alcohol consumption is related to sexual dysfunction.[2]
Cannabis
Food
Many cultures have turned to food as a source of increasing sexual desire; however, significant research is lacking in the study of aphrodisiac qualities in food. Most claims can be linked to the placebo effect aforementioned.[2] Misconceptions revolve around the visual appearance of these foods in relation to male and female genitalia (i.e., carrots, bananas, oysters, and the like).[2][5] Other beliefs arise from the thought of consuming animal genitals and absorbing their properties (i.e., cow cod soup in Jamaica or balut in the Philippines).[1] Korean bug is a popular aphrodisiac in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia either eaten alive or in gelatin form.[13] The caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is another aphrodisiac used in China.[14] The story of Aphrodite, who was born from the sea, is another reason why individuals believe seafood is another source of aphrodisiacs.[5] Foods that contain volatile oils have gained little recognition in their ability to improve sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior because they are irritants when released through the urinary tract.[3] Chocolate has been reported to increase sexual desire in women who consume it over those who do not. Cloves and sage have been reported to demonstrate aphrodisiac qualities but their effects are not yet specified.[1] Tropical fruits, such as Borojó and Chontaduro are considered energizers in general and sexual energizers in particular.[15][16]
Ginseng
Ginseng is the root of any member of the genus Panax.[1][4] Ginseng's active ingredients are ginsenosides and saponin glycosides.[17] There are three different ways to process ginseng. Fresh ginseng is cut at four years of growth, white ginseng is cut at four to six years of growth, and red ginseng is cut, dried, and steamed at six years of growth. Red ginseng has been reported to be the most effective aphrodisiac of the three.[4] Known side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset.[5]
Maca is a Peruvian plant sometimes called "Peruvian ginseng" (but not closely related to Panax). It has been used as a tonic to improve sexual performance.
Synthetic
Popular party substances have been reported by users to consist of aphrodisiac properties because of their enhancing effects with sexual pleasure.
Phenethylamines
Amphetamine, methylphenidate, and methamphetamine are phenethylamine derivatives which are known to increase libido and cause frequent or prolonged erections as potential side effects, particularly at high supratherapeutic doses where sexual hyperexcitability and hypersexuality can occur;[18][19][20][21] however, in some individuals who use these drugs, libido is reduced.[19][21]
2C-B was sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle.[22][23]
Testosterone
Risks
Solid evidence is hard to obtain as these substances come from many different environments cross-culturally and therefore affect results due to variations in its growth and extraction.[4] The same is also true for unnatural substances as variations in consumption and individual sensitivity can affect results.[2] Folk medicine and self-prescribed methods can be potentially harmful as side effects are not fully known and therefore are not made aware to the people searching this topic on the internet.[1][3]
In popular culture
The invention of an aphrodisiac is the basis of a number of films including Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Spanish Fly, She'll Follow You Anywhere, Love Potion No. 9 and A Serbian Film. The first segment of
See also
- Pheromone
- Anaphrodisiac
- Date rape drug
- Empathogen–entactogen
- Food and sexuality
- Fork Me, Spoon Me, 2006 book
- Hypersexuality
- Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
- Love potion
- Phytoestrogen
- Phytoandrogen
- Vyleesi
Citations
- ^ .
- ^ )
- ^ S2CID 32348540.
- ^ S2CID 29716079.
- ^ PMID 19796015.
- Perseus Project.
- ^ "Aphrodisiac". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ PMID 27784600.
- ISBN 978-1-4767-7743-6.
- ^ a b c "Sexual health". Drugs.com. 11 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Love as a drug: can romance be medically prescribed?". the Guardian. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ Brown, Jessica (14 February 2019). "Do aphrodisiacs really work?". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- PMID 28217454.
- S2CID 256618310.
- PMID 36432863.
- ISSN 2523-3971.
- PMID 19601854.
- ISBN 9783642667091. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. pp. 4–8. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- PMID 19727285.
- ^ a b "Desoxyn Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
ADVERSE REACTIONS ... changes in libido; frequent or prolonged erections. [emphasis added]
- ^ "Erowid Chemicals Vaults : Images : 2cb pack". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ Nolan, James (5 March 2019). "This Is What 2-CB Does to You". www.vice.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- S2CID 23591806.
- PMID 17118931.
- ^ PMID 26886521.
- PMID 25428524.
General and cited references
- Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): Lust and Love: Is It More than Chemistry? Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006; ISBN 0-85404-867-7.
- Michael Scott: Pillow Talk: A Comprehensive Guide to Erotic Hypnosis and Relyfe Programming. Blue Deck Press, 2011; ISBN 0-98341-640-0.