Asgard
In
Etymology
The word Ásgarðr is a
Attestations
The Poetic Edda
Asgard is named twice in
The Prose Edda
Prologue
The
Gylfaginning
In Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson describes how during the creation of the world, the gods made the earth and surrounded it with the sea. They made the sky from the skull of Ymir and settled the jötnar on the shores of the earth. They set down the brows of Ymir, forming Midgard, and in the centre of the world they built Asgard, which he identifies as Troy:[12]
Old Norse text[13] | Brodeur translation[14] |
---|---|
Þar næst gerðu þeir sér borg í miðjum heimi, er kölluð er Ásgarðr. Þat köllum vér Trója. Þar byggðu goðin ok ættir þeira, ok gerðust þaðan af mörg tíðendi ok greinir bæði á jörðu ok í lofti. Þar er einn staðr, er |
Next they made for themselves in the middle of the world a city which is called Ásgard; men call it Troy. There dwelt the gods and their kindred; and many tidings and tales of it have come to pass both on earth and aloft. There is one abode called Hlidskjálf, and when Allfather sat in the high-seat there, he looked out over the whole world and saw every man's acts, and knew all things which he saw.
|
After Asgard is made, the gods then built a
Later, the section describes how an unnamed
In Gylfaginning, the central cosmic tree Yggdrasil is described as having three roots that hold it up; one of these goes to the Æsir, which has been interpreted as meaning Asgard. In Grímnismál, this root instead reaches over the realm of men.[20][21] The bridge Bifröst is told to span from the heavens to the earth and over it the Æsir cross each day to hold council beneath Yggdrasil at the Urðarbrunnr. Based on this, Bifröst is commonly interpreted as the bridge to Asgard.[22]
Skáldskaparmál
Asgard is mentioned briefly throughout
Ynglinga Saga
In the
Interpretation and discussion
Cosmology in Old Nordic religion is presented in a vague and often contradictory manner when viewed from a naturalistic standpoint. Snorri places Asgard in the centre of the world, surrounded by Midgard and then the lands inhabited by jötnar, all of which are finally encircled by the sea. He also locates the homes of the gods in the heavens. This had led to the proposition of a system of concentric circles, centred on Asgard or Yggdrasil, and sometimes with a vertical axis, leading upwards towards the heavens. There is debate between scholars over whether the gods were conceived of as living in the heavens, with some aligning their views with Snorri, and others proposing that he at times presents the system in a Christian framework and that this organisation is not seen in either Eddic or
It has been noted that the tendency to link Asgard to Troy is part of a wider European cultural practice of claiming Trojan origins for one's culture, first seen in the Aeneid and also featuring in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae for the founding of Britain.[28]
Depictions in popular culture
Thor first appeared in the Marvel Universe within comic series Journey into Mystery in the issues #83 during August 1962. Following this release, he becomes one of the central figures in the comics along with Loki and Odin. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Thor and Loki make their first appearance together in the 2011 film Thor. After that, Thor becomes a regular character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and reappears in several films, including the Avengers series. Asgard becomes the central element of the film Thor: Ragnarok, where it is destroyed following the Old Norse mythos. These and other Norse mythology elements also appear in video games, TV series, and books based in and on the Marvel Universe, although these depictions do not closely follow historical sources.[citation needed]
Asgard is an explorable realm in the video game God of War: Ragnarök, a sequel to 2018's Norse-themed God of War.[29]
In the Assassin's Creed Valhalla video game, Asgard is featured as part of a "vision quest".[30]
See also
- Mount Olympus - home of the Olympian gods
Citations
- ^ a b c Lindow 2002.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Asgard.
- ^ a b Simek 2008, p. 20.
- ^ Orchard 2011, p. 77, Hymiskvida: The song of Hymir, stanza 7.
- ^ a b Bellows 1923, Þrymskviða, stanza 17.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 167-169.
- ^ Simek 2008, pp. 8, 235, 329.
- ^ Mattioli 2018, p. 102.
- ^ Boult 1948.
- ^ a b c Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 14.
- ^ a b Sturluson & Byock 2005.
- ^ Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 8, 9.
- ^ Gylfaginning (ON), Chapter 9.
- ^ Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 9.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 112.
- ^ Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 53.
- ^ Fontenrose 1983.
- ^ Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 42.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 108.
- ^ Crawford 2015.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 375.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 36.
- ^ Simek 2008, p. 113.
- ^ Sturluson 2018, 11. Kennings for Thor.
- ^ Skáldskaparmál, Chapter 11.
- ^ Laing 1961, pp. 8–13.
- ^ Heide 2014, pp. 103–104, 125–127.
- ^ Fontenrose 1983, p. 56.
- ^ God Of War Interview.
- ^ PC Games AC.
Bibliography
Primary
- Bellows, Henry Adams, ed. (1923). "Lays of the Gods: Voluspo". The Poetic Edda. Scandinavian classics, vols. 21, 22. Translated by Bellows, Henry Adams. New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation (published 1926). p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- Crawford, Jackson (2015). The Poetic Edda : stories of the Norse Gods and heroes. Chicago: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 12–14, 47–58, 68, 95. OCLC 905921490.
- Laing, Samuel (1961). Heimskringla. Part two, Sagas of the Norse Kings. London: Dent. ISBN 0460008471.
- ISBN 9780141393728.
- Sturluson, Snorri; Byock, Jesse L. (2005). The prose Edda: Norse mythology. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 30–48, 55–78, 80–83, 93–94, 97. OCLC 59352542.
- Sturluson, Snorri (2018). The Prose Edda. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press. ISBN 9780344335013.
- "Gylfaginning (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- "Skaldskáparmál (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
Secondary
- Boult, Katherine (1948). Asgard and the Norse Heroes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library. pp. 21, 56–59, 72, 82–90, 121–123. ISBN 978-1176204492.
- Fontenrose, Joseph (1983). "The Building of the City Walls: Troy and Asgard". The Journal of American Folklore. 96 (379): 53–63. JSTOR 539834.
- Heide, Eldar (2014). "Contradictory cosmology in Old Norse myth and religion – but still a system?". Maal og Minne (in Norwegian). 106 (1). ISSN 1890-5455. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- Lindow, John (2002). Norse mythology : a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13, 37, 54–56. OCLC 1136323846.
- Mattioli, Vittorio (2018). "Grímnismál : a critical edition". University of St Andrews. S2CID 165843311.
- ISBN 9780859915137.
- "Asgard | Norse mythology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
- "You can visit Asgard and Jotunheim in Assassin's Creed Valhalla". PCGamesN. 15 October 2020.
- God Of War Ragnarök Developer Interview. IGN. 9 September 2021.
External links
- MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Asgard from manuscripts and early print books.