Ashraf Hotak
Shah Ashraf Hotak شاه اشرف هوتک | |||||
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Balochistan, Hotak dynasty | |||||
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Dynasty | Hotak dynasty | ||||
Father | Abdul Aziz Hotak[2] | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Shāh Ashraf Hotak, (
The nephew of Mirwais Hotak, his reign was noted for the sudden decline in the Hotak tribal rule under increasing pressure from the two great powers of the time Turkish, Russian, and Persian forces.[3]
Ashraf Khan halted both the Russian and Turkish onslaughts. He defeated the Ottoman Empire, who wanted to reestablish their former arch rivals, the
Ultimately, the royal Persian army of Shah
Death
When escaping from Persia, Ashraf was captured and murdered by the
Ashraf, having taken
Shah Husayn, and carried off most of the ladies of the royal family and the King's treasure. When Ṭahmásp II entered Iṣfahán on December 9 he found only his old mother, who had escaped deportation by disguising herself as a servant, and was moved to tears at the desolation and desecration which met his eyes at every turn. Nádir, having finally induced Ṭahmásp to empower him to levy taxes on his own authority, marched southwards in pursuit of the retiring Afgháns, whom he overtook and again defeated near Persepolis. Ashraf fled from Shíráz towards his own country, but cold, hunger and the unrelenting hostility of the inhabitants of the regions which he had to traverse dissipated his forces and compelled him to abandon his captives and his treasure, and he was finally killed by a party of Balúch tribesmen.[3], 1924
Ashraf Khan's death marked the end of Hotak rule in Persia, but the country of Afghanistan was still under Shah Hussain Hotak's control until Nader Shah's 1738 conquest of Kandahar, where the young Ahmad Shah Durrani was held prisoner. There was only a short pause before the establishment of the last Afghan Empire[6] (modern state of Afghanistan) by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747.[7][8]
See also
- Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–1727)
- History of Iran
- History of Afghanistan
References
- ISBN 978-0-9774211-1-4. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ISBN 0-631-19841-5. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ a b c "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ^ Jonas Hanway, The Revolutions of Persia (1753), p.254.
- ^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 30. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
- ^ "AFGHANISTAN x. Political History". D. Balland. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1850437062.
- Balland, D. (2011) [1987]. "AŠRAF ḠILZAY". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8. pp. 796–797.
- Moreen, Vera B. (2010). "Ashraf, Shah". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
- Tucker, Ernest (2009). "Ashraf Ghilzay". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.