Aspartic acid

Aspartic acid

Skeletal formula of L-aspartic acid
Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model
Names
IUPAC name Trivial: Aspartic acid Systematic: 2-Aminobutanedioic acid
Other names Aminosuccinic acid Asparagic acid Asparaginic acid[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	L: 56-84-8 Y D/L: 617-45-8 Y D: 1783-96-6 Y
3D model ( JSmol )	L: Interactive image D: Interactive image L Zwitterion: Interactive image L Deprotonated zwitterion (aspartate): Interactive image
ChEBI	L: CHEBI:17053 Y D/L: CHEBI:22660 Y D: CHEBI:17364 Y
ChEMBL	L: ChEMBL274323 Y
ChemSpider	L: 5745 Y D/L: 411 Y D: 75697 Y
DrugBank	L: DB00128 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.265
EC Number	L: 200-291-6
KEGG	D/L: C16433 Y
PubChem CID	L: 5960 D/L: 424 D: 83887
UNII	L: 30KYC7MIAI Y D/L: 28XF4669EP Y D: 4SR0Q8YD1X Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	L: DTXSID7022621
InChI InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1 Y Key: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N Y D/L: Key: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N D: Key: CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UWTATZPHSA-N
SMILES L: C([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O D/L: C(C(C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O D: C([C@H](C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O L Zwitterion: C(C(C(=O)[O-])[NH3+])C(=O)O L Deprotonated zwitterion (aspartate): C(C(C(=O)[O-])[NH3+])C(=O)[O-]
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H7NO4
Molar mass	133.103 g·mol−1
Appearance	colourless crystals
Density	1.7 g/cm3
Melting point	270 °C (518 °F; 543 K)
Boiling point	324 °C (615 °F; 597 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	4.5 g/L[2]
Acidity (pKa)	1.99 (α-carboxyl; H2O) 3.90 (side chain; H2O) 9.90 (amino; H2O)[3]
Conjugate base	Aspartate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-64.2·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 1 0
Supplementary data page
Aspartic acid (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D;^[4] the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.^[5] The L-isomer of aspartic acid is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. D-aspartic acid is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals.

The one-letter code D for aspartate was assigned arbitrarily,[8] with the proposed memnonic asparDic acid.^[9]

Discovery

Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry^[10][11] by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806.^[12] Their original method used lead hydroxide, but various other acids or bases are now more commonly used instead.^{[citation needed]}

Forms and nomenclature

There are two forms or enantiomers of aspartic acid. The name "aspartic acid" can refer to either enantiomer or a mixture of two.^[13] Of these two forms, only one, "L-aspartic acid", is directly incorporated into proteins. The biological roles of its counterpart, "D-aspartic acid" are more limited. Where enzymatic synthesis will produce one or the other, most chemical syntheses will produce both forms, "DL-aspartic acid", known as a racemic mixture.^{[citation needed]}

Synthesis

Biosynthesis

In the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the

Metabolism

In plants and microorganisms, aspartate is the precursor to several amino acids, including four that are essential for humans: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and lysine. The conversion of aspartate to these other amino acids begins with reduction of aspartate to its "semialdehyde", O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CHO.^[16] Asparagine is derived from aspartate via transamidation:

⁻O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CO₂⁻ + GC(O)NH₃⁺ → O₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CONH₃⁺ + GC(O)O

(where GC(O)NH₂ and GC(O)OH are glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively)

Other biochemical roles

Aspartate has many other biochemical roles. It is a

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]

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|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit]]

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit

1. ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

Neurotransmitter

Aspartate (the

In 2014, the global market for aspartic acid was 39.3 thousand short tons (35.7 thousand tonnes)^[20] or about $117 million annually^[21] with potential areas of growth accounting for an addressable market^{[clarification needed]} of $8.78 billion (Bn).^[22] The three largest market segments include the U.S., Western Europe, and China. Current applications include biodegradable polymers (polyaspartic acid), low calorie sweeteners (aspartame), scale and corrosion inhibitors, and resins.^{[citation needed]}

Superabsorbent polymers

One area of aspartic acid market growth is

In addition to SAP, aspartic acid has applications in the $19Bn fertilizer industry, where polyaspartate improves water retention and nitrogen uptake;^[26] the $1.1Bn (2020) concrete floor coatings market, where polyaspartic is a low VOC, low energy alternative to traditional epoxy resins;^[27] and lastly the >$5Bn scale and corrosion inhibitors market.^[28]

Sources

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Dietary sources

Aspartic acid is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans, and does not need to be present in the diet. In eukaryotic cells, roughly 1 in 20 amino acids incorporated into a protein is an aspartic acid,^[29] and accordingly almost any source of dietary protein will include aspartic acid. Additionally, aspartic acid is found in:

• Dietary supplements, either as aspartic acid itself or salts (such as magnesium aspartate
  )
• The sweetener aspartame, which is made from an aspartic acid and phenylalanine

See also

• Aspartate transaminase
• Polyaspartic acid
• Sodium polyaspartate, a synthetic polyamide