Aspen parkland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Aspen parkland
Aspen parkland near Calgary, Alberta
Aspen parkland within Canada
Ecology
RealmNearctic
BiomeTemperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Borders
List
Bird species206
Humid continental (Dfb)
Conservation
Conservation statusCritical/Endangered[2]
Habitat loss63.76%[1]
Protected2.95%[1]

Aspen parkland refers to a very large area of

boreal forest in two sections, namely the Peace River Country of northwestern Alberta crossing the border into British Columbia, and a much larger area stretching from central Alberta, all across central Saskatchewan to south central Manitoba and continuing into small parts of the US states of Minnesota and North Dakota. [3] Aspen parkland consists of groves of aspen, poplar and spruce, interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland.[4]

This article focuses on this biome in North America. Similar biomes also exist in

steppes (forest steppe
) and in northern Canada.

Definitions

According to the Ecological Framework of Canada, published in 1999, the Aspen Parkland ecoregion (#156) is the largest and northernmost section of Prairies Ecozone.[5] This definition is the arc-shaped region (i.e. including the WWF's central and foothills parkland but excluding the Peace River region). Partly defined by climate, it had a mean annual temperature of approximately 1.5 °C circa 1999, and rainfall varied from 400 to 500 mm/annum. It includes the communities of Red Deer and Edmonton in Alberta; Lloydminster on the Alberta–Saskatchewan border; North Battleford, Saskatoon, Humboldt, and Yorkton in Saskatchewan; and Brandon, Manitoba as its major population centres and have a total population of 1.689 million. By this definition, there are approximately 5,500,000 hectares (14,000,000 acres) of this ecoregion in the province of Alberta.[6]

According to the

Boreal Plains Ecozone and the Prairies Ecozone (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). The Boreal sections are Manitoba Lowlands, Aspen-Oak, Aspen Grove, Mixedwood, and Lower Foothills (15-17, 18a and 19a).[7]

Setting

The aspen parkland biome runs in a thin band no wider than 500 km through the

Prairie Provinces, although it gets broader to the west, especially in Alberta. This is a hilly landscape with many small lakes and ponds. The cities of Edmonton and Saskatoon are the largest cities completely in this biome while Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, and Calgary is bordered by prairie
to the east and the Foothills Parkland to the west.

There are three main sections of aspen parkland: Peace River, Central, and Foothills. The Central Parkland is the largest section and is part of main band of aspen parkland extending across

Foothills of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Waterton Lakes National Park.[8][9]

Climate

The region has a

Chinook winds off the foothills also occur in winter, mainly affecting Alberta.[citation needed
]

Flora

The Populus tremuloides ("trembling" or "quaking" aspen) is the dominant tree species of the parkland belt. Shown here in fall colours in west of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Four significantly different habitats are common in the aspen parklands: The

fescue prairie, the woodlands, the ravines and the wetlands and lakes. A rarer habitat type, tallgrass aspen parkland, occurs only in the extreme southeastern corner of the aspen parklands biome (southeastern Manitoba/northwestern Minnesota).[10]
The fescue prairie is a meadowland rich in vegetation variety which forms the cover for the development of the richer soils that underlie the parklands. The close association with woodlands and wetlands makes this a choice location for many plants and a preferred range or home site for a wide diversity of wildlife. The richer soil and increased precipitation favours the natural growth of fescue grass, but varying conditions such as moisture level and grazing pressures allow for the invasion of secondary plant species.

There are numerous grasses and sedges in the fescue prairie. Gravelly and rocky terrain is a good location for parry oat grass. Dry areas favour June, porcupine and spear grass. Wet areas are often covered with slender wheat grass and timber oat grass. Prairie rose and snowberry are common shrubs found in these grasslands.

The forested, or woodlands area is dominated by trembling aspen (

balsam fir
but quaking aspen will dominate where the woodland has been cleared by fire. The proportion of forests to grasslands has increased somewhat over the prairie in areas not affected by agriculture in the last 100 years. This increase is partly due to the reduction of prairie fires which used to destroy the new saplings on the fringes of the aspen groves. Also, it was a common practice for farmers to plant stands of trees as windbreaks.

Aspen woodlands support an extensive understory consisting of mid-sized and small shrubs, some herbs and ground cover. Spruce-dominated woodlands usually do not support a dense understory due to more acidic and nutrient-poor soils and a denser canopy, which reduces sunlight reaching the forest floor below. However, in areas where a mixture of aspen and spruce occur, a fairly dense understory can still thrive. The mixed wood understory, as it is called, supports the greatest diversity of forest wildlife in the aspen parkland.

Large shrubs such as

Western Canada violet (Viola canadensis), dewberry and bunchberry
. Mosses appear at the base of trees and on the ground.

Wetlands are very common in this biome, including lakes, shallow open water, marshes, and grassy wetlands. Glacial erosion has contributed to such features by creating depressions in which standing water can collect. In the larger depressions, permanent lakes or ponds of water remain. Many of the lakes have a saline character, thus most shore vegetation has a high tolerance of

salty soils. These lakes are known as alkali lakes. Wet meadows are flooded in the spring and dry by fall. They contain rushes, sedges
and grasses and provide excellent opportunities to study the similarities and differences of these forms of vegetation.

Rivers and streams erode valleys throughout the parkland ecoregion. Steep hills and ravines result in a unique topography. Southwest slopes with increased exposure to the sun are dry and often more grass covered, while the shaded north and east exposures retain more moisture and tend to have greater forest cover. Some forms of vegetation unique to the ravines include: poplar, spruce, birch, willow, and river alder.

prairie crocus, and tiger lily
.

The aspen understory

There are three main factors which influence the understory vegetation in the aspen stands of the mixed wood forest.

1. Good sun exposure encourages a dense vegetation growth below the canopy. This is of particular importance in the early spring before the trees are in leaf.

2. Warm soil and air temperature at the base level result in rapid melting process in spring which favours the growth of shrubs.

3. A large percentage of precipitation passes through the canopy. This provides a protective snow cover in winter and in warm seasons precipitation percolates through the leaf cover to nourish plants which require surface soil moisture.

The result of the above factors is an extensive understory of vegetation in the aspen forest. Common shrubs and herbs are:

horsetails and wintergreen
form an attractive grown cover.

The mineral soil is covered by a decaying cover of organic matter. Numerous consumers and decomposers create humus materials. Burrowing animals mix the new fertile materials with the soil to form a rich rooting compound.

The spruce forest understory

Factors which influence the understory vegetation of spruce stands in the

boreal forest
association include:

1. Year round reduced sun exposure below the canopy restricts the forest undergrowth to shade tolerant species.

2. A large percentage of the precipitation is trapped in the upper tree boughs of the spruce forest and is released through evaporation. The ground cover of

feather moss
quickly absorbs most of the moisture which does penetrate the canopy. These factors combine to cause drier conditions in the underlying mineral soils.

3. The fallen acidic spruce needles are not fully decomposed and combine with the moss base. Water held in the moss carries the acid from the spruce needles into the mineral soil and leaches out soil nutrients – leaving a highly acidic, low nutrient soil base which is unsuitable for most boreal vegetation.

As a result of the above factors the

lily-of-the-valley, northern Comandra
and wintergreens.

The mixedwood stands understory

Mixedwood forest wetland in Turtle Mountain State Forest, North Dakota

There are several factors which influence the mixedwood stands in the boreal forest.

Where there are stands of aspen and spruce forests in close association with each other, a mixed wood forest occurs. Each group forms its own microassociation as described previously.

When the spruce and aspen forest types are mixed, the result can be quite different from the aspen or spruce stands. Animal and vegetation associations from each type combine to create considerable diversity of habitat which is typical of either spruce or aspen stands. The mixture of the transition soils provides an attractive environment with either pure spruce or pure aspen woodlands. An example of a bird which prefers a mixed wood habitat is the yellow-rumped warbler.

The mixedwood forest wetlands consist mainly of

Dwarf birch and sedges cover large, wet areas with jack pine
occurring on the sandy ridges.

For boreal aspen stands less than 40 years old, Comeau (2002)[11] found that basal area provided a useful general predictor of understorey light levels, but, on the basis of light measurements in one 80-year-old stand, cautioned that relationships between understorey light and basal area may not hold in older stands. The literature indicates that the height growth of understorey spruce should be maximized when light levels exceed 40% or when aspen basal area is less than 14 m2/ha. Models developed by Wright and others in 1998 show radial growth of understorey white spruce increasing almost linearly with increasing light and a continuous decline in radial increment with increasing aspen basal area.[12] When applied to Comeau's 2002 data,[11] the Wright models suggest that spruce mortality will remain very low until aspen basal area exceeds 20 m2/ha, above which mortality will increase rapidly.

Fauna

Bison grazing in Elk Island National Park

Wildlife in the parklands include

gray wolf
(canis lupus) . Bear, moose, foxes, coyotes, beaver, snowshoe hare and red squirrels are found most often in the mixedwood stands compared to the aspen forests and spruce forests.

Burrowing rodents such as Richardson's ground squirrels, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and pocket gophers play a major role in the balance between the aspen groves and the grassland. These excavators make mounds of fresh soil which are ideal locations for the germination of poplar seeds. Once established, these trees spread by suckering, thus creating a new aspen groves.

White-tailed deer finds shelter in the aspen and graze on the grasslands; coyotes and foxes hunt the resident rodents. Historically, bison grazed on the grassland and helped to prevent the spread of aspen groves. However, bison are now mostly absent due to over hunting during settlement in the 19th century and extensive loss of habitat due to agriculture. Bison, however, can still be seen in protected areas such as Elk Island National Park east of Edmonton and in farms, where they are raised for meat. Boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) also used to roam the Parkland, especially the Peace region, but were hunted out of the area.

Wildlife in the woodlands is varied and abundant. The varying hare, weasel, fox, coyote, and white-tailed deer make their homes in this region, while water dependent mammals who make the ravines and wetland areas of the ecoregion their home are beaver, muskrats, otters and mink.

Birds of the aspen parkland include kingfishers, ruffed grouse, magpies and northern orioles. and in particular several species of warblers find this a preferred habitat.

Extensive cultivation has disturbed the habitats of some birds which nest and feed on the fescue grassland. However, the horned lark and meadowlark have managed to adapt to the new conditions. Song sparrow, vesper sparrow, and American goldfinch can often be seen in open areas.

The woodlands meanwhile are abundant with a variety of bird species. Black-capped chickadee, hairy woodpeckers, ruffed grouse, magpies, and great horned owls can be observed in all seasons. Summer residents include: red-eyed vireo, least flycatcher and northern oriole.

Birds which prefer the wetland habitat include

Canada geese nest in the more remote marshes. Blackbirds, marsh wrens and black terns nest in the reeds. Franklin's gulls nest in the marsh vegetation, but range over agricultural fields for grasshoppers, crickets, and mice. Shore birds include: avocet, piping plover, spotted sandpiper, willet, Wilson's snipe and killdeer
.

The invertebrate population in the woodland is enormous. Some of the most common invertebrates are roundworms, snails, segmented worms, centipedes, mites, spiders and mosquitoes.

caddis flies, mayflies and black flies
.

Human use, threats and conservation

The mixture of small patches of trees near rivers and patchworks of farm fields are typical of parkland. Shown here is the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta circa 2008.
Aspen groves surrounded by cultivated fields of wheat near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Before European colonization, there were large areas of western aspen and aspen parkland in the west of what would become Canada and the United States. This was maintained by light to moderate fires with a frequency of 3 to 15 years. Fire also swept the Rocky Mountains aspen as frequently as every ten years, creating large areas of parkland. Settlement increased fire frequency in the late 19th century until fire suppression became popular.[13]

Most of the aspen parkland, like the

canola (Brassica napsus), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), and livestock grazing. The soils in the aspen parkland biome are also quite fertile, especially around Edmonton and Saskatoon. Oil and natural gas exploration and drilling have also disturbed the natural habitat, especially in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. As a result, less than 10% of the original habitat remains.[citation needed
]

The largest blocks of intact parkland can be found in

Bronson Forest in Saskatchewan, and Elk Island National Park and Canadian Forces Base Wainwright in Alberta. The rest of the parkland area does contain fragments of original habitat, some in protected areas such as Spruce Woods Provincial Park and Turtle Mountain Provincial Park in Manitoba, and Porcupine Provincial Forest
in Saskatchewan.

Human cultures

The First Nations of this region were not solely

Saskatoon berry or the high bush cranberry
.

This area was one of the most important regions of the

Métis people
were formed around these posts from the intermarriage of white fur traders and native trappers.

Once European settlement began, this region was desired by the peasant farmers of

block settlements by the federal government: for example the Edna-Star colony
in Alberta, the largest concentration of Ukrainians on the prairies.

As a result of these different styles of indigenous hunting agricultural settlement, the ethnic makeup of the

Métis, French, and Ukrainian Canadians are concentrated in the parkland belt, and in parkland cities such as Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg as opposed to prairie cities like Calgary and Regina
, which were settled more so by people of Blackfoot, Sioux, American, English, and German backgrounds.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunits to Make a Difference.
    ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0
    .
  2. ^ a b c "Canadian Aspen forests and parklands". WWF. World Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  3. ^ "Tallgrass Aspen Parklands Province".
  4. ISBN 0-8020-7995-4
    . Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  5. ^ "Prairies Ecozone".
  6. ^ "Agriculture and Forestry".
  7. ^ "Canadian Aspen forests and parklands | Ecoregions | WWF".
  8. ^ "Alberta's Parkland Region". raysweb.net. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  9. ^ "Parks Canada - Waterton Lakes National Park - Green Scene - From Bottom To Top". Pc.gc.ca. 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  10. ^ "Tallgrass Aspen Parkland Biome". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  11. ^ a b Comeau, P. G. (2002). "Relationships between stand parameters and understory light in boreal aspen stands". B.C. Journal of Ecosystems and Management. 1 (2).
  12. doi:10.1139/x98-055
    .
  13. doi:10.2737/RMRS-GTR-42-V2. Archived from the original
    on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

External links

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