Islam in Assam
South Salmara - 95.2%, Dhubri - 79.67%, Goalpara - 57.52%, Bongaigaon - 50.22%, Barpeta - 70.74%, Morigaon - 52.56%, Nagaon - 55.36%, Darrang - 64.34%, Hojai - 53.65%, Hailakandi - 60.31% and Karimganj - 56.36%.Significant -: Cachar - 37.71%, Nalbari - 35.96%, Kokrajhar - 28.44%, Chirang - 22.66% and Kamrup - 39.66%. | |
Languages | |
---|---|
Bengali (including Rangpuri and Sylheti) - (10.49 million),[1] Assamese - (4 million) Urdu - (1.25 lakhs). |
Islam is the second largest and fastest-growing religion in
History
One of the most important factors contributing to the arrival and spread of Islam in Assam in the pre-colonial times was repeated invasions by Muslim rulers and generals.[9] Though none of these invasions succeeded in establishing a rule it created a small but thriving Muslim population, aided by local rulers. Later Ahom kings encouraged a small Muslim immigration and even introduced Islamic prayers in court. In the colonial and post-colonial period, the Muslim population exploded in Assam primarily due to immigration.
Early history
One of the first conversions in Assam to Islam was
The first immigrant settlement occurred in the middle of the 13th century when
Sultanate period
In 1498, Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah dispatched military general Shah Ismail Ghazi with 24,000 soldiers and a flotilla to conquer Kamata.[19] The conquest was instigated by Sachipatra, a Brahmin whose son was executed by Nilambar for his promiscuity with the queen.[20] Successfully imprisoning King Nilambar of the Khen dynasty,[17] the Bengal Sultanate began issuing coins bearing the Sultan as the "Conqueror of Kamru and Kamta" and publicly inscribed the victory at a stone in Malda.[21] The Sultan appointed his son, Prince Daniyal,[22] as the governor of the newly conquered region; that reached up to Hajo and intended to expand to Central Assam. Ghiasuddin Aulia was a
A
The Sultanate rule lasted for about 15 years.Turko-Afghan soldiers who were taken as prisoners of wars by the Ahom kingdom in the 16th were later assimilated by the local population, but maintained a semblance of their Islamic beliefs and worked as brass metal workers.[citation needed]
Mughal period
In 1613, the
In 1630, a Muslim saint from Baghdad popularly known as Azan Faqir settled in Sivasagar. He preached to the local population about Islam and as a result, many converted and became his disciples.[citation needed] His mausoleum is present in Saraguri Chapori.
There were a number of Muslim rulers of Kamrup during this period and they were referred to as the Faujdars of Shujabad.[31] The sixth faujdar, Lutfullah Shirazi, built a hilltop mosque in Koch Hajo in 1657. The mosque contained the mazar (mausoleum) of Prince Ghiyath ad-Din Awliya of Iraq, who is commonly credited for introducing Islam to the region.[32] The Mughals lost Kamrup forever in 1682 after the Battle of Itakhuli. Incomplete list of Faujdars of Guahati:
- Makram Khan (1612-1614)
- Mir Sufi (1614-1616)
- Shaykh Kamal (1616-1632)
- Abd as-Salam (1632-1638)
- Noorullah Khan Herati (1638-1656)
- Lutfullah Shirazi (1656-1658), built a hilltop mosque in Hajo in 1657.[27]
British Raj
When Assam came under colonial rule, the British brought with them a number of immigrant Bengali settlers (mostly Bengali Muslims from Eastern Bengal region, now Bangladesh). These immigrants encouraged other Bengalis to settle in Assam for economic and social reasons.[33] The fertile land of Assam and its vast expanse was inhabited by indigenous populace at that time( that is, vast lands and forests were present but fewer people) which then attracted a large number of landless immigrant peasants from Bengal presidency, nearly 85% of whom were Muslims. The tea planters and immigrant Marwari businessmen, who needed workers, also welcomed the migrants.[34]
Early establishments of these immigrant Bengalis were in the Goalpara district, mostly in the char (riverine) lands and reserved forests.[33] Most of these Muslim immigrants were known as "Miyas". Since many of them came from the Northeast part of Rangpur and very few of them came from Mymensingh, they were sometimes referred to as Bongal meaning Outsider.[35]
After the Government of India Act 1935, a Legislative Assembly was established in Assam in 1937. The Muslim League, led by Muhammed Saadulah, formed a minority government in the state and he again encouraged large scale immigration from then Bengal.[34]
Independence
After the
Assam has some indigenous Muslims like the Gauria, Maria and Deshi, though they are very few as compared to the large-scale Bengal-originating immigrants. Thus, there have been concerns that
Assam Movement and accord
The Assam Movement or the Assam Agitation (1979-1985) led by All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the 'All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad' (AAGSP) was a popular uprising to drive out the illegal immigrants from Bengal/Bihar etc. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord by leaders of AASU-AAGSP and the Government of India under PM Rajiv Gandhi. During this period of six long years of the historic movement, reportedly, 855 people (later on 860 according to AASU reports) sacrificed their lives in the hope of an "infiltration free Assam" in the 1979-1985 Assam agitation. In addition, the infamous Nellie and Khoirabari massacre also took place during this time claiming the lives of 2,191 and 100-500 respectively.
The Assam Accord (1985) was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement for the indigenous ethnic groups in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. The fundamental aspect of the Assam Accord was: foreigners who came to Assam on or after 25 March 1971, shall continue to be detected; deleted and practical steps shall be taken to expel such foreigners. The indigenous people of Assam (by meaning indigenous is for those who are living since ages even before colonization took place in 1826 as per UN definition of the indigenous people).
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1901 | 303,170 | — |
1911 | 634,101 | +109.2% |
1921 | 880,426 | +38.8% |
1931 | 1,279,388 | +45.3% |
1941 | 1,696,978 | +32.6% |
1951 | 1,995,936 | +17.6% |
1961 | 2,765,509 | +38.6% |
1971 | 3,594,006 | +30.0% |
1981 | 4,722,467 | +31.4% |
1991 | 6,373,204 | +35.0% |
2001 | 8,240,611 | +29.3% |
2011 | 10,679,345 | +29.6% |
Source: Census of India |
Assamese is the official language of the state and the most widely spoken, and so it serves as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Bengali, which is an official language in Assam's Barak Valley, is also a popular common language among certain communities.
The Assamese Muslims are often divided into four subgroups; Deshi, Maria, Gauria and
The
The Maria are descended from captured Muslim soldiers who were part of
The Sylheti Muslim of Barak Valley.
The Bengali-speaking
The third group are the descendants of Muslim migrants from
Population
Year | Percentage (%) | Muslim Population | Total population |
---|---|---|---|
1901 | 12.4% | 303,170 | 3,289,680 |
1911 | 16.69% | 634,101 | 3,848,617 |
1921 | 19.41% | 880,426 | 4,636,980 |
1931 | 23.41% | 1,279,388 | 5,560,371 |
1941 | 25.72% | 1,696,978 | 6,694,790 |
1951 | 16.68% | 1,995,936 | 8,028,856 |
1961 | 19.26% | 2,765,509 | 10,837,329 |
1971 | 21.56% | 3,594,006 | 14,625,152 |
1981 | 24.15% | 4,722,467 | 18,041,248 |
1991 | 27.43% | 6,373,204 | 22,414,322 |
2001 | 30.92% | 8,240,611 | 26,655,528 |
2011 | 34.22% | 10,679,345 | 31,205,576 |
Source: (Census of India) 1901-2011[51][52]
• Variation for two decades (1971–1991). In 1981, census was not conducted in Assam due to disturbed conditions resulting from insurgency. Muslims in Assam have recorded the most dramatic decline in fertility since NFHS-3, which was conducted 14 years earlier. The number of children who would be born per woman — or the total fertility rate (TFR) — of the Muslim community in Assam is at 2.4 which is higher than the 1.6 for Hindus as of 2019-20 research by the fifth National Family Health Survey. The reduction in fertility among Muslims has been from 3.6 in 2005–06 to 2.4 in 2019–20, a drop of 1.3 compared to 0.4 among Hindus in the same period, although from a lower base.[53] Muslim percentage have increased from 12.4% in 1901 to 34.22% in 2011 (which is a sharp rise of 21.82% for past 120 years). In 2021, some estimates have placed Assam's Muslim population at about 14 million, out of 35 million total population, thus making up 40% of the state population.[54][55][56][57]
Population by district (2011 year)
Below is a breakdown of the
# | District | Total population | Muslim population | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Baksa | 950,075 | 135,750 | 14.29% |
2 | Barpeta | 1,693,622 | 1,198,036 | 70.74% |
3 | Bongaigaon | 738,804 | 371,033 | 50.22% |
4 | Cachar | 1,736,617 | 654,816 | 37.71% |
5 | Chirang | 482,162 | 109,248 | 22.66% |
6 | Darrang | 928,500 | 597,392 | 64.34% |
7 | Dhemaji | 686,133 | 13,475 | 1.96% |
8 | Dhubri | 1,949,258 | 1,553,023 | 79.67% |
9 | Dibrugarh | 1,326,335 | 64,526 | 4.86% |
10 | Dima Hasao | 214,102 | 4,358 | 2.04% |
11 | Goalpara | 1,008,183 | 579,929 | 57.52% |
12 | Golaghat | 1,066,888 | 90,312 | 8.46% |
13 | Hailakandi | 659,296 | 397,653 | 60.31% |
14 | Jorhat | 1,092,256 | 54,684 | 5.01% |
15 | Kamrup | 1,517,542 | 601,784 | 39.66% |
16 | Kamrup Metropolitan | 1,253,938 | 151,071 | 12.05% |
17 | Karbi Anglong | 956,313 | 20,290 | 2.12% |
18 | Karimganj | 1,228,686 | 692,489 | 57.36% |
19 | Kokrajhar | 887,142 | 252,271 | 28.44% |
20 | Lakhimpur | 1,042,137 | 193,476 | 19.57% |
21 | Morigaon | 957,423 | 503,257 | 52.56% |
22 | Nagaon | 2,823,768 | 1,563,203 | 55.36% |
23 | Nalbari | 771,639 | 277,488 | 35.96% |
24 | Sivasagar | 1,151,050 | 95,553 | 9.30% |
25 | Sonitpur | 1,924,110 | 350,536 | 17.22% |
26 | Tinsukia | 1,327,929 | 48,373 | 3.64% |
27 | Udalguri | 831,668 | 105,319 | 12.66% |
28 | Hojai | 931,218 | 499,565 | 53.65% |
29 | South Salmara district |
249,508 | 244,590 | 98.03% |
30 | Majuli district | 167,304 | 592 | 0.35% |
Assam (Total) | 31,205,576 | 10,679,345 | 34.22% |
Trends
Islam was first introduced in Assam by Azan Faqir who have came from Baghdad in the 17th century (1601-1700) during the reign of Ahom king Pratap Singha. He preach Islam to local indigenous assamese tribes in various parts of Assam. He played a vital role in unifying the people of the Brahmaputra Valley. He is considered as a legendary Sufi saint who composed many spiritual songs related to Allah in Assamese language. Thousands of devotees from all over the country visit his Dargah at Sivasagar to pay their homage to this great reformer who had done a lot for the people of Assam.[58]
Projections
Muslim population of Assam was 24% in 1951, which have eventually increased to 35% in 2011 Census respectively.[59][60][61][62] As for the upcoming 2021 census, it has been estimated that the present Muslim population in Assam is over 40%, which has increased from 35% compared to the previous decade's 2011 census.[63] Assam's prominent professors namely Prof. D.C. Nath and Prof. B.K. Nath have stated that Assam would become a Muslim majority state by 2040. Another study by Prof. Indrajeet Barua of Guwahati University has also stated that by 2047, Assam would be an absolute Muslim majority state. As per as indiafacts.org, Assam will have a Muslim majority by 2061.[64]
Indigenous Assamese Muslims
Assamese Muslim community is composed of different groups -
Muslim-Axamia: The Muslim-Axamia community represents a significant indigenous Muslim population in Assam. Known by various names such as Goriya, Tholua, or Khilonjia, they have been an integral part of Assam's cultural landscape for centuries. Their distinct identity adds to the intricate tapestry of Assamese culture.[65]
The lineage of Deshi's (Desi Community), believed to be among the first batch of people in Assam to have embraced Islam, is traced back to Ali Mech, a Koch-Rajbongshi.[66]
Goria Muslims are the descendants of Muslim soldiers who came from Muslim ruled India between thirteen to seventeen century . Those were mostly Turkic and Afghan soldiers of Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire and Bengal Sultanate. There are also local Assamese converts among Gorias who changed their religion with the influence of Sufi Saints . Later Ahom kings also invites some Muslim skillful families ( like Akharkatia, Parsiparia, Dorji, Jula etc ) from Mughal India to serve their kingdom. Their descendants also assimilated with Gorias.
Juluha Muslims: The presence of Juluha Muslims, originating from
Bhotia Muslims: Another prominent group within Assam's Muslim community is the
On 5 June 2022
On 3rd October 2023, the
Discrimination against Bengali Muslims
Bengali-speaking Muslims, also known as Miya people, who initially migrated from East Pakistan and later Bangladesh, hold significant numerical influence, determining the outcomes of approximately 30 assembly seats out of Assam's 126 constituencies.[77] They in Assam have faced repeated and increased attacks.[78] In 1983, around 3000 Bengali Muslims were killed in the Nellie massacre, (unofficial figures run at more than 10,000).[79][80]
During the
In
On 7 June 2019, 82 families comprising more than 1,000 people — all Muslims — have been evicted from the Rajanikhal forest village under the Haiwaithang range, which interestingly falls inside Barak valley's Forest Minister Parimal Suklabaidya's home constituency Dholai.[88][89]
On 10 June 2021, nearly 100 families of about 500 Bengali-speaking Muslims were rendered homeless through land eviction, leaving them with no option but to take shelter near a road. A similar drive was also carried out on 17 May at Jamugurihat in North Assam's Sonitpur district which have evicted 25 Muslim families, all belonging to the Bengali speaking groups. The district administration officials said they had illegally occupied government land and did not vacate it despite several warnings in the past.[90][91]
Many Bengali speaking Muslims in Assam are victim of
On 21 September 2021, Assam government have evicted around 5,000 illegal Bengali speaking Muslims in Darrang district and the reason of their eviction is that they have illegal encroached the government lands without any legal documents. It has been also reported that two mosques and a Madrassa were also demolished during the drive.[95] As per as media report, two Muslims (including a kid) were shot to death by the police firing.[96]
On first week of January 2023, Eviction Drive were again carried out by Assam government in Lakhimpur district, where around 300 Bengali-Muslim Families homes and occupation were destroyed permanently, thus making them homeless and jobless.[97][98]
Illegal immigration
Census of India between (2001-2011) have shown that Bengali Muslim population grows 15-17% in Assam specially in the bordering districts over the past decade.[99] In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bengali Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.4 crore (14 million) Muslims in the state, of which 10 million are of Bengali origin, and rest are Indian origin indigenous Assamese.[100][101][102] Allegedly that the number of 'illegal Bangladeshis' in Assam of all religions is about 1 crore (10 million) and are scattered across the length and breadth of the state.[103][104] A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam.[105][106][107] Several people reveal that Bangladeshi roumers made them specially Muslims victimized of "D" voters. This is even more problematic when names have been left out even after included on draft NRC by providing proper legacy papers.[108]
Notable Muslims from Assam
- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, First Muslim President of India from Assam
- chief minister of Assam(She was the first Muslim woman Chief Minister of any state in India).
- Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)1957)
- Syed Abdul Malik, writer
- opponentsof the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country.
- Ahom Kingdom
- Hafiz Ahmed writer
- Muhammed Saadulah, First Prime Minister of Colonial Assam, the only Assamese Muslim member of the drafting committee of the constituent assembly of India.
- Assam United Democratic Front (AUDF), now All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF);[109] president of the Assam State Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind; Industrialist, Businessman and a Social worker
- Rakibul Hussain, Deputy Leader of the Opposition Assam Legislative Assembly
- Mafizuddin Ahmed Hazarika, writer
- Adil Hussain, actor
- Wasbir Hussain, journalist
- Baharul Islam, Justice of the Supreme Court of India
- Ali Mech, First converted Muslim of Assam
- Abu Nechim, the first Muslim IPL cricketer from Assam.
- Imran Shah, writer
- Parveen Sultana, Padma Bhushanvocalist
- Zerifa Wahid, actor
- Elvis Ali Hazarika, swimmer
See also
Notes
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- ^ "Of these the most important was a series of Muslim invasions on this region beginning with the first decade of the 13th century and ending by the later part of the 17th century." (Baruah 1978:570)
- ^ "The first invasion was guided by Ali Mech whom Muhammad had converted to Islam. This was perhaps the earliest instance of proselytization which synchronized with their appearance on the border of Assam." (Kar 1980:68)
- OCLC 458672248.
- ISBN 9781847740625.
- ISBN 9788170991090.
- ^ "Most of his followers had drowned. Bakhtyar himself crossed the Karatoya river with a few hundreds only. Befriended by the Mech chief he could reach Devkot south of Dinajpur and then return to Gaur, dying there grief stricken, in 1206." (Sarkar 1992b:37)
- ^ (Sarkar 1992b:37)
- ^ "The first wave of infiltration flowed in the mid 13th century (1257 A.D.) when this region was for the first time, occupied by the Bengal Sultan Malik Ikhtiyar-ud-din Yuzbag Tughril Khan, "who introduced the reading of the khutbah and Friday religious services." (Baruah 1978:570)
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{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|title=
- ^ "Nearly 100 families evicted from govt land in Assam, many call it 'anti-Muslim' drive". Deccan Herald. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "Muslims in Assam asked to control population amid eviction of nearly 100 families from 'Govt land'". freepresskashmir.news. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "Assam's NRC: Bengali Muslims may face discrimination, say UN officials". The Siasat Daily – Archive. 24 June 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ Saikia, Arunabh (29 August 2020). "Bengali-speaking Muslims in Assam thought NRC would be their shot at dignity. They were wrong". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "As per as Statistics, there are over 5 lakh Muslims among those excluded from the NRC, leaked data suggests". Sabrang. 17 September 2019.
- ^ "Evicted from government land, over 5,000 Muslims in Assam termed 'illegal settlers' become homeless". 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Assam: Muslim Peasants Cultivating Land for Decades Evicted in Darrang Dist, 2 Killed in Firing". 23 September 2021.
- ^ https://www.outlookindia.com/national/eviction-drive-continues-in-assam-s-lakhimpur-rendering-299-families-homeless-news-252742/amp
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References
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