Sex assignment

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Assigned female at birth
)
This article is about sex assignment in humans. For sex assignment in other animals, see
AgaB
.

Sex assignment (also known as gender assignment

nurse, or physician, sex is assigned without ambiguity in 99.95% of births. In the remaining cases (1 in 2000), additional diagnostic steps are required and sex assignment is deferred.[4] Sex also may be determined prior to birth through prenatal sex discernment.[5]

The number of births where the baby is

sex characteristics do not fit typical definitions of male and female—is estimated to be between 0.018% and 1.7%.[6][7][8] While some intersex conditions can lead to genital ambiguity (about 0.02% to 0.05% of births[4]), in others genitalia can clearly be identified as either male or female.[9] In the latter cases, an intersex condition might not be recognized at birth.[10]

Generally, parents and society, as well as governments and healthcare systems, assume that a person's gender identity will develop according to the sex assigned at birth; this is known as being cisgender. While this is the case for a majority of people, for a significant number assigned sex and gender identity do not align; this is known as being transgender.[2][11]

The sex assignment of an intersex individual may also contradict their future gender identity.[12] If available, knowledge about the gender identity that a majority of people with the specific intersex condition develop is considered in sex assignment.[13] Assignments might later be adjusted as a person grows up.[2] Reinforcing sex assignments through surgical or hormonal interventions without informed consent is considered by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to violate the individual's human rights.[14][15]

Terminology

Sex assignment is the discernment of an infant's sex at birth, usually based on the phenotypic sex. It is also referred to as gender assignment.[2][16]

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders maintained by the American Psychiatric Association, the result is referred to as birth-assigned sex or birth-assigned gender, while the terms assigned sex and assigned gender include later assignments or reassignments during infancy and early childhood, as they are common in intersex people.

The terminology used in the manual has evolved over its editions. The third edition of the manual used the term "anatomic sex".[17] The term assigned sex was introduced into the manual in the fourth edition, published in 1994.[18] However, the terms biological sex and natal gender were also used in the fourth and fifth editions, as well as the term assigned sex. The manual was updated to only use the terminology of sex assignment in the 2022 text revision.[2][19]

The 2006 consensus statement on intersex conditions likewise uses the terms assigned sex and assigned gender.[20]

Sex is assigned as either male or female,[2][11] giving rise to the following terminology:

Assigned male at birth (AMAB)
a person of any age and irrespective of current gender whose sex was assigned as "male" at birth. Synonyms: male assigned at birth (MAAB) and designated male at birth (DMAB).[21][22]

Assigned female at birth (AFAB)
a person of any age and irrespective of current gender whose sex was assigned as "female" at birth. Synonyms: female assigned at birth (FAAB) and designated female at birth (DFAB).[21][22]
AGAB
Acronym for assigned gender at birth. [23]

Assignment in cases of infants with intersex traits, or cases of trauma

Intersex topics
Intersex flag
Human rights and legal issues
Medicine and biology
Society and culture
History and events
Rights by country
See also
Main articles: Intersex medical interventions and History of intersex surgery

Observation or recognition of an infant's sex may be complicated in the case of intersex infants and children and in cases of early trauma. In such cases, the infant may be assigned male or female, and may receive

intersex surgery to confirm that assignment. These medical interventions have increasingly been seen as a human rights violation due to their unnecessary nature and the potential for lifelong complications.[24][25][14]

The Phall-O-Meter satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth, and the definition of ambiguous genitalia. It is based on research published by Suzanne Kessler.

Cases of trauma include the famous

John/Joan case, where sexologist John Money claimed successful reassignment from male to female of a 17-month-old boy whose penis was destroyed during circumcision. However, this claim was later shown to be largely false. The subject, David Reimer, later identified as a man.[26]

The number of births with ambiguous genitals is in the range of 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 4,500 (0.05% to 0.02%).

pediatric endocrinologist
is consulted to confirm the tentative sex assignment. The expected assignment is usually confirmed within hours to a few days in these cases.

Some infants are born with enough ambiguity that assignment becomes a more drawn-out process of multiple tests and intensive education of the parents about sexual differentiation. In some of these cases, it is clear that the child will face physical difficulties or social stigma as they grow up, and deciding upon the sex of assignment involves weighing the advantages and disadvantages of either assignment. Intersex activists have criticised "normalising" procedures performed on infants and children, who are unable to provide informed consent.[25]

History

The words "sex assignment" came into use in the late 1950s and early 1960s. [27]

In European societies,

have been described
over the centuries.

With the medicalization of intersex, criteria for assignment have evolved over the decades, as clinical understanding of biological factors and diagnostic tests have improved, as

surgical
techniques have changed and potential complications have become clearer, and in response to the outcomes and opinions of adults who have grown up with various intersex conditions.

Before the 1950s, assignment was based almost entirely on the appearance of the external genitalia. Although physicians recognized that there were conditions in which the apparent secondary sexual characteristics could develop contrary to the person's sex, and conditions in which the gonadal sex did not match that of the external genitalia, their ability to understand and diagnose such conditions in infancy was too poor to attempt to predict future development in most cases.

In the 1950s,

mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The discovery of cortisone
allowed survival of infants with severe CAH for the first time. New hormone tests and karyotypes allowed more confident diagnosis in infancy and prediction of future development.

Sex assignment became more than choosing a sex of rearing, but also began to include surgical treatment. Undescended testes could be retrieved. A greatly enlarged clitoris could be amputated to the usual size, but attempts to create a

controversially believed that children were more likely to develop a gender identity that matched sex of rearing than might be determined by chromosomes, gonads, or hormones. The resulting medical model was termed the "Optimal gender model".[33]

Challenges to requirements for sex assignment

In recent years, the perceived need to legally assign sex is increasingly being challenged by transgender, transsexual, and intersex people.[34][35] A report for the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice states "Gender increasingly seems to be perceived as a 'sensitive' identity feature, but so far is not regarded, nor protected as such in privacy regulations".[34] Australian government guidelines state that "departments and agencies that collect sex and/or gender information must not collect information unless it is necessary for, or directly related to, one or more of the agency's functions or activities"[36]

Sex registration was introduced in the Netherlands in 1811 due to gender-specific rights and responsibilities, such as military conscription.[34] Many gender-specific provisions in legislation no longer exist, but the provisions remain for rationales that include "speed of identification procedures".[34]

References

  1. ^ "gender assignment". APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-205-78606-0. Archived
    from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  4. ^
    PMID 29503125
    .
  5. S2CID 215758793
    .
  6. ^ "Intersex population figures". Intersex Human Rights Australia. 16 September 2019 [28 September 2013]. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  7. S2CID 33795209
    .
  8. S2CID 453278
    .
  9. PMID 19444113
    .
  10. ^ "Answers to Your Questions About Individuals With Intersex Conditions" (PDF). www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  11. ^
    S2CID 52986156
    .
  12. ^ Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 6 January 2016
  13. PMID 29503125
    .
  14. ^
    Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived
    from the original on 21 November 2016
  15. ISBN 978-92-4-156498-4
    .
  16. PMID 28920018
    .
  17. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780521315289.dsm-iii (inactive 31 January 2024). PDF Download – via DSM Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  18. ISBN 0-89042-061-0
    – via DSM Library.
  19. PMID 35524596
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  20. PMID 16624884
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  21. ^
    ISBN 978-1-942733-83-6. Archived
    from the original on 21 December 2016.
  22. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58005-504-8. Archived
    from the original on 21 December 2016.
  23. ^ "Definition of 'AGAB'". Collins Dictionary.
  24. ^ United Nations; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
  25. ^
    Cabral, Mauro; Carpenter, Morgan, eds. (2014), Intersex Issues in the International Classification of Diseases: a revision, archived
    from the original on 29 October 2015
  26. ^ Colapinto, John (3 June 2004). "Why did David Reimer commit suicide?". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
  28. S2CID 143133728
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  29. ^ "Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)". Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (Bavarian State Library). 5 February 2009. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
  30. Scarecrow Press
    . p. 113.
  31. ^ E Coke, The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Institutes 8.a. (1st Am. Ed. 1812) (16th European ed. 1812).
  32. SSRN 896307
    .
  33. ISBN 978-1-74229-917-4. Archived
    from the original on 23 September 2015.
  34. ^ a b c d van den Brink, Marjolein; Tigchelaar, Jet (2014), M/F and beyond, Gender registration by the state and the legal position of transgender persons. English summary, Ministerie van Veiligheid & Justitie, archived from the original on 4 March 2016
  35. ^ Chan, Emily (26 May 2015). "Get gender off birth certificates, B.C. activists argue". CTV News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  36. ^ Australia; Attorney General's Department (2013). Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
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