Associated Press
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The Associated Press (AP)[4] is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association, and produces news reports that are distributed to its members, major U.S. daily newspapers and radio and television broadcasters. Since the award was established in 1917, the AP has earned 59 Pulitzer Prizes, including 36 for photography. The AP is also known for its widely used AP Stylebook, its AP polls tracking NCAA sports, sponsoring the National Football League's annual awards, and its election polls and results during US elections.
By 2016, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters.[5] The AP operates 235 news bureaus in 94 countries, and publishes in English, Spanish, and Arabic.[6] It also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides twice hourly newscasts and daily sportscasts for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative. As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports.
History

The Associated Press was formed in May 1846 by five daily newspapers in
Initially known as the New York Associated Press (NYAP), the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press (1862), which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and
In 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. United States[14] that the AP had been violating the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting member newspapers from selling or providing news to nonmember organizations as well as making it very difficult for nonmember newspapers to join the AP.[15]
The AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations; it created its own radio network in 1974. In 1994, it established APTV, a global video newsgathering agency. APTV merged with Worldwide Television News in 1998 to form
The AP began diversifying its news gathering capabilities. By 2007 the AP was generating only about 30% of its revenue from United States newspapers, and by 2024, this had declined to 10%.[17] 37% came from the global broadcast customers, 15% from online ventures and 18% came from international newspapers and from photography.[18]
In March 2024, Gannett, the largest U.S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation, announced that effective March 25, 2024, it would no longer use content from the AP. A spokesperson for AP said that they were "shocked and disappointed" by this development.[19] Newspaper chain McClatchy announced that it would also stop using some AP services. Gannett and McClatchy will both continue to use AP's election results data.[17]
Web resources
The AP's multi-topic structure has resulted in web portals such as
A 2017 study by NewsWhip revealed that AP content was more engaged with on Facebook than content from any individual English-language publisher.[23]
Nonprofit
In June 2024, Axios reported that the AP would be launching a nonprofit with the goal of expanding state and local news, hoping to raise $100 million.[24]
Timeline
- 1849: The Harbor News Association opened the first Halifax, Nova Scotia, to meet ships sailing from Europe before they reached dock in New York.
- 1876: news correspondent to be killed while reporting the news, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
- 1893: Melville E. Stonebecame the general manager of the reorganized the AP, a post he held until 1921. Under his leadership, the AP grew to be one of the world's most prominent news agencies.
- 1899: The AP used Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the first news test of the new technology.
- 1914: The AP introduced the teleprinter, which transmitted directly to printers over telegraph wires. Eventually a worldwide network of 60-word-per-minute teleprinter machines is built.
- 1935: The AP initiated WirePhoto, the world's first wire service for photographs. The first photograph to transfer over the network depicted an airplane crash in Morehouse, New York, on New Year's Day, 1935.
- 1938: The AP expanded new offices at 50 Rockefeller Plaza (known as "50 Rock") under an agreement made as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center in New York City. The building would remain its headquarters for 66 years.[25]
- 1941: The AP expanded from print to radio broadcast news.
- 1941: Wide World News Photo Service purchased from The New York Times.[26][27]
- 1943: The AP sends Ruth Cowan Nash to cover the deployment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps to Algeria. Nash is the first American woman war correspondent.[28]
- 1945: AP news blackout to report Nazi Germany's surrender, touching off a bitter episode that led to his eventual dismissal by the AP. Kennedy maintains that he reported only what German radio already had broadcast.
- 1951: AP war correspondent Prague bureau chief William N. Oatis was arrested for espionage by the Communist government of Czechoslovakia. He was not released until 1953.
- 1974: The AP launches the Associated Press Radio Network headquartered in Washington, D.C.
- 1987: The AP switches to color photography completely after the public suicide of American politician R. Budd Dwyer.[29]
- 1994: The AP launches APTV, a global video news gathering agency, headquartered in London.
- 2004: The AP moves its headquarters from 50 Rock to 450 West 33rd Street, New York City.[25]
- 2006: The AP joins YouTube.
- 2008: The AP launched AP Mobile (initially known as the AP Mobile News Network), a multimedia news portal that gives users news they can choose and provides anytime access to international, national and local news. The AP was the first to debut a dedicated iPhone application in June 2008 on stage at Apple's WWDC event. The app offered AP's own worldwide coverage of breaking news, sports, entertainment, politics and business as well as content from more than 1,000 AP members and third-party sources.[30]
- 2008: The AP opens its Pyongyang bureau.[31]
- 2010: The AP launched multi-device World Cup Soccer Applications providing real-time news coverage of the 2010 World Cup on desktop, Apple and Android devices.
- 2010: AP earnings fall 65% from 2008 to just $8.8 million. The AP also announced that it would have posted a loss of $4.4 million had it not liquidated its German-language news service for $13.2 million.[32]
- 2011: AP revenue dropped $14.7 million in 2010. 2010 revenue totaled $631 million, a decline of 7% from the previous year. The AP rolled out price cuts designed to help newspapers and broadcasters cope with declining revenue.[33]
- 2012: Gary B. Pruitt succeeded Tom Curley to become president and CEO. Pruitt is the 13th leader of the AP in its 166-year history.[34]
- 2016: The AP reported that income dropped to $1.6 million from $183.6 million in 2015. The 2015 profit figure was bolstered by a one-time, $165 million tax benefit.[35]
- 2017: The AP moved its headquarters to 200 Liberty Street, New York City.
- 2018: The AP unveiled AP Votecast to replace exit polls for the 2018 US midterm elections.[36]
Governance
The AP is governed by an elected
Election polls
The AP is the only organization that collects and verifies election results in every city and county across the United States, including races for the U.S. president, the Senate and House of Representatives, and governors as well as other statewide offices.[39] Known for accuracy, the organization has collected and published presidential election data since 1848.[40] Major news outlets rely on the polling data and results provided by the Associated Press before declaring a winner in major political races, particularly the presidential election.[41]
In declaring the winners, the AP has historically relied on a robust network of local reporters with first-hand knowledge of assigned territories who also have long-standing relationships with county clerks as well as other local officials. Moreover, the AP monitors and gathers data from county websites and electronic feeds provided by states. The research team further verifies the results by considering demographics, number of absentee ballots, and other political issues that may have an effect on the final results.[39] In 2018, the AP introduced a new system called AP VoteCast, which was developed together with NORC at the University of Chicago in order to further improve the reliability of its data and overcome biases of its legacy exit poll.[42]
Sports polls
The AP conducts polls for numerous
The AP college basketball poll has been used as a guide for which teams deserve national attention. The AP first began its poll of college basketball teams in 1949, and has since conducted over 1,100 polls. The college basketball poll started with 20 teams and was reduced to 10 during the 1960-61 college basketball season. It returned to 20 teams in 1968-69 and expanded to 25 beginning in 1989–90. The final poll for each season is released prior to the conclusion of the NCAA tournament, so all data includes regular season games only. In 2017, The AP released a list of the Top 100 teams of all time. The poll counted poll appearances (one point) and No. 1 rankings (two points) to rank each team.[46]
Sports awards
Baseball
The AP began its Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award in 1959, for a manager in each league.[47] From 1984 to 2000, the award was given to one manager in all of MLB.[48] The winners were chosen by a national panel of AP baseball writers and radio men. The award was discontinued in 2001.[47]
Basketball
Every year, the AP releases the names of the winners of its AP College Basketball Player of the Year and AP College Basketball Coach of the Year awards. It also honors a group of All-American players.
Football
- AP NFL Coach of the Year
- AP NFL Most Valuable Player
- AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year
- AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year
- AP NFL Rookie of the Year
- AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year
Associated Press Television News

In 1994, London-based Associated Press Television (APTV) was founded to provide agency news material to television broadcasters.[49] In 1998, the AP purchased Worldwide Television News (WTN) from the ABC News division of The Walt Disney Company, Nine Network Australia and ITN London.[49] The AP publishes 70,000 videos and 6,000 hours of live video per year, as of 2016[update]. The agency also provides seven simultaneous live video channels, AP Direct for broadcasters, and six[50] live channels on AP Live Choice for broadcasters and digital publishers. The AP was the first news agency to launch a live video news service in 2003.[51]
AP Stylebook
The Associated Press Stylebook (generally called the AP Stylebook), alternatively titled The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, is a style and usage guide for American English grammar created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated Press journalism cooperative based in New York City. The Stylebook offers a basic reference to American English grammar, punctuation, and principles of reporting, including many definitions and rules for usage as well as styles for capitalization, abbreviation, spelling, and numerals.
The first publicly available edition of the book was published in 1953. The first modern edition was published in August 1977 by
Litigation and controversies
![]() | This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. (September 2022) |
Kidnapping of Tina Susman
In 1994,
Christopher Newton
In September 2002, Washington, D.C. bureau reporter Christopher Newton, an AP reporter since 1994, was fired after he was accused of fabricating sources since 2000, including at least 40 people and organizations. Prior to his firing, Newton had been focused on writing about federal law-enforcement while based at the Justice Department. Some of the nonexistent agencies quoted in his stories included "Education Alliance", the "Institute for Crime and Punishment in Chicago", "Voice for the Disabled", and "People for Civil Rights".[62]
FBI impersonation case
In 2007, an
In December 2017, following a US court appearance, a judge ruled in favor of the AP in a lawsuit against the FBI for fraudulently impersonating a member of the news media.[68][69]
Fair-use controversy
In June 2008, the AP sent numerous DMCA take-down demands and threatened legal action against several blogs. The AP contended that the internet blogs were violating the AP's copyright by linking to AP material and using headlines and short summaries in those links. Many bloggers and experts noted that the use of the AP news fell squarely under commonly accepted internet practices and within fair-use standards.[70] Others noted and demonstrated that the AP routinely takes similar excerpts from other sources, often without attribution or licenses. The AP responded that it was defining standards regarding citations of AP news.[71]
Shepard Fairey
In March 2009, the AP counter-sued artist
All Headline News
In January 2008, the AP sued competitor All Headline News (AHN) claiming that AHN allegedly infringed on its copyrights and a contentious "quasi-property" right to facts.[74][75] The AP complaint asserted that AHN reporters had copied facts from AP news reports without permission and without paying a syndication fee. After AHN moved to dismiss all but the copyright claims set forth by the AP, a majority of the lawsuit was dismissed.[76] The case has been dismissed and both parties settled.[77]
Hoax tweet and flash crash
On April 23, 2013, hackers posted a tweet to AP's Twitter account about fictional attacks on the White House, falsely claiming that President Obama had been injured.[78] The hoax caused a flash crash on the American stock markets, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average briefly falling by 143 points.[79]
Justice Department subpoena of phone records
On May 13, 2013, the AP announced telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012, had been
AP collaboration with Nazi Germany
The AP
In 2017, the German historian Norman Domeier of the University of Vienna brought to wider attention the deal between the AP and the Nazi government related to the interchange of press photos during the period in which the United States were at war with Nazi Germany.[88] This relationship involved the Bureau Laux, run by the Waffen-SS photographer Helmut Laux.[88][89]
The mechanism for this interchange involved a courier flying to
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
In his book Broken Spring: An American-Israeli Reporter's Close-up View of How Egyptians Lost Their Struggle for Freedom, former AP correspondent
Tuvia Grossman photograph
On September 29, 2000, the first day of the Second Intifada, the AP published a photograph of a badly bloodied young man behind whom a police officer could be seen with a baton raised in a menacing fashion; a gas station with Hebrew lettering could also be seen in the background.[94][95][96] The AP labelled it with the caption "An Israeli policeman and a Palestinian on the Temple Mount", and the picture and caption were subsequently published in several major American newspapers, including the New York Times.[97][94][96] In reality, the injured man in the photograph was a Jewish yeshiva student from Chicago named Tuvia Grossman, and the police officer, a Druze named Gidon Tzefadi, was protecting Grossman from a Palestinian mob who had clubbed, stoned, and stabbed Grossman.[97][94] There are also no gas stations with Hebrew lettering on the Temple Mount.[94][95][96][98]
The episode is often cited by those who accuse the media of having an anti-Israel bias, and was the impetus for the founding of HonestReporting.[98][99][100][101] After a letter from Grossman's father noted the error, the AP, the New York Times, and other papers published corrections; despite these corrections, the photograph continues to be used by critics of Israel as a symbol of Israeli aggression and violence.[94][96][98][102]
Israeli airstrike on the AP office building
During the
On 17 May, US secretary of state Antony Blinken said he had not seen any evidence that Hamas operated from the building housing the AP and Al Jazeera, but it is the job of others to handle intelligence matters. Israel reportedly shared intelligence with American officials and U.S. president Joe Biden showing Hamas offices inside the building.[106]
Reporters Without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to investigate the bombing as a possible war crime.[107]
On June 8, Israeli Ambassador to the US Gilad Erdan met with AP CEO Gary Pruitt and vice president for foreign news, Ian Phillips, to discuss the operation. In coordination with the IDF, Erdan said the site was used by Hamas intelligence officials to develop and carry out electronic warfare operations,[108] and that IDF did not suspect the AP was aware of the alleged covert Hamas presence. After the meeting the AP stated "We have yet to receive evidence to support these claims".[109] Erdan later tweeted "Israel is willing to assist AP in rebuilding its offices and operations in Gaza."[109]
Firing of Emily Wilder
In May 2021, the AP said it would launch a review of its social media policies after questions were raised about the firing of a journalist who expressed pro-Palestinian views on social media. The announcement came after some AP journalists signed a letter expressing concern over the termination of former news associate Emily Wilder, whom the AP said committed multiple violations of the company's social media policy. The AP has said that Wilder's previous activism played no role in her termination.[110]
Removal of Israel-Palestine Livestream
In May 2024, Israeli officials seized equipment broadcasting a live stream of Northern Gaza from the town of Sderot as part of a ban on Al Jazeera Media in Israel which had received footage from the broadcast. The move was condemned by multiple journalism organizations, Israeli opposition politicians, and US government officials. In a press briefing, the spokesperson for the National Security Council commented on the seizure, saying "The White House and the State Department immediately engaged with the government of Israel at high levels to express our serious concern and ask them to reverse this action."[111] Later that day, Israeli Communication Minister Shlomo Karhi announced via Twitter that the equipment would be returned to the AP and the Israeli Government would review the positioning of the AP broadcast to determine if it posed a security risk.[112]
Migrant Boat NFT
On January 10, 2022, AP announced it would start selling non-fungible tokens (NFTs) of their photographs in partnership with a company named Xooa, with the proceeds being used to fund their operations.[113] One of the NFTs they promoted on Twitter on 24 February was an aerial shot depicting an overcrowded migrant boat in the Mediterranean Sea. The tweet received negative backlash from users and other journalists, with AP being accused of profiting off of human suffering and the picture choice being "dystopian" and "in extremely poor taste". The tweet was subsequently deleted and the NFT, which was to be sold the next day, was pulled from market. Global director of media relations Lauren Easton apologized, saying "This was a poor choice of imagery for an NFT. It has not and will not be put up for auction [...] AP's NFT marketplace is a very early pilot program, and we are immediately reviewing our efforts".[114][115] No further NFTs were announced or sold.
Awards received
The AP has earned 59
The AP won an Oscar[122] in 2024 for 20 Days in Mariupol, a first-person account[123] of the early days of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
See also
- Agence France-Presse, French news agency
- AP Stylebook
- Associated Press v. Meltwater
- Australian Associated Press, Australian news agency
- The Canadian Press, Canadian news agency
- EFE, Spanish news agency
- George Emil Bria
- International Press Telecommunications Council
- Jewish Telegraphic Agency, described as the "Associated Press of Jewish media"
- List of news agencies
- List of online image archives
- NewsML
- News Industry Text Format
- Reuters
- TweenTribune, children-focused news
References
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Further reading
- Blanchard, Margaret A. "The Associated Press antitrust suit: A philosophical clash over ownership of first amendment rights." Business History Review 61.1 (1987): 43–85.
- Blondheim, Menahem. News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844-1897 (Harvard U. Press, 1994).
- Blondheim, Menahem. "The click: Telegraphic technology, journalism, and the transformations of the New York Associated Press." American Journalism 17.4 (2000): 27–52.
- Coopersmith, Jonathan. "From lemons to lemonade: The development of AP Wirephoto." American Journalism 17.4 (2000): 55–72.
- Dell'Orto, Giovanna. AP foreign correspondents in action: World War II to the present (Cambridge University Press, 2016) online.
- Halberstam, David. Breaking news: how the Associated Press has covered war, peace, and everything else (Princeton Architectural Press, 2007) online.
- Kirat, Mohamed, and David Weaver. "Foreign news coverage in three wire services: A study of AP, UPI, and the nonaligned news agencies pool." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 35.1 (1985): 31–47.
- Rantanen, Terhi. "Foreign dependence and domestic monopoly: The European news cartel and US associated presses, 1861–1932." Media History 12.1 (2006): 19–35.
- Renaud, Jean-Luc. "US government assistance to AP's world-wide expansion." Journalism Quarterly 62.1 (1985): 10–36.
- Seo, Soomin. "Blue-Collar witnesses to power: The culture of photographers at the Associated Press." Journalism Studies 20.15 (2019): 2200–2217. online
- Smethers, J. Steven. "Pounding Brass for the Associated Press: Delivering News by Telegraph in a Pre-Teletype Era." American Journalism 19.2 (2002): 13–30.
- Watts, Liz. "AP's first female reporters." Journalism History 39.1 (2013): 15–28. online
External links
- Official website
- Corporate website
- AP film and video archive's channel on YouTube
- The Associated Press Statement of News Values and Principles Archived October 31, 2023, at the Wayback Machine