Migration and asylum policy of the European Union

The migration and asylum policy of the European Union is within the

Between May and July 2016, the European Commission proposed legislation for a third phase of the Common European Asylum System. This came in the wake of the 2015 European migrant crisis. In September 2020, these reforms were made part of newly proposed Pact on Migration and Asylum. As of September 2023, the legislative instruments were in various stages of adoption.^[1]

The Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by an Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR), as part of the third phase of the Common European Asylum System. The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 8 June 2023, with implementation in 2024.

Key to the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation is the institution of a new solidarity mechanism between the member states. Solidarity can take the form of relocation of migrants, financial contributions, deployment of personnel or measures focusing on capacity building. Solidarity will be mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000.

Guiding principles

Migration policy of the European Union has its roots in the

In 2020, the European Commission, at the request of the European Parliament, proposed a series of reforms to the existing system through a comprehensive approach anchored on three mainstays: 1) Efficient asylum and return procedures, 2) Solidarity and fair share of responsibility, and 3) Strengthened partnerships with third countries.

Legal framework

Common European Asylum System

Since 1999, refugees entering Europe have been subject to the laws in place in accordance with the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). These laws were established to prohibit European Union Member States from sending individuals back to where they came from at risk of persecution, and to offer international protection to those who were granted refugee status through the course of the law. The latter, however, is still left up to EU Member States the discretion to establish procedures for obtaining and withdrawing international protection.^[10]

Asylum Procedures Directive

The Asylum Procedures Directive (APD) establishes a common international protection procedure.^[11]

The original Asylum Procedures Directive was adopted on 1 December 2005. A recast version of the directive was adopted on 26 June 2013, as part of the second phase of CEAS.

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Asylum Procedures Directive is to be replaced by a Asylum Procedure Regulation (APR). The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 8 June 2023.^[12]

Key to the Asylum Procedure Regulation that is currently being negotiated with the European Parliament is the institution of a new border procedure. The border procedure can be applied when an individual applies for asylum at an external border crossing point, is apprehended in connection with an illegal border crossing, or is rescued as part of a search and rescue operation. Those subjected to the border procedure are treated as if they have not yet entered the territory of the member state.^[13] The new border procedure will be mandatory for applicants who are a danger to national security or public order, who have misled the authorities, or who have a nationality with a recognition rate below 20%.^[12]

Reception Conditions Directive

The Receptions Conditions Directive (RCD) ensures equal standards of reception conditions throughout the EU.^[14]

The original Reception Conditions Directive was adopted on 27 January 2003. A recast version of the directive was adopted on 26 June 2013, as part of the second phase of CEAS.

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Reception Condition Directive is to be recast again.^[15] The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on the recast directive on 20 December 2022.

Qualification Directive

The Qualification Directive, which refers to who qualifies for the different statuses.^[16]

The original Qualification Directive was adopted on 29 April 2004. A recast directive was adopted on 13 December 2011 as part of the second phase of CEAS.

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Qualification Directive is to be replaced by a Qualification Regulation.^[17] The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 20 December 2022.

Dublin Regulation

The Dublin Regulation determines which member state is responsible for handling an asylum application.^[18]

The original Dublin Regulation was adopted on 27 January 2003, as part of the first phase of CEAS. As it replaced the Dublin Convention of 1990, which was agreed outside of the structures of the European Union, this regulation was actually referred to as the Dublin II Regulation.

As part of the second phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation was adopted on 26 June 2013.

As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR). The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 8 June 2023.^[12]

Key to the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation is the institution of a new solidarity mechanism between the member states. Solidarity can take the form of relocation of migrants, financial contributions, deployment of personnel or measures focusing on capacity building. Solidarity will be mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000.^[12]

Eurodac Regulation

The Eurodac Regulation establishes a database in which fingerprints can be collected, transmitted, and compared. It is central to the operation of the Dublin Regulation, which determines which member state is responsible for the handling of an asylum application.

Eurodac was established under EU law by Council Regulation 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000.^[19] As part of the second phase of CEAS, a recast Eurodac Regulation was adopted on 16 June 2013.^[20]

As part of the third phase of CEAS, another recast of the Eurodac Regulation was proposed by the European Commission on 4 May 2016.^[21]

Temporary Protection Directive

In 2001, during the first phase of CEAS, a Temporary Protection Directive, was also adopted. In the event of a mass influx of displaced persons from non-EU countries, this directive gives the European Union authority to provide immediate and temporary protection. This temporary protection is separate from the regular asylum offered by CEAS.

Proposed legislation

Union Resettlement Framework Regulation

Following an unprecedented migrant influx, EASO in 2015 proposed a relocation programme that was agreed upon to support the ‘frontline’ Member States of Italy and Greece, who were under pressure.^[22]

"After a proposal made by the Commission in May 2015, the Council adopted two decisions – (EU) 2015/1523 and (EU) 2015/1601 respectively – establishing a temporary relocation mechanism for 160 000 applicants in need of international protection from Greece and Italy, to be implemented over two years until September 2017."^[22]

A permanent Union Resettlement Framework Regulation is being negotiated. The Justice and Home Affairs Council reached agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament on 20 December 2022.

Crisis and Force Majeure Regulation

The Commission proposed a Crisis and Force Majeure Regulation on 23 September 2020.^[23] The Justice and Home Affairs Council of 28 September 2023 failed to reach agreement on a negotiating position towards the European Parliament. However, the Spanish presidency expressed confidence that a negotiating mandate could be reached shortly.^[24]

Agencies and funds

European Union Agency for Asylum

The reforms implemented in the aftermath of the 2015 European migrant crisis culminated in the creation of the European Union Agency for Asylum^[25] on 19 January 2022, which will promote greater convergence of the different member states asylum and reception practices and ensure that high EU-standards are the guide. The agency effectively replaced the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), which had been investigated by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) due to alleged misconduct and breaches of data protection amongst other charges.^[26]

European Border and Coast Guard Agency

The European Union's

]

Frontex regularly releases reports analyzing events related to border control, irregular border crossing and different forms of cross-border crime. The general task of assessing these risks has been laid out in Frontex founding regulation, according to which the agency shall "carry out risk analyses [...] in order to provide the Community and the Member States with adequate information to allow for appropriate measures to be taken or to tackle identified threats and risks with a view to improving the integrated management of external borders".[27] Frontex's key institution with respect to intelligence and risk assessment is its Risk Analysis Unit (RAU) and the Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN), via which the Frontex staff is cooperating with security experts from the Member States.^{[citation needed]}

Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund

Main article: Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund

The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund is a funding programme managed by the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission, which promotes the efficient management of migration flows and the implementation, strengthening and development of a common approach to asylum and immigration in the European Union.^[28]

According to the text of the international instrument, the objectives of the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund are listed in Article 3. These are:

1. To strengthen and develop the establishment of the
   Common European Asylum System
   (CEAS).
2. To promote the integration of third country nationals and to finance the relocation of unaccepted non-members.
3. Fair returns in order to stop illegal immigration.
4. Increase solidarity between member countries with a proportional distribution to their exposure at migration flows.^[29]

In addition to providing funding for projects, the programme funds the activities and future development of the European Migration Network.

Efficacy

Based on the data published by UNHCR, as a result of hostilities in

refugees accounted for 35% of their numbers of the first quarter of 2016. However, according to critics, the decline in migration occurred due to the fact that people in anticipation of a new EU-Turkey agreement, massively emigrated to Greece before its adoption in order to avoid migration problems after the agreement formal entry into force. In such case, new agreement would be irrelevant to the declining number of migrants.^[31]

Main issues related to EU migration policy

Socio-political issues

As a result of the crisis, fears have been increasing among the EU population, including the fear of

Islamization through exerting pressure (politically or through acts of Islamic terrorism) to impose social, moral, legal as well as cultural norms of Islam at the expense of the local ones, but also the fear of a parallel society emerging along the indigenous one, in the form of turning entire neighborhoods into so-called no-go areas resisting any forms of linguistic or cultural integration into the host society and attempting to replace the national law and its enforcement with some informal own legal norms enforced through militias.^[32] Such sentiments have arisen not only due to existence of areas like Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, but also due to a sharp increase in attacks attributed to jihadists in the European Union (their number rose from four attacks in 2014 to seventeen in 2015, while the number of people killed increased from four to 150),^[33] but also to some other events such as the 2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany

which were unrelated to terrorism but nevertheless shocked the public as an open and widespread demonstration by Muslim refugees of disregard for European social norms, as did also attempts by some imams in Germany to excuse such behaviour and shift the blame to the victims instead, while the ensuing (and later exposed) concerted effort of the authorities and the media to cover up the events, their extent and the ethnicity of the perpetrators, seriously undermined public trust in reporting on ethnically sensitive topics in Germany and entire EU by the mainstream media.

As an obvious consequence, some politicians attempt to capitalize on these fears, or even reinforce them, by voicing opposition against reception of migrants, under the justification that the public security and protection of the state and its citizens against

right-wing extremists

, previously marginalised but now reinvigorated, managed to enter the mainstream politics. On the other hand, the representatives of the European Commission and countries which support the adoption of migrants emphasize the need to fulfill international obligations, focusing on the priority of migrant security.

Fortress Europe

Main article: Fortress Europe § Postwar usage

Therefore, the EU's actions gradually shifted during the crisis towards surveillance and securitization, and the first step in this direction was terminating the Operation Mare Nostrum in 2014 and supplanting it with the Operation Triton.^[34] By 2016, EU was already externalizing its border control through a 3 billion deal with Turkey. In 2017, the EU migration policy was tightened. At the summit held in Brussels on October 19, 2017, it was indicated that the approach of the EU Member States and institutions to ensure full control over the borders should be consolidated.^[35] Since 2017, the humanitarian NGO's carrying out search and rescue (SAR) operations have become the object of a criminalization campaign on the part of EU member states, leading to the arrest of some ship captains, as well as to the seizure of most of their vessels, provoking international criticism and accusations towards the EU for dereliction of duty regarding SAR operations. As a consequence, the EU has been blamed for numerous deaths at sea by preventing humanitarian NGOs search and rescue efforts, thus allegedly contradicting its declarations of good will towards refugees and migrants.^[36] Despite all the difficulties imposed on them, humanitarian NGOs continue to carry out SAR operations in the Mediterranean.

Another visible sign of the tightening of EU migration policy was the construction of numerous border barriers located primarily on the external borders of the Schengen Area.

Moreover, the conclusions of the European Council have indicated its readiness to respond and suppress any attempts to illegally cross the borders of EU Member States, e.g. through expulsion of asylum applicants into neighbouring countries such as

international visa dispute and a diplomatic rift between the two states.^[40]

Human rights have increasingly collided recently with security measures, while the EU has struggled to reconcile both. The position of national states in relation to migrants who violate public order and impose their own way of life has been becoming tougher, resulting in an inevitable side effect for all migrants having their rights restricted in general. Moreover, pessimistic forecasts have sometimes been voiced that the applicability of these restrictions, currently limited to migrants, could be only a prelude to possible wider extension aiming to make the indigenous EU population also subjected to them in the future.

Use of migrants as weapons in hybrid warfare

Main articles:

2021–2022 Belarus–European Union border crisis, 2021 Morocco–Spain border incident, and 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis

Following the severe deterioration in

Belarusian visas, ostensibly for hunting purposes. Social media groups were additionally offering fraudulent advice on the rules of crossing the border to the prospective migrants, most of whom were trying to reach Germany. Those who arrived in Belarus were then given instructions about how and where to trespass the European Union (EU) border, and what to tell the border guards on the other side of the border. Migrants said that Belarus provided them with wire cutters and axes to cut through border fences and enter the EU;^[42] however, those who did not manage to cross the border were often forced to stay there by Belarusian authorities, who were accused of assaulting some migrants who failed to get across. Belarusian authorities later confirmed that the involvement of the border troops is "absolutely possible".^[43] Belarus refused to allow Polish humanitarian aid for the migrants, which would have included tents and sleeping bags.^[44]

Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia have described the crisis as

€353 million in spending to build a 60 kilometres (37 mi) barrier.^[47] The EU sent additional supporting officers and patrol cars to Lithuania,^[48] and 12 EU governments stated their support for a physical barrier along the border.^[49]

Similar actions, though on a smaller scale, were organised by Turkey against Greece during the 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis, as well as by Morocco against Spain during the 2021 Morocco–Spain border incident.

Externalization of the asylum procedures

Further information: Externalization (migration)

The externalization of asylum procedures is a type of migration policy pursued by the countries of the European Union, it consists of relocating the reception and accommodation of asylum seekers and the processing of their asylum applications, in places near the borders of the EU or in countries outside the EU, from which asylum seekers originate or through which they pass. After an attempted relocation of asylum procedures in centres on the boundaries of the EU, in 2003 these policies have resulted in a proliferation of exile camps in and around the European Union, a pressure on neighbouring countries to develop systems that consider applications for asylum in their territories, and a radicalisation of antimigratory policies in neighbouring countries and within the border of the European Union.^[50]

Asylum shopping

Main article: Asylum shopping

In the jargon of European institutions, asylum shopping is the practice of refugees wanting to choose a country other than that prescribed by the regulations to apply for political asylum, to choose the one which will offer the best reception conditions, or to lodge an application in another country after being dismissed. This expression is used to treat certain asylum seekers in analogy with consumers of welfare provisions^[51][52]). Such definition appears in official documents, newspaper articles, analysis, etc. The main factor in refugees' choice for their host country is the differences in laws of different Member States; some states give refugee status to the majority of applicants, while others give it to fewer than 1%. In 2017 Maria Teresa Rivera became the first woman in the world granted asylum because of being wrongly jailed for disregarding a ban on abortion; she disregarded the ban in El Salvador and was given asylum in Sweden.^[53]

Asylum shopping is practised by 12% of asylum seekers, according to former European Commissioner for Justice Franco Frattini.^[54] The Dublin Regulation has significantly reduced extent of this phenomenon. According to the Regulation, migrants are not able to choose the state from which they decided to apply for asylum. The regulation allows to apply for refugee status only from the country in which migrants enter first.^[55] At the same time, if there is a desire to change the country, migrants will have to return to their original point of arrival.

Disparities between Member States

relocate 120,000 refugees from Greece and Italy to other EU countries according to proportional quotas:

  Yes

  Opt-out

  Abstention

  No

  Non-EU state

*Malta

not seen/marked on map

Number of asylum applications in 2023[56]

Country	Total number	Per million inhabitants[57]
Austria	58,686	6,446
Belgium	35,248	2,999
Bulgaria	22,519	3,493
Croatia	1,747	454
Cyprus	11,731	12,741
Czechia	1,397	129
Denmark	2,427	409
Estonia	3,981	2,915
Finland	5,372	965
France	167,002	2,453
Germany	334,109	3,961
Greece	64,084	6,165
Hungary	31	8
Ireland	13,278	2,556
Italy	136,138	2,313
Latvia	1,701	903
Lithuania	575	201
Luxembourg	2,504	3,789
Malta	729	1,345
Netherlands	39,550	2,221
Norway	5,497	1,001
Poland	9,519	259
Portugal	1,998	191
Romania	10,132	532
Slovakia	416	77
Slovenia	7,261	3,430
Spain	162,439	3,380
Sweden	12,309	1,170
Switzerland	30,238	3,431

Neither the readmission system under the Dublin Regulation nor the temporary relocation mechanism for refugees according to quotas proved its worth in all countries of the European Union.

The effect of the

Schengen countries and violating the Dublin Regulation, which determines the procedure for considering applications for international protection.^[59]

In the autumn of 2015, the Czech Republic, together with

terrorist attacks like those that occurred in France and Germany. By accepting migrants, we would create fertile ground for barbaric attacks".^[61] In fact, Western Europe endured the period of the deadliest attacks: the November 2015 Paris attacks (130 killed), the July 2016 Nice truck attack (86 killed), the June 2016 Atatürk Airport attack (45 killed), the March 2016 Brussels bombings (32 killed), while at the same time, the terrorist threat level in Poland was in 2015 zero, on its scale which has four levels plus the "zero level".^[62]

According to statistics for 2017, Malta and Luxembourg accepted the maximum number of migrants among all EU countries with an average of 41-46 immigrants per 1000 population.^[63] Meanwhile, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Bulgaria and Slovakia accepted less than 5 migrants per 1000 of population.

History of migration in Europe

Main article: Immigration to Europe

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan.[64] 1985-2015 Following the adoption of the 1985 Geneva Convention and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees[67] by 2004, five years after the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force. Refugee applications in EU countries have usually reflected conflicts occurring in other parts of the world. In the 1990s, refugees from the Yugoslav Wars sought asylum in Europe in large numbers.[68] In the 2010s, millions fled to Europe from wars in Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. More than 34,000 migrants and refugees have died trying to get to Europe since 1993, most often due to capsizing while trying to cross the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas.[69] Ostensibly to fight against fraud, most European states have engaged in more restrictive policies in the 2000s.[70] For example, the United Kingdom passed the UK Borders Act 2007, the Netherlands passed the Aliens Act in April 2001, Italy passed the Bossi-Fini Act of July 2002, and France passed multiple different acts (such as the French Law of 24 July 2006 on immigration and integration and the French Law of 20 November 2007 on the control of immigration, integration and asylum). These measures have reduced the number of asylum seekers that are awarded the status of Refugee.[71] As part of the adoption on first reading of four European Asylum Support Office, partially financed by funds previously granted to the European Refugee Fund, which would be responsible for assisting Member States in the management of asylum applications.[38] doctrine, as they face discrimination in their home countries.[39] Changes of 2015 The 2015 European migrant crisis, which brought with it over a million refugees escaping war, political instability, and poverty, accentuated the shortcomings of the existing system and made evident the need for reform. The unequal distribution of the bureaucratic burden amongst different member states produced situations that demonstrated that the CEAS, as it stood, was not sufficient or adequate. Therefore, the migration crisis are formulated in the final documents of the European Council, adopted on February 18, March 7 and 18, 2016, which can be grouped in three major areas:[77][78][79] Firstly, the EU has provided financial and expert support, to countries that have accepted the main migration flow, in particular Greece, which will facilitate the provision of humanitarian assistance to refugees, the observance of administrative procedures for border control and the processing of asylum requests in accordance with the rules EU. Reception centers are being set up, where newly arrived migrants will pass a quick check and will be divided into those whose asylum requests can be considered, and those for whom the further path is closed.[80] In addition, transit centers are organized to which candidates for asylum or other forms of international protection will be sent. Secondly, the EU has concluded an agreement with Schengen zone, and resume the stalled negotiations on Turkey's accession to the EU[81][82] Thirdly, in accordance with the obligation taken by all EU countries to return to compliance with the Schengen rules and establish strict border controls, additional resources were allocated to specialized services, including the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) for persons applying for asylum.[83] In addition, on September 22, 2015, member states of the European Union decided to grant national unemployment rate and the number of already considered asylum applications in countries that are members of the European Union.[84] Asylum for those persecuted in the European Union fair trial, the lack of Polish authorities' control of extreme-right militias, and the criminal case against him appearing to constitute political persecution by Polish authorities.[85][86] The case is widely regarded in Poland as a Norwegian retaliation for granting the refugee status by the Polish authorities in 2017 to a Norwegian woman named Silje Garmo, on the grounds of her persecution by the Norwegian Child Welfare Services . See also Illegal immigration Immigration to Greece List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population European migrant crisis Free movement protocol Temporary Protection Directive External links European regulation "Dublin II" Information Report on the European policy on asylum by Thierry Mariani References ^ a b c "Common European Asylum System - European Commission". home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-12-22. ^ "Common European Asylum System". European Commission. ^ "United Nations General Assembly resolution 429(V) of 14 December 1950". United Nations. ^ Articles 67(2) and 78, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ^ Article 18, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ^ UNHCR. "Convention and Protocol relating to the status of refugees". Unhcr. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ "EU migration policy". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ Taylor, Diane (27 November 2019). "Home Office unlawfully imprisoned asylum seekers, supreme court rules". The Guardian. ^ "Statistics". home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-10-14. ^ "Reforming the Common European Asylum System: Frequently asked questions". European Commission. ^ "Asylum procedures". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-05-08. ^ a b c d "Migration policy: Council reaches agreement on key asylum and migration laws". Council of the EU. 8 June 2023. doi:10.17176/20230512-181814-0 . ^ "Reception conditions". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-05-08. ^ Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection ^ "Who qualifies for international protection". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-05-08. ^ Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection and for the content of the protection granted and amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents ^ "Country responsible for asylum application (Dublin)". www.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 November 2019. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention ^ Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, and amending Regulation (EU) No 1077/2011 establishing a European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice ^ Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of [Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person], for identifying an illegally staying third-country national or stateless person and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes ^ a b "2015 EASO annual report" (PDF). ^ Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL addressing situations of crisis and force majeure in the field of migration and asylum ^ "Justice and Home Affairs Council (Home Affairs)". Council of the EU. 28 September 2023. ^ "EUR-Lex - 32021R2303 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-05-04. ^ "EU asylum agency chief resigns amid bullying allegations". 6 June 2018. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004 establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union ^ Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Decision 2007/435/EC ^ Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Decision 2007/435/EC ^ "Situation Syria Refugee Response". UNHCR.org. UNHCR. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ Spijkerboer, Thomas (28 Sep 2016). "Fact Check: Did the EU-Turkey Deal Bring Down the Number of Migrants and of Border Deaths?". University of Oxford & Faculty of Law. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ Kauffman, Sylvie (April 13, 2016). "What's a European Liberal to Do?". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ISBN 978-92-95200-68-5 . ISSN 1352-3260 . ^ HERSZENHORN, David; BARIGAZZI, Jacopo; DE LA BAUME, MAÏA (19 Apr 2019). "EU leaders clinch migration deal in marathon summit". Politico. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ Maccanico, Hayes, Kenny, Barat, Yasha, Ben, Samuel, Frank (September 2018). "The Shrinking Space for Solidarity with Migrants and Refugees: How the EU and Member States Target and Criminalize Defenders of the Rights of People on the Move" (PDF). Transnational Institute. Retrieved 2022-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) UNHCR has also asked not to return asylum seekers to Ukraine ^ a b "Glossary". European Migration Network. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ a b "Veranstaltung mit frau Dr. Phil. Karin Waringo vom Romaverband Chachipe E. V., Luxembourg". Amnesty International, Konstanz division (in German). 15 December 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ CeskeNoviny: Canada to announce lifting visas for Czechs today ^ Evans, Joe (28 May 2021). "Belarus dictator threatens to 'flood EU with drugs and migrants'". The Week. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-15. ^ Steve Rosenberg (2021-11-19). "Belarus's Lukashenko tells BBC: We may have helped migrants into EU". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "Belarus refuses to allow Polish humanitarian aid for migrants – PM". www.thefirstnews.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-15. ^ Whitmore, Brian (30 June 2021). "Belarus dictator weaponizes illegal migrants against EU". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021. ^ "Latvia and Lithuania act to counter migrants crossing Belarus border". The Guardian. 2021-08-10. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-10. ^ "Poland: Lawmakers approve Belarus border wall amid migrant surge | DW | 29.10.2021". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-15. ^ "EU border agency Frontex vows additional support for Lithuania amid migrant crisis | DW | 11.07.2021". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-15. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-15. ^ VALLUY Jerome Rejection of exiles – The great reversal of the right of asylum, 2009 ^ Select Committee on European Union Tenth Report,House of Lords ^ Ruf, A. (2020). "Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety". Journal of Refugee Studies. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-02. ^ Moloney, Anastasia (5 April 2017). "Sweden welcomes Salvadoran woman wrongly jailed for abortion in asylum first". Reuters. Retrieved 2017-04-05. ^ Article by Deutsche Welle ^ Huggler, Justin. "EU court rejects 'open-door' policy and upholds right of member states to deport refugees". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 November 2019. ^ Key figures on international protection in EU+ countries 2023, European Union Agency for Asylum ^ Applications per capita 2023, By European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) Data Analysis and Research Sector ^ The Independent, London, 17 June 2008 ^ Taylor, Diane (27 November 2019). "Home Office unlawfully imprisoned asylum seekers, supreme court rules". The Guardian. ^ "EU to sue Poland, Hungary and Czechs for refusing refugee quotas". BBC News. 7 Dec 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ Muller, Robert (2 August 2016). "Czech president says bar refugees to prevent "barbaric attacks"". Reuter.com. Retrieved 4 November 2019. doi:10.19165/2016.1.02 . ^ "Migration and migrant population statistics" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data, Eurostat, 2021 ^ "Summaries of EU legislation: The Schengen area and cooperation". The Publications Office of the European Union. ^ "Article 2, p. 152, Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union". Official Journal of the European Communities, C 340, 10 November 1997. ^ "Article 63, p. 202, Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union". Official Journal of the European Communities, C 340, 10 November 1997. S2CID 16002161 . ^ "It's 34,361 and rising: how the List tallies Europe's migrant bodycount". The Guardian. 20 June 2018. doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa034 . ^ French documentation,Asylum in the European Union[permanent dead link] ^ Asylum policy: Parliament wants to introduce new rules, press release of the European Parliament, 7 May 2009 ^ "ACTION PLAN AGAINST MIGRANT SMUGGLING". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ EWB, Archives (22 February 2017). "Balkan Migration Route: Ongoing Story". europeanwesternbalkans.com. Retrieved 2 November 2019. JSTOR 10.13169/statecrime.3.1.0004 . ISSN 2214-594X . ^ "European Council Conclusions on migration (18 February 2016)". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-10-18. ^ "The situation of refugees and migrants under the EU-Turkey Agreement of 18 March 2016" (PDF). www.ecoi.net. 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2022-10-18. ^ Tagliapietra, Alberto (12 June 2019). The European Migration Crisis: A Pendulum between the Internal and External Dimensions (Report). Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). ^ "Managing Migration: EU Financial Support to Greece" (PDF). reliefweb.int. European Commission. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ "EU-Turkey Statement: Questions and Answers". europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ "European Council Conclusions on Migration, Digital Europe, Security and Defense". Consilium.europa.eu. European Council and Council of the EU. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ DARVAS, Zsolt; WOLFF, Guntram; CHIACCHIO, Francesco; EFSTATHIOU, Konstantinos; GONÇALVES RAPOSO, Ines (April 2018). "EU funds for migration, asylum and integration policies" (PDF). Policy Department D: Budgetary Affairs: 12. PE 603.828. Retrieved 2 November 2019. ^ Friedman, Uri. "The Mathematical Equations That Could Decide the Fate of Refugees". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2 November 2019. ^ Ziemska, Ursula (2020-10-09). "Rafał Gaweł otrzymał azyl polityczny w Norwegii. Pierwszy taki przypadek od czasów PRL" [Rafał Gaweł given political asylum in Norway. The first such case since the Polish People's Republic]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-10. ^ "Rafał Gaweł was granted political asylum in Norway". Polish News. 2020-10-08. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-10. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union&oldid=1219371642"