Atacama people
Kunzas Likanantaí | |
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Inca cult[citation needed ] |
The Atacama people, also called Atacameño, are an Indigenous people from the Atacama Desert and altiplano region in the north of Chile and Argentina and southern Bolivia, mainly the Antofagasta Region.
According to the Argentinean Census in 2010, 13,936 people identified as first-generation Atacameño in Argentina,[2] while Chile was home to 21,015 Atacameño people as of 2002.[3]
Other names include Kunza and Likanantaí.[a]
History
The origins of Atacameño culture can be traced back to 500 AD. The
In 1536, the first Spanish conquistadors, those of Diego de Almagro, arrived in the area and it was finally annexed under Spanish control in 1557.[5] In the 18th century, the Atacameño Tomás Paniri joined the uprisings led by the Peruvian Túpac Amaru II and the Bolivian Túpac Katari. In 1824, the region became part of Bolivia and in 1883 fell into Chilean hands. In 2007, the Atacameño population was estimated at 21,015 people.[4]
In 2021, Ximena Anza was elected to serve as the representative of the Atacameño people for a reserved seat in the Constitutional Convention.[6]
Culture
The Atacameños protected their villages with strong stone walls known as
Language
The original language of the Atacameños was the recently extinct language of Kunza.
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Mummy found in the Atacama desert
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A deformed Atacameño skull
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Tulor settlement in the Atacama Desert
Cuisine
The Atacameño were lamini herders who made best use of the scarce water and sparse terrain by using their livestock - llama and alpaca - both as pack animals and for their meat, hide and wool.
Like many other Andean people, the Atacameño created a
Ceramics
The first period, between the years of 400 AD and 900 AD, saw the Atacameño produce pink glazed pottery, including anthropomorphic jugs, as well as golden jewelry and cups.
During the second period, between 900 AD and 1200 AD, black glaze pottery was used, showing the influence of
In the third period, from 1200 AD to 1500 AD, shows the influence of the Inca civilization with the construction of stone “pukara” fortresses.
Religion
Smoking hallucinogenic substances was a central part of Atacameño religious culture. Smoking ceremonies were believed to bring humans closer to the gods, allowing the smoker to take on the power of birds, cats or snakes. Finely carved tablets were used to hold the drug, which was then inhaled using wooden or bone tubes. The Atacameños also adopted the
Archeological centres and museums
San Pedro de Atacama
San Pedro de Atacama was the Atacameños primary oasis settlement and the centre of their cultural development. Today, tourism is its main economic activity along with agriculture.
R.P. Gustavo Le Paige Archeological Museum
The R.P. Gustavo Le Paige Archeological Museum, located in San Pedro de Atacama, holds much of the historical and archeological remains of the Atacameño people. It was founded by the
Communities
Atacameño communities currently living in Argentina include:
- Jujuy, Argentina
- Comunidad aborigen Pórtico de los Andes (de Susques)
- Comunidad aborigen de Catua
- Comunidad aborigen de Coranzulí
- Comunidad aborigen de Huancar
- Comunidad aborigen de Olaroz Chico
- Comunidad aborigen del Valle de Piscuno (de San Juan de Quillaques)
- Comunidad aborigen El Toro (de Rosario de Susques)
- Comunidad aborigen Los Manantiales (de Pastos Chicos)
- Comunidad aborigen Paso de Jama
- Comunidad aborigen Termas de Tuzgle (de Puesto Sey)
- Salta province, Argentina
- Comunidad Cerro Negro (de La Poma)
- Comunidad Esquina de Guardia (atacama)
- Comunidad de Tipan (atacama)
- Comunidad lickan antay de corralitos (atacama)
- Comunidad indígena atacama de Rangel (kolla-atacama)
- Catamarca province, departamentos Antofagasta de la Sierra y Santa María
- Comunidad indígena de Antofalla (en Antofalla y Loro Huasi) (kolla-atacama)
- Alijilán
- Amadores
- Andalhualá
- Anillaco
- Anquincila
- Antofalla
- Apoyaco
Atacameño communities currently living in Chile include:
- Calama communities, Chile
- Taira.
- Lasana.
- San Francisco de Chiuchiu.
- Ayquina.
- Caspana.
- Yalquincha.
- Likan Tatai.
- Topater.
- La Banda.
- San Pedro de Atacama communities, Chile
- Río Grande.
- Machuca.
- Matancilla.
- Catarpe.
- Quitor.
- San Pedro de Atacama.
- Yayé.
- Tchecar.
- Sequitor.
- Larache.
- Coyo.
- Solor.
- Solcor.
- Toconao.
- Camar.
- Talabre.
- Socaire.
- Peine.
See also
- Indigenous peoples in Chile
- Kunza
- Atacama desert
Notes
- ^ Also spelled Likan-antai
References
- ^ "Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Santiago de Chile. p. 16.
- ^ a b "Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010: Resultados definitivos: Serie B No. 2: Tomo 1" (PDF). INDEC (in Spanish). p. 281. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ 2002 Chilean census Instituto nacional de estadisticas de Chile retrieved on May 17, 2015
- ^ a b Pueblos originarios de Chile Atacameño
- ^ Ismali, Palma; Guerrero, Alvaro; Cifuentes, Mariangeles; Flores, Rodrigo; Zuleta, Alejandra; Guzmán, Carolina (2017). Naranjo Inostroza-Igaimán, Carola (ed.). Estudio sociocultural acerca de los apellidos indígenas atacameños o likan antai, año 2017 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). CONADI.
- ^ "Una machi, dirigentes y abogados ligados al conflicto en la macrozona sur logran los escaños reservados a pueblos originarios | Ex-Ante". www.ex-ante.cl (in Spanish). 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
External links
- Bioética
- Arqueología de la ruptura colonial: mouros, chullpas, gentiles y abuelos en España, Bolivia y Chile en perspectiva comparada