Atlanta
Atlanta | ||
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The World of Coca-Cola The Fox Theatre | ||
FIPS code 13-04000[13] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 351615[8] | |
Website | atlantaga.gov |
Atlanta (
Atlanta was originally founded as the
With a
History
Native American settlements
For thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in North Georgia, the indigenous Creek people and their ancestors inhabited the area.[28] Standing Peachtree, a Creek village where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Native American settlement to what is now Atlanta.[29] Through the early 19th century, European Americans systematically encroached on the Creek of northern Georgia, forcing them out of the area from 1802 to 1825.[30] The Creek were forced to leave the area in 1821, under Indian Removal by the federal government, and European American settlers arrived the following year. [31]
Western and Atlantic Railroad
In 1836, the
Civil War
By 1860, Atlanta's population had grown to 9,554.[36][37] During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a strategic hub for the distribution of military supplies.[38]
In 1864, the
Reconstruction and late 19th century
Beginning in the 1880s,
20th century
During the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades' time, Atlanta's population tripled as the city limits expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs. The city's skyline grew taller with the construction of the
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the epic film based on the best-selling novel by Atlanta's Margaret Mitchell. The gala event at Loew's Grand Theatre was attended by the film's legendary producer, David O. Selznick, and the film's stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, and Olivia de Havilland, but Oscar winner Hattie McDaniel, an African-American actress, was barred from the event due to racial segregation laws.[45]
Atlanta played a vital role in the Allied effort during World War II due to the city's war-related manufacturing companies, railroad network and military bases. The defense industries attracted thousands of new residents and generated revenues, resulting in rapid population and economic growth. In the 1950s, the city's newly constructed highway system, supported by federal subsidies, allowed middle class Atlantans the ability to relocate to the suburbs. As a result, the city began to make up an ever-smaller proportion of the metropolitan area's population.[17]
Civil Rights movement
African-American veterans returned from World War II seeking full rights in their country and began heightened activism. In exchange for support by that portion of the Black community that could vote, in 1948 the mayor ordered the hiring of the first eight African-American police officers in the city.[citation needed]
Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl, when the Pitt Panthers, with African-American fullback Bobby Grier on the roster, met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets.[46] There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race, and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgia's Governor Marvin Griffin's opposition to racial integration.[47][48][49] After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the state's Board of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events, Georgia Tech's president Blake R. Van Leer rejected the request and threatened to resign. The game went on as planned.[50]
In the 1960s, Atlanta became a major organizing center of the
Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages, with public transportation desegregated by 1959,[53] the restaurant at Rich's department store by 1961,[54] movie theaters by 1963,[55] and public schools by 1973 (nearly 20 years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional).[56]
In 1960, Whites comprised 61.7% of the city's population.[57] During the 1950s–70s, suburbanization and White flight from urban areas led to a significant demographic shift.[51] By 1970, African Americans were the majority of the city's population and exercised their recently enforced voting rights and political influence by electing Atlanta's first Black mayor, Maynard Jackson, in 1973. Under Mayor Jackson's tenure, Atlanta's airport was modernized, strengthening the city's role as a transportation center. The opening of the Georgia World Congress Center in 1976 further confirmed Atlanta's rise as a convention city.[58] Construction of the city's subway system began in 1975, with rail service commencing in 1979.[59] Despite these improvements, Atlanta lost more than 100,000 residents between 1970 and 1990, over 20% of its population.[60] At the same time, it developed new office space after attracting numerous corporations, with an increasing portion of workers from northern areas.[citation needed]
1996 Summer Olympic games
Atlanta was selected as the site for the
21st century
During the 2000s, the city of Atlanta underwent a profound physical,
Between the mid-1990s and 2010, stimulated by funding from the HOPE VI program and under leadership of CEO Renee Lewis Glover (1994–2013),[67] the Atlanta Housing Authority demolished nearly all of its public housing, a total of 17,000 units and about 10% of all housing units in the city.[68][69][70] After reserving 2,000 units mostly for elderly, the AHA allowed redevelopment of the sites for mixed-use and mixed-income, higher density developments, with 40% of the units to be reserved for affordable housing. Two-fifths of previous public housing residents attained new housing in such units; the remainder received vouchers to be used at other units, including in suburbs. At the same time, in an effort to change the culture of those receiving subsidized housing, the AHA imposed a requirement for such residents to work (or be enrolled in a genuine, limited-time training program). It is virtually the only housing authority to have created this requirement. To prevent problems, the AHA also gave authority to management of the mixed-income or voucher units to evict tenants who did not comply with the work requirement or who caused behavior problems.[71]
In 2005, the city approved the $2.8 billion BeltLine project. It was intended to convert a disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use trail and light rail transit line, which would increase the city's park space by 40%.[72] The project stimulated retail and residential development along the loop, but has been criticized for its adverse effects on some Black communities.[73] In 2013, the project received a federal grant of $18 million to develop the southwest corridor. In September 2019 the James M. Cox Foundation gave $6 Million to the PATH Foundation which will connect the Silver Comet Trail to The Atlanta BeltLine which is expected to be completed by 2022. Upon completion, the total combined interconnected trail distance around Atlanta for The Atlanta BeltLine and Silver Comet Trail will be the longest paved trail surface in the U.S. totaling about 300 miles (480 km).[72]
Atlanta's cultural offerings expanded during the 2000s: the
Geography
Atlanta encompasses 134.0 square miles (347.1 km2), of which 133.2 square miles (344.9 km2) is land and 0.85 square miles (2.2 km2) is water.[80] The city is situated in the Deep South of the southeastern United States among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. At 1,050 feet (320 m) above mean sea level, Atlanta has the highest elevation among major cities east of the Mississippi River.[81] Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide. Rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean, while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico.[82] Atlanta developed on a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River, which is part of the ACF River Basin. The river borders the far northwestern edge of the city, and much of its natural habitat has been preserved, in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area.[83]
Atlanta is 21 miles (33 km) southeast of Marietta,[84] 27 miles (43 km) southwest of Alpharetta, 146 miles (234 km) southwest of Greenville, South Carolina,[85] 147 miles (236 km) east of Birmingham, Alabama,[86] and 245 miles (394 km) southwest of Charlotte, North Carolina.[87]
Despite having lost significant tree canopy coverage between 1973 and 1999, Atlanta now has the densest urban tree coverage of any major city in the United States and is often called "City of Trees" or "The City in a Forest".[16][88][89][90]
Cityscape
Most of Atlanta was burned during the American Civil War, depleting the city of a large stock of its historic architecture. Yet architecturally, the city had never been traditionally "southern" because Atlanta originated as a railroad town, rather than a southern seaport dominated by the planter class, such as Savannah or Charleston. Because of its later development, many of the city's landmarks share architectural characteristics with buildings in the Northeast or Midwest, as they were designed at a time of shared national architectural styles.[91]
During the late 20th century, Atlanta embraced the global trend of
The city's embrace of modern architecture has often translated into an ambivalent approach toward historic preservation, leading to the destruction of many notable architectural landmarks. These include the
Atlanta is divided into 242 officially defined
Downtown Atlanta contains the most office space in the metro area, much of it occupied by government entities. Downtown is home to the city's sporting venues and many of its tourist attractions.
Surrounding Atlanta's three high-rise districts are the city's low- and medium-density
In southwest Atlanta, neighborhoods closer to downtown originated as streetcar suburbs, including the historic
Gentrification of the city's neighborhoods is one of the more controversial and transformative forces shaping contemporary Atlanta. The gentrification of Atlanta has its origins in the 1970s, after many of Atlanta's neighborhoods had declined and suffered the urban decay that affected other major American cities in the mid-20th century. When neighborhood opposition successfully prevented two freeways from being built through the city's east side in 1975, the area became the starting point for Atlanta's gentrification. After Atlanta was awarded the Olympic games in 1990, gentrification expanded into other parts of the city, stimulated by infrastructure improvements undertaken in preparation for the games. New development post-2000 has been aided by the Atlanta Housing Authority's eradication of the city's public housing. As noted above, it allowed development of these sites for mixed-income housing, requiring developers to reserve a considerable portion for affordable housing units. It has also provided for other former residents to be given vouchers to gain housing in other areas.[71] Construction of the Beltline has stimulated new and related development along its path.[115]
Climate
Under the Köppen classification, Atlanta has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)[116] with generous precipitation year-round, typical for the Upland South; the city is situated in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a, with the northern and western suburbs, as well as part of Midtown transitioning to 7b.[117] Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures somewhat moderated by the city's elevation. Winters are overall mild but variable, occasionally susceptible to snowstorms even if in small quantities on several occasions, unlike the central and southern portions of the state.[118][119] Warm air from the Gulf of Mexico can bring spring-like highs while strong Arctic air masses can push lows into the teens °F (−7 to −12 °C).
July averages 80.9 °F (27.2 °C), with high temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 47 days per year, though 100 °F (38 °C) readings are not seen most years.
Typical of the southeastern U.S., Atlanta receives abundant rainfall that is evenly distributed throughout the year, though late spring and early fall are somewhat drier. The average annual precipitation is 50.43 in (1,281 mm), while snowfall is typically light and rare with a normal of 2.2 inches (5.6 cm) per winter.[121] The heaviest single snowfall occurred on January 23, 1940, with around 10 inches (25 cm) of snow.[123] However, ice storms usually cause more problems than snowfall does, the most severe occurring on January 7, 1973.[124] Tornadoes are rare in the city itself, but the March 14, 2008 EF2 tornado damaged prominent structures in downtown Atlanta.[125]
Climate data for Atlanta (Hartsfield–Jackson Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1878–present[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) |
81 (27) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
97 (36) |
106 (41) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
98 (37) |
84 (29) |
79 (26) |
106 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.3 (21.3) |
73.5 (23.1) |
80.8 (27.1) |
84.7 (29.3) |
89.6 (32.0) |
94.3 (34.6) |
95.8 (35.4) |
95.9 (35.5) |
91.9 (33.3) |
85.0 (29.4) |
77.5 (25.3) |
71.5 (21.9) |
97.3 (36.3) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 54.0 (12.2) |
58.2 (14.6) |
65.9 (18.8) |
73.8 (23.2) |
81.1 (27.3) |
87.1 (30.6) |
90.1 (32.3) |
89.0 (31.7) |
83.9 (28.8) |
74.4 (23.6) |
64.1 (17.8) |
56.2 (13.4) |
73.2 (22.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 44.8 (7.1) |
48.5 (9.2) |
55.6 (13.1) |
63.2 (17.3) |
71.2 (21.8) |
77.9 (25.5) |
80.9 (27.2) |
80.2 (26.8) |
74.9 (23.8) |
64.7 (18.2) |
54.2 (12.3) |
47.3 (8.5) |
63.6 (17.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 35.6 (2.0) |
38.9 (3.8) |
45.3 (7.4) |
52.5 (11.4) |
61.3 (16.3) |
68.6 (20.3) |
71.8 (22.1) |
71.3 (21.8) |
65.9 (18.8) |
54.9 (12.7) |
44.2 (6.8) |
38.4 (3.6) |
54.1 (12.3) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 17.3 (−8.2) |
23.2 (−4.9) |
28.1 (−2.2) |
36.9 (2.7) |
47.6 (8.7) |
59.9 (15.5) |
65.6 (18.7) |
64.5 (18.1) |
53.4 (11.9) |
38.7 (3.7) |
29.2 (−1.6) |
23.8 (−4.6) |
15.2 (−9.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) |
−9 (−23) |
10 (−12) |
25 (−4) |
37 (3) |
39 (4) |
53 (12) |
55 (13) |
36 (2) |
28 (−2) |
3 (−16) |
0 (−18) |
−9 (−23) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.59 (117) |
4.55 (116) |
4.68 (119) |
3.81 (97) |
3.56 (90) |
4.54 (115) |
4.75 (121) |
4.30 (109) |
3.82 (97) |
3.28 (83) |
3.98 (101) |
4.57 (116) |
50.43 (1,281) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.0 (2.5) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
2.2 (5.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.1 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 116.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
67.6 | 63.4 | 62.4 | 61.0 | 67.2 | 69.8 | 74.4 | 74.8 | 73.9 | 68.5 | 68.1 | 68.4 | 68.3 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 29.3 (−1.5) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
38.5 (3.6) |
45.7 (7.6) |
56.1 (13.4) |
63.7 (17.6) |
67.8 (19.9) |
67.5 (19.7) |
62.1 (16.7) |
49.6 (9.8) |
41.0 (5.0) |
33.1 (0.6) |
48.8 (9.3) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.0 | 171.7 | 220.5 | 261.2 | 288.6 | 284.8 | 273.8 | 258.6 | 227.5 | 238.5 | 185.1 | 164.0 | 2,738.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 56 | 59 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 68 | 59 | 53 | 62 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2.8 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 6.4 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[127] |
Climate data for Atlanta | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.2 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 13.9 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 12.4 | 11.3 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 12.175 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6.8 |
Source: Weather Atlas[128] |
Demographics
Population
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 2,572 | — | |
1860 | 9,554 | 271.5% | |
1870 | 21,789 | 128.1% | |
1880 | 37,409 | 71.7% | |
1890 | 65,533 | 75.2% | |
1900 | 89,872 | 37.1% | |
1910 | 154,839 | 72.3% | |
1920 | 200,616 | 29.6% | |
1930 | 270,366 | 34.8% | |
1940 | 302,288 | 11.8% | |
1950 | 331,314 | 9.6% | |
1960 | 487,455 | 47.1% | |
1970 | 495,039 | 1.6% | |
1980 | 425,022 | −14.1% | |
1990 | 394,017 | −7.3% | |
2000 | 416,474 | 5.7% | |
2010 | 420,003 | 0.8% | |
2020 | 498,715 | 18.7% | |
2022 (est.) | 499,127 | 0.1% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[129] 1850-1870[130] 1870-1880[131] 1890-1910[132] 1920-1930[133] 1940[134] 1950[135] 1960[136] 1970[137] 1980[138] 1990[139] 2000[140] 2010[141] 2020[142] |
Racial composition | 2020[143] | 2010[143][144] | 2000 | 1990[57] | 1980[57] | 1970[57] | 1940[57] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black or African American
|
46.7% | 54.0% | 61.4% | 67.1% | 66.6% | 54.3% | 39.6% |
White (Non-Hispanic)
|
38.5% | 38.4% | 33.2% | 30.3% | 31.9% | 39.4% | 65.4% |
Asian
|
4.5% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 6.0% | 5.2% | 4.5% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.2% | n/a |
The
In the 1920s, the Black population began to grow in Southern metropolitan cities like Atlanta,
With many notable investments occurring in Atlanta initiated by the
The Hispanic and Latino populations in Atlanta and metro Atlanta are growing strong.[164] The largest Hispanic ancestries in Atlanta are Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban.[165] There is a growing presence of Mexicans throughout the 10-county region. Mexicans are also concentrated along the Buford Highway and I-85 corridor, first noted in the 1990 census, have expanded and now extend well into Gwinnett County.[166] Metro Atlanta has the 19th largest Hispanic population in the country.[167] The Atlanta area also has a fast growing Asian American population. Most Asians in Atlanta are of Indian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Pakistani and Japanese descent.[168]
Early immigrants in the Atlanta area were mostly Jews and Greeks. Since 1970, the Hispanic immigrant population, especially Mexicans, has experienced the most rapid growth, particularly in Gwinnett, Cobb, and DeKalb counties.[169] Since 2010, the Atlanta area has seen very notable growth with immigrants from India, China, South Korea, and Jamaica.[170][171] Other notable countries immigrants come from are Vietnam, Eritrea, Nigeria, the Arabian gulf, Ukraine and Poland.[172] Within a few decades, and in keeping with national trends, immigrants from England, Ireland, and German-speaking central Europe were no longer the majority of Atlanta's foreign-born population. The city's Italians included immigrants from northern Italy, many of whom had been in Atlanta since the 1890s; more recent arrivals from southern Italy; and Sephardic Jews from the Isle of Rhodes, which Italy had seized from Turkey in 1912.[173] Europeans from Great Britain, Ireland and Germany settled in the city as early as the 1840s.[174] Most of Atlanta's European population are from the United Kingdom and Germany. Bosnian refugees settled in Atlanta.[175]
Vietnamese people, Cambodians, Ethiopians and Eritreans were the earliest refugees formally brought to the city.[176]
Of the total population five years and older, 83.3% spoke only English at home, while 8.8% spoke Spanish, 3.9% another Indo-European language, and 2.8% an Asian language.
Sexual orientation and gender identity
Atlanta has a thriving and diverse
Religion
Religion in Atlanta, while historically centered on
Economy
With a GDP of $385 billion,
Atlanta was born as a railroad town, and
Media is also an important aspect of Atlanta's economy. In the 1980s, media mogul
Recently, Atlanta has been the
Compared to other American cities, Atlanta's economy in the past had been disproportionately affected by the
Arts and culture
Atlanta is noted for its lack of
Arts and theater
Atlanta is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, and resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (
As a national center for the arts,[251] Atlanta is home to significant art museums and institutions. The renowned High Museum of Art is arguably the South's leading art museum. The Museum of Design Atlanta (MODA) and the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film are the only such museums in the Southeast.[252][253] Contemporary art museums include the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia. Institutions of higher education contribute to Atlanta's art scene, with the Savannah College of Art and Design's Atlanta campus providing the city's arts community with a steady stream of curators, and Emory University's Michael C. Carlos Museum containing the largest collection of ancient art in the Southeast.[254] In nearby Athens is the Georgia Museum of Art that is associated with the University of Georgia and is both an academic museum and the official art museum of the state of Georgia.[255]
Atlanta has become one of the U.S.'s best cities for street art in recent years.[256] It is home to Living Walls, an annual street art conference and the Outerspace Project, an annual event series that merges public art, live music, design, action sports, and culture. Examples of street art in Atlanta can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map.[257]
Music
Atlanta has played a major or contributing role in the development of various genres of American music at different points in the city's history. Beginning as early as the 1920s, Atlanta emerged as a center for
Film and television
As the national leader for motion picture and television production,
The city also provides the backdrop for shows such as
Festivals
Atlanta's festival season stretches from January through November.
Tourism
As of 2010[update], Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.[283] Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium,[284] and until 2012, the world's largest indoor aquarium, Atlanta's tourism industry is mostly driven by the city's history museums and outdoor attractions. Atlanta contains a notable number of historical museums and sites, including the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park, which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., as well as his final resting place; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum, which houses a massive painting and diorama in-the-round, depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War; the World of Coca-Cola, featuring the history of the world-famous soft drink brand and its well-known advertising; the College Football Hall of Fame, which honors college football and its athletes; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, which explores the civil rights movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world; the Carter Center and Presidential Library, housing U.S. President Jimmy Carter's papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter family's life; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum, where Mitchell wrote the best-selling novel Gone with the Wind.[citation needed]
Atlanta contains several outdoor attractions.
Tourists are drawn to the city's culinary scene,
Cuisine
Atlanta is best known for its
Sports
Sports are an important part of the culture of Atlanta. The city is home to professional franchises for four major team sports: the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball,[302] the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association,[303] the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League,[304] and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer.[305] In addition, many of the city's universities participate in collegiate sports. The city also regularly hosts international, professional, and collegiate sporting events.[306]
The Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966. Originally established as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871, they are the oldest continually operating professional sports franchise in the United States.[307] The Braves franchise overall has won eighteen National League pennants and four World Series championships in three different cities, with their first in 1914 as the Boston Braves, in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves, and in 1995 and 2021 as the Atlanta Braves.[308] The 1995 title occurred during an unprecedented run of 14 straight divisional championships from 1991 to 2005.[309][310] The team plays at Truist Park, having moved from Turner Field for the 2017 season. The new stadium is outside the city limits, located 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown in the Cumberland/Galleria area of Cobb County.[311]
The Atlanta Falcons have played in Atlanta since their inception in 1966. The team plays its home games at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, having moved from the Georgia Dome in 2017. The Falcons have won the division title six times (1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, 2016) and the NFC championship in 1998 and 2016. They have been unsuccessful in both of their Super Bowl trips, losing to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999 and to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI in 2017,[312] the largest comeback in Super Bowl history.[313] In 2019, Atlanta also briefly hosted an Alliance of American Football team, the Atlanta Legends, but the league was suspended during its first season and the team folded.
The Atlanta Hawks were founded in 1946 as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, playing in Moline, Illinois. They moved to Atlanta from St. Louis in 1968 and play their games in State Farm Arena.[314] The Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association shared an arena with the Hawks for most of their existence; however the WNBA team moved to a smaller arena in the southern Atlanta suburb of College Park in 2021.[315]
Professional soccer has been played in some form in Atlanta since 1967. Atlanta's first professional soccer team was the
In ice hockey, Atlanta has had two National Hockey League franchises, both of which relocated to a city in Canada after playing in Atlanta for fewer than 15 years. The Atlanta Flames (now the Calgary Flames) played from 1972 to 1980, and the Atlanta Thrashers (now the Winnipeg Jets) played from 1999 to 2011. The Atlanta Gladiators, a minor league hockey team in the ECHL, have played in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth since 2003.[318]
The
Several other, less popular sports also have professional franchises in Atlanta. The
Atlanta has long been known as the "capital" of college football in America.[323] It is home to four-time national champion Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football and the Georgia State Panthers. Also, Atlanta is within a few hours driving distance of many of the universities that make up the Southeastern Conference, college football's most profitable and popular conference,[324] and annually hosts the SEC Championship Game. Other annual college football events include the Aflac Kickoff Game, the Celebration Bowl, the MEAC/SWAC Challenge, and the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl which is one of College Football's major New Year's Six Bowl games and a College Football Playoff bowl.[325] Atlanta additionally hosted the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship and will be the host city again in 2025.
Atlanta regularly hosts a variety of sporting events. Most famous was the Centennial
Running is a popular local sport, and the city declares itself to be "Running City USA".[333] The city hosts the Peachtree Road Race, the world's largest 10 km race, annually on Independence Day.[334] Atlanta also hosts the nation's largest Thanksgiving day half marathon, which starts and ends at Center Parc Stadium.[335] The Atlanta Marathon, which starts and ends at Centennial Olympic Park, routes through many of the city's historic landmarks,[336] and its 2020 running will coincide with the U.S. Olympic marathon trials for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[337]
Parks and recreation
Atlanta's 343 parks, nature preserves, and gardens cover 3,622 acres (14.66 km2),
The
Atlanta offers resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. Golf and tennis are popular in Atlanta, and the city contains six public golf courses and 182 tennis courts. Facilities along the Chattahoochee River cater to watersports enthusiasts, providing the opportunity for kayaking, canoeing, fishing, boating, or tubing. The city's only skate park, a 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) facility that offers bowls, curbs, and smooth-rolling concrete mounds, is at Historic Fourth Ward Park.[347]
Government
Year | Democratic | Republican | Others |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 82.6% 200,717 | 16.2% 39,372 | 1.2% 2,972 |
2016 | 80.6% 164,643 | 15.7% 32,092 | 3.6% 7,452 |
Atlanta is governed by a mayor and the 15-member Atlanta City Council. The city council consists of one member from each of the city's 12 districts and three at-large members. The mayor may veto a bill passed by the council, but the council can override the veto with a two-thirds majority.[349] The mayor of Atlanta is Andre Dickens, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot whose first term in office began on January 3, 2022.[350][351] Every mayor elected since 1973 has been Black.[352] In 2001, Shirley Franklin became the first woman to be elected mayor of Atlanta, and the first African-American woman to serve as mayor of a major Southern city.[353] Atlanta city politics suffered from a notorious reputation for corruption during the 1990s administration of Mayor Bill Campbell, who was convicted by a federal jury in 2006 on three counts of tax evasion in connection with gambling winnings during trips he took with city contractors.[354]
As the state capital, Atlanta is the site of most of Georgia's state government. The Georgia State Capitol building, located downtown, houses the offices of the governor, lieutenant governor and secretary of state, as well as the General Assembly. The Governor's Mansion is in a residential section of Buckhead. Atlanta serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[355][356] The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC into its territory effective January 1, 2018.[357] Atlanta also plays an important role in the federal judiciary system, containing the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.[citation needed]
Historically, Atlanta has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party. Although municipal elections are officially nonpartisan, nearly all of the city's elected officials are registered Democrats. The city is split among 14 state house districts and four state senate districts, all held by Democrats. At the federal level, Atlanta is split between three congressional districts. Most of the city is in the 5th district, represented by Democrat Nikema Williams. Much of southern Atlanta is in the 13th district, represented by Democrat David Scott. A small portion in the north is in the 11th district, represented by Republican Barry Loudermilk.[358]
Atlanta Police Department is responsible for security in the city. Georgia National Guard is also based here.[359][360]
Education
Tertiary education
With more than 15 colleges and universities, including three law schools and two medical schools, Atlanta is considered one of the nation's largest hubs for higher education. Three universities have earned the highest classification of "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[361][362]
The
Georgia State University is a major public research university based in Downtown Atlanta; it is the largest in student population of the 29 public colleges and universities in the University System of Georgia and is a significant contributor to the revitalization of the city's central business district.[365]
Atlanta is home to nationally renowned private colleges and universities, most notably Emory University, a leading liberal arts and research institution that operates Emory Healthcare, the largest health care system in Georgia.[366] The City of Atlanta annexed Emory into its territory effective January 1, 2018.[357]
The Atlanta University Center is also in the city; it is the oldest and largest contiguous consortium of historically Black colleges in the nation, comprising Spelman College, Clark Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Morehouse School of Medicine.[367][368][369][370] Atlanta contains a campus of the Savannah College of Art and Design, a private art and design university that has proven to be a major factor in the recent growth of Atlanta's visual art community. Atlanta also boasts American Bar Association accredited law schools: Atlanta's John Marshall Law School, Emory University School of Law, and Georgia State University College of Law.[371]
The University of Georgia's Terry College of Business operates a satellite campus in Atlanta's Buckhead district, a major financial center in the city.[372] This location facilitates Executive and Professional MBA programs plus executive education offerings. The Buckhead campus also serves as a hub where Terry students, alumni, faculty, and staff can engage with the business community.[373]
The Atlanta Regional Council of Higher Education (ARCHE) is dedicated to strengthening synergy among 19 public and private colleges and universities in the Atlanta region. Participating Atlanta region colleges and universities partner on
Primary and secondary education
Approximately 49,000 students are enrolled in 106 schools in
In 2018 the City of Atlanta annexed a portion of DeKalb County containing the
Media
The primary network-affiliated television stations in Atlanta are WXIA-TV 11 (NBC),[386] WANF 46 (CBS),[387] WSB-TV 2 (ABC),[388] and WAGA-TV 5 (Fox).[389] Other major commercial stations include WPXA-TV 14 (Ion), WPCH-TV 17, (CW),[390] WUVG-TV 34 (Univision/UniMás), WUPA 69 (Ind.),[391] and WATL 36 (MyNetworkTV). WPXA-TV, WUVG-TV and WAGA-TV are network O&O's. The Atlanta metropolitan area is served by two public television stations (both PBS member stations), and two public radio stations. WGTV 8 is the flagship station of the statewide Georgia Public Television network, while WABE-TV is owned by Atlanta Public Schools. Georgia Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station, WABE, a classical music station also operated by Atlanta Public Schools. The second public radio, listener-funded NPR member station is WCLK, a jazz music station owned and operated by Clark Atlanta University.[392]
Atlanta is served by
Infrastructure
Transportation
Atlanta's transportation infrastructure comprises a complex network that includes a
Atlanta has a network of freeways that radiate out from the city, and automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in the region.
The
Cycling is a growing mode of transportation in Atlanta, more than doubling since 2009, when it comprised 1.1% of all commutes (up from 0.3% in 2000).[412][413] Although Atlanta's lack of bike lanes and hilly topography may deter many residents from cycling,[412][414] the city's transportation plan calls for the construction of 226 miles (364 km) of bike lanes by 2020, with the BeltLine helping to achieve this goal.[415] In 2012, Atlanta's first "bike track" was constructed on 10th Street in Midtown. The two lane bike track runs from Monroe Drive west to Charles Allen Drive, with connections to the Beltline and Piedmont Park.[416] Starting in June 2016, Atlanta received a bike sharing program, known as Relay Bike Share, with 100 bikes in Downtown and Midtown, which expanded to 500 bikes at 65 stations as of April 2017.[417][418]
According to the 2016 American Community Survey (five-year average), 68.6% of working city of Atlanta residents commuted by driving alone, 7% carpooled, 10% used public transportation, and 4.6% walked. About 2.1% used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 7.6% worked at home.[419]
The city has also become one of a handful of "scooter capitals", where companies like
have gained a major foothold by placing electric scooters on street corners and byways.Emergency services
The city is served by the
The Atlanta Fire Rescue Department provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city from its 35 fire stations. In 2017, AFRD responded to over 100,000 calls for service over a coverage area of 135.7 square miles (351.5 square kilometers). The department also protects Hartsfield–Jackson with five fire stations on the property, serving over 1 million passengers from over 100 countries. The department protects over 3000 high-rise buildings, 23 miles (37 kilometers) of the rapid rail system, and 60 miles (97 kilometers) of interstate highway.[432]
Emergency ambulance services are provided to city residents by hospital-based Grady EMS (Fulton County),[433] and American Medical Response (DeKalb County).[434]
Atlanta in January 2017 declared the city was a "welcoming city" and "will remain open and welcoming to all". Nonetheless, Atlanta does not consider itself to be a "
Notable people
Tree canopy
For a sprawling city with the nation's ninth-largest metro area, Atlanta is surprisingly lush with trees—
dogwoods, Southern pines, and magnificent oaks.
—
Atlanta has a reputation as a "city in a forest" due to an abundance of trees that is rare among major cities.
The city's lush tree canopy, which filters out pollutants and cools sidewalks and buildings, has increasingly been under assault from man and nature due to heavy rains, drought, aged forests, new pests, and urban construction. A 2001 study found Atlanta's heavy tree cover declined from 48% in 1974 to 38% in 1996.[444] Community organizations and the city government are addressing the problem. Trees Atlanta, a non-profit organization founded in 1985, has planted and distributed over 113,000 shade trees in the city,[445] and Atlanta's government has awarded $130,000 in grants to neighborhood groups to plant trees.[439] Fees are additionally imposed on developers that remove trees on their property per a citywide ordinance, active since 1993.[446]
Sister cities
Atlanta's
- Montego Bay, Jamaica (1972)
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1972)
- Lagos, Nigeria (1974)
- Toulouse, France (1974)
- Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK (1977)
- Taipei, Taiwan (1979)
- Daegu, South Korea (1981)
- Brussels, Belgium (1983)
- Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (1987)
- Tbilisi, Georgia (1988)
- Olympia, Greece (1994)
- Bucharest, Romania (1994)
- Cotonou, Benin (1995)
- Salcedo, Dominican Republic (1996)
- Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain (1996)
- Nuremberg, Germany (1998)
- Ra'anana, Israel (2000)
- Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2004)
- Fukuoka, Japan (2005)
- Sassari, Italy (2020)
See also
- USS Atlanta, 5 ships
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Atlanta were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from October 1878 to August 1928, and at Hartsfield–Jackson Int'l since September 1928.[126]
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Further reading
- Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events: Years of Change and Challenge, 1940–1976 by Franklin M. Garrett, Harold H. Martin
- Craig, Robert (1995). Atlanta Architecture: Art Deco to Modern Classic, 1929–1959. Gretna, LA: Pelican. ISBN 0-88289-961-9.
- Darlene R. Roth and Andy Ambrose. Metropolitan Frontiers: A Short History of Atlanta. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. An overview of the city's history with an emphasis on its growth.
- Sjoquist, Dave (ed.) The Atlanta Paradox. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2000.
- Stone, Clarence. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946–1988. University Press of Kansas. 1989.
- Elise Reid Boylston. Atlanta: Its Lore, Legends and Laughter. Doraville: privately printed, 1968. Many anecdotes about the history of the city.
- Frederick Allen. Atlanta Rising. Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996. A detailed history of Atlanta from 1946 to 1996, with much about City Councilman, later Mayor, William B. Hartsfield's work in making Atlanta a major air transport hub, and about the civil rights movement as it affected (and was affected by) Atlanta.
- McMahan, C. A. (1950). The people of Atlanta : a demographic study of Georgia's capital city. ISBN 9780820334493. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
External links
- Official city website
- Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Atlanta entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive[permanent dead link] from the Digital Library of Georgia
- Atlanta History Photograph Collection from the Atlanta History Center
- Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Scientific American, "The Atlanta Exposition", October 22, 1881, pp. 257