Atlanticism
Atlanticism, also known as Transatlanticism,
The term can be used in a more specific way to refer to support for North Atlantic military alliances against the
Atlanticism varies in strength from region to region and from country to country based on a variety of historical and cultural factors. It is often considered to be particularly strong in
There is some tension between Atlanticism and continentalism on both sides of the Atlantic, with some people emphasising increased regional cooperation or integration over trans-Atlantic cooperation.[4] The relationship between Atlanticism and North American or European integrations is complex, and they are not seen in direct opposition to one another by many commentators.[5] Internationalism is the foreign policy belief combining both Atlanticism and continentalism.[5]
History
Prior to the World Wars, western European countries were generally preoccupied with continental concerns and creating
Following
The experience of having American and Canadian troops fighting with British, French, and other Europeans in Europe during the World Wars fundamentally changed this situation. Though the U.S. (and to some extent Canada) adopted a more
After the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the United States and Europe changed fundamentally, and made the sides less interested in each other. Without the threat of the Soviet Union dominating Europe, the continent became much less of a military priority for the U.S., and likewise, Europe no longer felt as much need for military protection from the U.S. As a result, the relationship lost much of its strategic importance.[8]
However, the new democracies of the former Warsaw Pact, and parts of the fragments of the fractured Yugoslavia, took a different view, eagerly embracing Atlanticism, as a bulwark against their continued fear of the Soviet Union's key now-separate great power fragment: Russia.[9][10]
Atlanticism has undergone significant changes in the 21st century in light of
The importance of NATO was reaffirmed during
During the Trump years, tensions rose within NATO, as a result of democratic backsliding in Hungary and Turkey, and Trump's comments against NATO members and the alliance.[21] Robert Kagan echoed common criticisms that Trump undermined the alliance.[16] Despite this, NATO gained two new member countries (Montenegro and North Macedonia) during that time.[22] The importance of NATO in Europe increased due to the continuing threat of the Russian military and intelligence apparatus and the uncertainty of Russian actions in former Soviet Union countries,[18][21] and various threats in the Middle East.[21] German-Russian economic relations became an issue in the Atlantic relationship due to Nord Stream 2,[23] among other disagreements such as trade disputes between the United States and the European Union.[24]
As the
Ideology
Atlanticism is a belief in the necessity of cooperation between North America and Europe. The term can imply a belief that the bilateral relationship between Europe and the United States is important above all others, including intra-European cooperation, especially when it comes to security issues.[33] The term can also be used "as a shorthand for the transatlantic security architecture."[33]
Broadly speaking, Atlanticism is particularly strong in the United Kingdom
In the early 21st century, Atlanticism has tended to be slightly stronger on the political right in Europe (although many variations do exist from country to country), but on the political center-left in the United States. The partisan division should not be overstated, but it exists and has grown since the end of the Cold War.[38]
While trans-Atlantic trade and political ties have remained mostly strong throughout the Cold War and beyond, the larger trend has been
Institutions
The North Atlantic Council is the premier, governmental forum for discussion and decision-making in an Atlanticist context. Other organizations that can be considered Atlanticist in origin:[34]
- NATO
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
- G-6/7/8
- North Atlantic Cooperation Council(NACC)
- Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
- The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF)
- European Horizons
- The Atlantic Council
The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are also considered Atlanticist. Under a tacit agreement, the former is led by an American and the latter European.[42]
Prominent Atlanticists
Well-known Atlanticists include former U.S. Presidents
See also
- Transatlantic relations
- United States–European Union relations
- Canada–European Union relations
- Special Relationship
- Western World
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)
- Mid-Atlantic English
- Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA)
- Eurasianism
- German Marshall Fund, an Atlanticist think tank.
- Atlantik-Brücke, a German-American non-profit association and Atlanticist think tank
- Atlantic Council, an Atlanticist think tank
- Streit Council, an Atlanticist think tank
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
- Bilderberg Group
- British-American Project
- Pacificism
- Columbian exchange
References
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- ^ a b Mouritzen, Hans (16 May 2007). "Denmark's Super Atlanticism". Nordic International Studies Association. Retrieved 24 June 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 978-8086506906. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
- ^ ISSN 0004-9522. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- JSTOR 1890194.
- S2CID 154201721. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- Centre of International Studies, ISSN 0955-7571 print / ISSN 1474-449X, retrieved June 8, 2020 from Pittsburg State University.
- ^ Schmitz-Robinson, Elizabeth: "Kindred Spirit or Opportunistic Ally? Polish Atlanticism in the 21st Century,", Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union (2009) : Vol. 2009, Article 12. DOI: 10.5642/urceu.200901.
- ^ North Atlantic Council. "Statement by the North Atlantic Council," 2001-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-10-13
- ^ Schmitt, Eric. "NATO Planes to End Patrol of U.S. Skies," New York Times, 2002-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.
- ^ NATO, "Statement to the Press, by NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson," 2001-10-04. Retrieved on 2007-10-13
- ^ Kagan, Robert (2003). Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Daalder, Ivo H.: "The End of Atlanticism," June 1, 2003, Brookings Institution, retrieved June 8, 2020
- ^ a b Reinert, Ted (2018-07-20). ""To destroy the liberal world order": Trump, Putin, and the imperiled trans-Atlantic alliance". Brookings. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ^ a b Horsley, Scott (25 May 2017). "As Trump Slams NATO Allies, Obama Defends 'International Order'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b "NATO's 'Obama problem'". POLITICO. 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ Good, Chris (2009-12-10). "The Obama Doctrine: Multilateralism With Teeth". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "Obama urges Russia to show 'respect'". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c Kirchick, Norman Eisen and James (2018-07-14). "Yes, Russia is a threat to NATO. So are the alliance's anti-democratic members". Brookings. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ Emmott, Robin (2019-02-06). "Macedonia signs accord to join NATO despite Russian misgivings". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ Ellyatt, Holly (2020-06-29). "America's relationship with Germany may never be the same again, Berlin warns". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "EU keeps its shield up in the US trade war". POLITICO. 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "EU sighs with relief as Biden readies to enter White House". AP NEWS. 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ Langfitt, Frank (2022-03-24). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine transforms Europe's political and military landscape". NPR. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ "Ukraine conflict: What is Nato and how could Finland and Sweden join?". BBC News. 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ "NATO Expansion Could Finally Shore Up Alliance's Weakest Flank". Bloomberg.com. 2022-05-14. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ "Timeline of NATO expansion since 1949". AP NEWS. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Kauranen, Anne; Gray, Andrew (2023-04-04). "Finland joins NATO in historic shift, Russia threatens 'counter-measures'". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ Matthew, Lee; Cook, Lorne (2024-03-07). "Sweden officially joins NATO, ending decades of post-World War II neutrality". The Assosciated Press. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
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- ^ a b c d Straus, Ira (June 2005). "Atlanticism as the core 20th century U.S. strategy for internationalism" (PDF). Streit Council. Annual Meeting of the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
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- Traian Basescu, is a bastion of Atlanticism in the Balkan and Black Searegions."
- ^ Asmus, Ronald; Phillip Everts; Pierangelo Isernia (2004). "Across the Atlantic and Political Aisle: The Double Divide in U.S. - European Relations" (PDF). German Marshall Fund. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^ "The Atlanticist delusion". The Economist. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ NATO. "Canada and NATO - 1949". NATO. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ NATO. "The North Atlantic Treaty". NATO. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
- ^ Keating, Joshua E. "Why Is the IMF Chief Always a European?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
- ^ Settle, Michael (30 July 2007). "'Atlanticist' Brown vows to strengthen special bond with US". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ "Zbigniew Brzezinski". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ Gros-Verheyde, Nicolas (19 March 2009). "A diplomat, Socialist, Atlanticist and European". Europolitics. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.