Atmanirbhar Bharat
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Atmanirbhar Bharat
Modi has used the English phrase since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and
The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. The concept of self-reliance has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple five-year plans between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since its independence. Private companies and their products have been considered as examples of self-reliance in sectors such as beverages, automotives, cooperatives, financial services and banking, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.
History
Political self-reliance and self-rule
India saw a promotion of political self-reliance for swaraj (self-governance or self-rule) during the independence movement.[11] Activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore explained self-reliance in terms of the nation and of the self.[12][13] This included the discipline of an individual and the values of a society.[12][13] With the foundation of educational institutes such as Visva-Bharati University, Tagore had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.[14] M. S. Swaminathan said in his youth is the 1930s, he like his peers, "young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals ..."[9]
In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged slogans such as "atmanirbharta", "Make in India" and "vocal for local" were adapted from Gandhi's efforts towards swadeshi.[15] Pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived and adapted, and are being put into practice.[16][15]
Economic self-reliance and dependence
The swadeshi movement [b] was one of the Indian sub-continents most effective pre-independence movements.[18][19] It was successfully implemented after the partition of Bengal in 1905.[20]
Indian nationalists emphasised economic self-reliance, of which planning was an important part, in the years before independence.
Independent India's first major policy document, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948, echoed the "national consensus" regarding how India was to proceed.[28] This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self-reliance.[29] Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) helped India to become self-sufficient and a world leader in agricultural products such as milk and tea.[30]
In 1983, Sanjaya Baru wrote self-reliance can be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government ... ".[31] He based this on a 1982 lecture at Sydenham College in which economist Ashok Mitra had said; "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course".[31] Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of colonial dependence, which was undesirable. India had the capability and infrastructure that were necessary for economic development.[31] Following India's decision to take International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded; "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to 'self-reliance' any longer as constituting a national goal".[32]
In the 1990s, Prime Minister
Private companies and their products such as the Maruti 800 car, Thums Up beverage, Amul, HDFC, and pharmaceutical companies Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India, have been considered examples of self-reliance in India.[36][37][38] In sectors such as food production, India is self-sufficient but problems such as poor nutrition and hunger remain.[39][40]
Policy and Five-Year Plans
The
In an address to the National Development Council in 1976, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".[44] The fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) has self-reliance was one of the three stated objectives, the other two being related to GDP and poverty.[45] Use also included the achievement of "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to non-renewable resources.[46] The report noted in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals, the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.[46]
Increase in self-reliance in
Defence sector
According to a statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament on 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May:
In 1947 ... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment ... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.[7][6]
India's principles governing its defence production have changed; self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn brought about an emphasis on public-private co-production and independent, private production.
As of 2022[update], over half of India's military equipment is either Soviet or Russian.[57] The defence sector also required self-sufficiency in military logistics, including food during emergencies.[58]
Atmanirbhar Bharat
During the coronavirus pandemic in India, the lockdown, and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government issued an adapted idea of self-reliance.[60] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time when he said;[3] (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures—EshahPanthah. That is—self-sufficient India."[41][2] While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.[41][2] In the days following Modi's speech, the Indian government issued an economic package called the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).[5] It was met with a mixed response.[61]
External videos | |
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PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) on YouTube |
According to economist Swaminathan Aiyar, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,[62] and doing the same again is not advisable.[62] Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it meant a revival of pre-liberalisation era policies.[63] Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year in 2020.[64][8]
The adapted plan for self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged included a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and with post-independence foreign aid.[65] Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local" while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.[65] The government aims to reconcile this; according to Economist Intelligence Unit; "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".[66]
Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.
While an Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the
Use by the NDA government
Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[80] He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its own weapons.[81] In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to Digital India,[82] in September 2014 in reference to making the poor self-reliant,[83] and in March 2022 in relation to technologies.[84]
Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[85][86] The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient, and encourage equity and competitiveness.[4] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;[4] and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[87] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution, rather the intent is to boost manufacturing.[88] The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.[89]
COVID-19 pandemic initiatives
The research, development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India was connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President,[93] Vice-President,[94] Prime Minister,[92] and other Union ministers.[95] Modi stated; "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[92]
On 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020, the government announced a total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth
The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered an example of a self-reliant India.[102][103] The PPE industry in India became a ₹100 billion (equivalent to ₹120 billion or US$1.5 billion in 2023) industry in three months, the second largest after China.[104]
In July 2020 the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[3] In August 2020, following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.[3]
Other initiatives
The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.
During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap
In August 2020, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.[112][113] In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.[114][115][116] New legislation[c] was portrayed as initiatives towards increasing India's self-reliance.[118][119] A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM) was created.[120] Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence PSU units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.[121] Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM have been handed over to the military.[122][123] In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.[124] Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.[125]
The phrase was also connected to the 2021,[126] and 2022 Union budgets.[127][128] Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[129] Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance, and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,[130] and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon.[131] In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.[132] 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.[133] Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.[134]
Slogans
Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "vocal for local", '"local for global", "make for world" and "brain drain to brain gain".[135][136]
Vocal for local
Products should be "made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.[136][137] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said; "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[138][139] Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it".[136] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.[136] The slogan has been extended to sectors such as the toy manufacturing; "time to be vocal for local toys".[140][141]
Make for the world
Indian diaspora
Domestic commentary
In the context of India, the concept "self-reliance" was first defined during the Nehru era.[33] The concept of self-reliance has twice been re-defined; the first occurred during the prime-minister-ship of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and the second was during that of Modi.[33] Author Romesh Thapar wrote in 1968; "Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield—brain and talent."[149] In June 2020, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said; "At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China".[150]
Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the
Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.[158][159][160]
International reactions
By mid-2021 a number of global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged Atmanirbhar Bharat is a good initiative while acknowledging doubts the initiative still carries.[161] In June 2021, Vinai Thummalapally, former US ambassador to Belize, said India's global exports of manufacturing products is low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.[161] Nisha Desai Biswal, an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counter-productive.[161] Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and Himanshu Gulati, Member of Parliament Norway, have both stated Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.[161]
In June 2021, the
In July 2020, the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated the company is "committed to supporting the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".[166]
See also
- Swadeshi movement
- Make in India
- Autarky
- Human capital flight
- Import substitution industrialisation
- Strategic autonomy
- Non-alignment and India
References and notes
- Notes
- ^ Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,[6] officially translated as self-reliance.[7]
- ^ Swadeshi is an adjective meaning "of one's own country"[17]
- ^ The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)[117]
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The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is… Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.
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...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...
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Think-tanks
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External links
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- AatmaNirbhar Bharat Summit