Atomic radii of the elements (data page)
The
Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the
Atomic radius
Note: All measurements given are in picometers (pm). For more recent data on covalent radii see Covalent radius. Just as atomic units are given in terms of the atomic mass unit (approximately the proton mass), the physically appropriate unit of length here is the Bohr radius, which is the radius of a hydrogen atom. The Bohr radius is consequently known as the "atomic unit of length". It is often denoted by a0 and is approximately 53 pm. Hence, the values of atomic radii given here in picometers can be converted to atomic units by dividing by 53, to the level of accuracy of the data given in this table.
atomic number | symbol | name | empirical † | Calculated | van der Waals | Covalent (single bond) | Covalent (triple bond) | Metallic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | hydrogen | 25[2] | 53[citation needed] | 120[3] or 110[4] | 32 | ||
2 | He | helium | 120[citation needed] | 31[5] | 140[3][4] | 46 | ||
3 | Li | lithium | 145[2] | 167[5] | 182[3] or 181[4] | 133 | 152 | |
4 | Be | beryllium | 105[2] | 112[5] | 153[4] | 102 | 85[6] | 112 |
5 | B | boron | 85[2] | 87[5] | 192[4] | 85 | 73[6] | |
6 | C | carbon | 70[2] | 67[5] | 170[3][4] | 75 | 60[6] | |
7 | N | nitrogen | 65[2] | 56[5] | 155[3][4] | 71 | 54[6] | |
8 | O | oxygen | 60[2] | 48[5] | 152[3][4] | 63 | 53[6] | |
9 | F | fluorine | 50[2] | 42[5] | 147[3][4] | 64 | 53[6] | |
10 | Ne | neon | 160[citation needed][7] | 38[5] | 154[3][4] | 67 | ||
11 | Na | sodium | 180[2] | 190[5] | 227[3][4] | 155 | 186 | |
12 | Mg | magnesium | 150[2] | 145[5] | 173[3][4] | 139 | 127[6] | 160 |
13 | Al | aluminium | 125[2] | 118[5] | 184[4] | 126 | 111[6] | 143 |
14 | Si | silicon | 110[2] | 111[5] | 210[3][4] | 116 | 102[6] | |
15 | P | phosphorus | 100[2] | 98[5] | 180[3][4] | 111 | 94[6] | |
16 | S | sulfur | 100[2] | 88[5] | 180[3][4] | 103 | 95[6] | |
17 | Cl | chlorine | 100[2] | 79[5] | 175[3][4] | 99 | 93[6] | |
18 | Ar | argon | 71[citation needed] | 71[5] | 188[3][4] | 96 | 96[6] | |
19 | K | potassium | 220[2] | 243[5] | 275[3][4] | 196 | 227 | |
20 | Ca | calcium | 180[2] | 194[5] | 231[4] | 171 | 133[6] | 197 |
21 | Sc | scandium | 160[2] | 184[5] | 211[citation needed] | 148 | 114[6] | 162 b |
22 | Ti | titanium | 140[2] | 176[5] | 136 | 108[6] | 147 | |
23 | V | vanadium | 135[2] | 171[5] | 134 | 106[6] | 134 b | |
24 | Cr | chromium | 140[2] | 166[5] | 122 | 103[6] | 128 b | |
25 | Mn | manganese | 140[2] | 161[5] | 119 | 103[6] | 127 b | |
26 | Fe | iron | 140[2] | 156[5] | 116 | 102[6] | 126 b | |
27 | Co | cobalt | 135[2] | 152[5] | 111 | 96[6] | 125 b | |
28 | Ni | nickel | 135[2] | 149[5] | 163[3] | 110 | 101[6] | 124 b |
29 | Cu | copper | 135[2] | 145[5] | 140[3] | 112 | 120[6] | 128 b |
30 | Zn | zinc | 135[2] | 142[5] | 139[3] | 118 | 134 b | |
31 | Ga | gallium | 130[2] | 136[5] | 187[3][4] | 124 | 121[6] | 135 c |
32 | Ge | germanium | 125[2] | 125[5] | 211[4] | 121 | 114[6] | |
33 | As | arsenic | 115[2] | 114[5] | 185[3][4] | 121 | 106[6] | |
34 | Se | selenium | 115[2] | 103[5] | 190[3][4] | 116 | 107[6] | |
35 | Br | bromine | 115[2] | 94[5] | 185[3] or 183[4] | 114 | 110[6] | |
36 | Kr | krypton | 88[5] | 202[3][4] | 117 | 108[6] | ||
37 | Rb | rubidium | 235[2] | 265[5] | 303[4] | 210 | 248 | |
38 | Sr | strontium | 200[2] | 219[5] | 249[4] | 185 | 139[6] | 215 |
39 | Y | yttrium | 180[2] | 212[5] | 163 | 124[6] | 180 b | |
40 | Zr | zirconium | 155[2] | 206[5] | 154 | 121[6] | 160 | |
41 | Nb | niobium | 145[2] | 198[5] | 147 | 116[6] | 146 b | |
42 | Mo | molybdenum | 145[2] | 190[5] | 138 | 113[6] | 139 b | |
43 | Tc | technetium | 135[2] | 183[5] | 128 | 110[6] | 136 b | |
44 | Ru | ruthenium | 130[2] | 178[5] | 125 | 103[6] | 134 b | |
45 | Rh | rhodium | 135[2] | 173[5] | 125 | 106[6] | 134 b | |
46 | Pd | palladium | 140[2] | 169[5] | 163[3] | 120 | 112[6] | 137 b |
47 | Ag | silver | 160[2] | 165[5] | 172[3] | 128 | 137[6] | 144 b |
48 | Cd | cadmium | 155[2] | 161[5] | 158[3] | 136 | 151 b | |
49 | In | indium | 155[2] | 156[5] | 193[3][4] | 142 | 146[6] | 167 |
50 | Sn | tin | 145[2] | 145[5] | 217[3][4] | 140 | 132[6] | |
51 | Sb | antimony | 145[2] | 133[5] | 206[4] | 140 | 127[6] | |
52 | Te | tellurium | 140[2] | 123[5] | 206[3][4] | 136 | 121[6] | |
53 | I | iodine | 140[2] | 115[5] | 198[3][4] | 133 | 125[6] | |
54 | Xe | xenon | 108[5] | 216[3][4] | 131 | 122[6] | ||
55 | Cs | caesium | 260[2] | 298[5] | 343[4] | 232 | 265 | |
56 | Ba | barium | 215[2] | 253[5] | 268[4] | 196 | 149[6] | 222 |
57 | La | lanthanum | 195[2] | 226[citation needed] | 180 | 139[6] | 187 b | |
58 | Ce | cerium | 185[2] | 210[citation needed] | 163 | 131[6] | 181.8 c | |
59 | Pr | praseodymium | 185[2] | 247[5] | 176 | 128[6] | 182.4 c | |
60 | Nd | neodymium | 185[2] | 206[5] | 174 | 181.4 c | ||
61 | Pm | promethium | 185[2] | 205[5] | 173 | 183.4 c | ||
62 | Sm | samarium | 185[2] | 238[5] | 172 | 180.4 c | ||
63 | Eu | europium | 185[2] | 231[5] | 168 | 180.4 c | ||
64 | Gd | gadolinium | 180[2] | 233[5] | 169 | 132[6] | 180.4 c | |
65 | Tb | terbium | 175[2] | 225[5] | 168 | 177.3 c | ||
66 | Dy | dysprosium | 175[2] | 228[5] | 167 | 178.1 c | ||
67 | Ho | holmium | 175[2] | 226[5] | 166 | 176.2 c | ||
68 | Er | erbium | 175[2] | 226[5] | 165 | 176.1 c | ||
69 | Tm | thulium | 175[2] | 222[5] | 164 | 175.9 c | ||
70 | Yb | ytterbium | 175[2] | 222[5] | 170 | 176 c | ||
71 | Lu | lutetium | 175[2] | 217[5] | 162 | 131[6] | 173.8 c | |
72 | Hf | hafnium | 155[2] | 208[5] | 152 | 122[6] | 159 | |
73 | Ta | tantalum | 145[2] | 200[5] | 146 | 119[6] | 146 b | |
74 | W | tungsten | 135[2] | 193[5] | 137 | 115[6] | 139 b | |
75 | Re | rhenium | 135[2] | 188[5] | 131 | 110[6] | 137 b | |
76 | Os | osmium | 130[2] | 185[5] | 129 | 109[6] | 135 b | |
77 | Ir | iridium | 135[2] | 180[5] | 122 | 107[6] | 135.5 b | |
78 | Pt | platinum | 135[2] | 177[5] | 175[3] | 123 | 110[6] | 138.5 b |
79 | Au | gold | 135[2] | 174[5] | 166[3] | 124 | 123[6] | 144 b |
80 | Hg | mercury | 150[2] | 171[5] | 155[3] | 133 | 151 b | |
81 | Tl | thallium | 190[2] | 156[5] | 196[3][4] | 144 | 150[6] | 170 |
82 | Pb | lead | 180[citation needed] | 154[5] | 202[3][4] | 144 | 137[6] | |
83 | Bi | bismuth | 160[2] | 143[5] | 207[4] | 151 | 135[6] | |
84 | Po | polonium | 190[2] | 135[5] | 197[4] | 145 | 129[6] | |
85 | At | astatine | 127[5] | 202[4] | 147 | 138[6] | ||
86 | Rn | radon | 120[5] | 220[4] | 142 | 133[6] | ||
87 | Fr | francium | 348[4] | |||||
88 | Ra | radium | 215[2] | 283[4] | 201 | 159[6] | ||
89 | Ac | actinium | 195[2] | 186 | 140[6] | |||
90 | Th | thorium | 180[2] | 175 | 136[6] | 179 b | ||
91 | Pa | protactinium | 180[2] | 169 | 129[6] | 163 d | ||
92 | U | uranium | 175[2] | 186[3] | 170 | 118[6] | 156 e | |
93 | Np | neptunium | 175[2] | 171 | 116[6] | 155 e | ||
94 | Pu | plutonium | 175[2] | 172 | 159 e | |||
95 | Am | americium | 175[2] | 166 | 173 b | |||
96 | Cm | curium | 176[citation needed] | 166 | 174 b | |||
97 | Bk | berkelium | 170 b | |||||
98 | Cf | californium | 186±2 b | |||||
99 | Es | einsteinium | 186±2 b | |||||
100 | Fm | fermium | ||||||
101 | Md | mendelevium | ||||||
102 | No | nobelium | ||||||
103 | Lr | lawrencium | ||||||
104 | Rf | rutherfordium | 131[6] | |||||
105 | Db | dubnium | 126[6] | |||||
106 | Sg | seaborgium | 121[6] | |||||
107 | Bh | bohrium | 119[6] | |||||
108 | Hs | hassium | 118[6] | |||||
109 | Mt | meitnerium | 113[6] | |||||
110 | Ds | darmstadtium | 112[6] | |||||
111 | Rg | roentgenium | 118[6] | |||||
112 | Cn | copernicium | 130[6] | |||||
113 | Nh | nihonium | ||||||
114 | Fl | flerovium | ||||||
115 | Mc | moscovium | ||||||
116 | Lv | livermorium | ||||||
117 | Ts | tennessine | ||||||
118 | Og | oganesson |
See also
- Atomic radius
- Covalent radius (Single-, double- and triple-bond radii, up to the superheavy elements.)
- Ionic radius
Notes
- Difference between empirical and experimental data: Empirical data basically means, "originating in or based on observation or experience" or "relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory data".[8] It basically means that you measured it through physical observation, and a lot of experiments generating the same results. Although, note that the values are not calculated by a formula. However, often the empirical results then become an equation of estimation. Experimental data on the other hand are only based on theories. Such theoretical predictions are useful when there are no ways of measuring radii experimentally, if you want to predict the radius of an element that hasn't been discovered yet, or it has too short of a half-life.
- The radius of an atom is not a uniquely defined property and depends on the definition. Data derived from other sources with different assumptions cannot be compared.
- † to an accuracy of about 5 pm
- (b) 12 coordinate
- (c) gallium has an anomalous crystal structure
- (d) 10 coordinate
- Triple bond mean-square deviation 3pm.
References
- ^
Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. (1988). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 19382751.
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 15832398.
- ^ Neon has van der Waal's radii thus its radii is the highest in its period
- ^ "Empirical Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster".
Data is as quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
Covalent radii (single bond)
- R.T. Sanderson (1962). Chemical Periodicity. New York, USA: Reinhold.
- L.E. Sutton, ed. (1965). "Supplement 1956–1959, Special publication No. 18". Table of interatomic distances and configuration in molecules and ions. London, UK: Chemical Society.
- J.E. Huheey; E.A. Keiter & R.L. Keiter (1993). Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity (4th ed.). New York, USA: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-042995-X.
- W.W. Porterfield (1984). Inorganic chemistry, a unified approach. Reading Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co. ISBN 0-201-05660-7.
- A.M. James & M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-51167-0.