Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan
Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan | |
---|---|
mental illness | |
Verdict | Not guilty by reason of insanity |
Charges | 13 counts[b] |
Sentence | Institutionalization |
On March 30, 1981, President of the United States Ronald Reagan was shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. in Washington, D.C., as he was returning to his limousine after a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton. Hinckley believed the attack would impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom he had developed an erotomanic obsession.
Reagan was seriously wounded by a revolver bullet that ricocheted off the side of the presidential limousine and hit him in the left underarm, breaking a rib, puncturing a lung, and causing serious internal bleeding. He was close to death upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital but was stabilized in the emergency room; he then underwent emergency exploratory surgery. He recovered and was released from the hospital on April 11. No formal invocation of sections 3 or 4 of the Constitution's 25th amendment (concerning the vice president assuming the president's powers and duties) took place, though Secretary of State Alexander Haig stated that he was "in control here" at the White House until Vice President George H. W. Bush returned to Washington from Fort Worth, Texas. Haig was fourth in the line of succession after Bush, Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill, and president pro tempore of the Senate Strom Thurmond.
White House press secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and D.C. police officer Thomas Delahanty were also wounded. All three survived, but Brady had brain damage and was permanently disabled. His death in 2014 was considered a homicide because it was ultimately caused by his injury.[2][5]
Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity on charges of attempting to assassinate the president. He remained confined to
Hinckley's motivation
Hinckley was convinced that he would be Foster's equal if he became a national figure. He decided to emulate Bickle and began stalking President Jimmy Carter. He was surprised at how easy it was to get close to the president—he was only a foot away at one event—but was arrested in October 1980 at Nashville International Airport and fined for illegal possession of a firearm.[13]: 70, 251 Carter had made a campaign stop there, but the FBI did not connect this arrest to the president and did not notify the Secret Service.[14] His parents briefly placed him under the care of a psychiatrist. Hinckley turned his attention to Ronald Reagan, whose election, he told his parents, would be good for the country.[13] He wrote three or four more notes to Foster in early March 1981. Foster gave these notes to a Yale dean, who gave them to the Yale police department, who sought but failed to track Hinckley down.[15][16]
Assassination attempt
On March 21, 1981, new president Ronald Reagan (who took office on January 20, 1981) and his wife Nancy visited Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., for a fundraising event. In his autobiography An American Life, Reagan recalled,
I looked up at the presidential box above the stage where Abe Lincoln had been sitting the night he was shot and felt a curious sensation ... I thought that even with all the Secret Service protection we now had, it was probably still possible for someone who had enough determination to get close enough to the president to shoot him.[17][18]
Speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel
On March 28, Hinckley arrived in Washington, D.C., by bus[19] and checked into the Park Central Hotel.[11] He originally intended to continue on to New Haven in another attempt to infatuate Foster.[13]: 23 He noticed Reagan's schedule that was published in The Washington Star and decided it was time to act.[20] Hinckley knew that he might be killed during the assassination attempt, and he wrote but did not mail a letter to Foster about two hours prior to his attempt on the president's life. In the letter, he said that he hoped to impress her with the magnitude of his action and that he would "abandon the idea of getting Reagan in a second if I could only win your heart and live out the rest of my life with you."[21][13]: 58
On March 30, Reagan delivered a luncheon address to
Shooting
At 2:27 p.m.,[13]: 82 Reagan exited the hotel through "President's Walk"[22] on Florida Avenue, where reporters waited.[25] He left the T Street NW exit toward his waiting limousine as Hinckley waited within the crowd of admirers. The Secret Service had extensively screened those attending the president's speech, but greatly erred by allowing an unscreened group to stand within 15 ft (4.5 m) of him, behind a rope line.[13]: 80–81, 225 The agency uses multiple layers of protection; local police in the outer layer briefly check people, Secret Service agents in the middle layer check for weapons, and more agents form the inner layer immediately around the president. Hinckley penetrated the first two layers.[26]
As several hundred people applauded Reagan, the president unexpectedly passed right in front of Hinckley. Reporters standing behind a rope barricade 20 feet (6 m) away asked questions. As Mike Putzel of the Associated Press shouted "Mr. President—",[27] Hinckley, believing he would never get a better chance, assumed a crouch position[28][13]: 81 and rapidly fired a Röhm RG-14 .22 LR blue steel revolver six times in 1.7 seconds,[13]: 82 [25][29][30] missing the president with all six shots.[31][24]
The first round hit
Within moments of the first shots, Secret Service agent Dennis McCarthy (no relation to agent Tim McCarthy) dove across the sidewalk and landed directly on Hinckley as others pushed him to the ground.[13]: 84 Another Cleveland-area labor official, Frank J. McNamara, joined Antenucci and started punching Hinckley in the head, striking him so hard he drew blood.[41] Agent Dennis McCarthy later reported that he had to "strike two citizens" to force them to release Hinckley.[24] Secret Service agent Robert Wanko (misidentified as "Steve Wanko" in a newspaper report) deployed an Uzi submachine gun concealed in a briefcase to cover the president's evacuation and to deter a potential group attack.[42] The day after the shooting, Hinckley's gun was given to the
George Washington University Hospital
After the Secret Service first announced "shots fired" over its radio network at 2:27 p.m., Reagan—
Reagan was in great pain from the bullet that struck his rib and believed that his rib had cracked when Parr pushed him into the limousine. When the agent checked him for gunshot wounds, however, Reagan coughed up bright, frothy blood.[39][23] Although the president believed that he had cut his lip,[45] Parr believed that the cracked rib had punctured Reagan's lung and ordered the motorcade to divert to nearby George Washington University Hospital, which the Secret Service periodically inspected for use.[24] The limousine arrived there less than four minutes after leaving the hotel, while other agents took Hinckley to a DC jail, and Nancy Reagan ("Rainbow") left the White House for the hospital.[46][45][44]
Although Parr had requested a stretcher,
The medical team, led by Joseph Giordano, cut off Reagan's "thousand-dollar" custom-made suit
Immediate response
By 2:35 p.m., Bush was notified of the shooting. He was leaving
MR. VICE PRESIDENT: IN THE INCIDENT YOU WILL HAVE HEARD ABOUT BY NOW, THE PRESIDENT WAS STRUCK IN THE BACK AND IS IN SERIOUS CONDITION. MEDICAL AUTHORITIES ARE DECIDING NOW WHETHER OR NOT TO OPERATE. RECOMMEND YOU RETURN TO DC AT EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT. SECRETARY ALEXANDER HAIG, JR.
Air Force Two refueled in Austin before returning to Washington[58][56] at what its pilot described as the fastest speed in the plane's history.[59][dead link] The aircraft did not have secure voice communications, and Bush's discussions with the White House were intercepted and given to the press.[49][58]
The group obtained a duplicate nuclear football and Gold Codes card, and kept it in the Situation Room. (Reagan's football was still with the officer at the hospital, and Bush also had a card and football.)[13]: 155 The participants discussed whether to raise the military's alert status, and the importance of doing so without changing the DEFCON level.[55] They eventually determined that the number of Soviet submarines was normal; a pair of Soviet submarines was taking over the patrol area from another pair, a relief operation that routinely occurred at the end of a month. However, one of the four submarines was patrolling unusually close to the coast. In consideration of the ongoing tensions over Poland, Weinberger ordered the Strategic Air Command be put on alert, but did not reveal the alert status to the public.[39][56]
Upon learning that Reagan was in surgery, Haig declared, the "helm is right here. And that means right in this chair for now, constitutionally, until the vice president gets here".[60] Haig was incorrect. As the sitting Secretary of State, he was fourth behind Vice President Bush, Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill, and President pro tempore of the Senate Strom Thurmond in the line of succession and, under 3 U.S.C. § 19, O'Neill and Thurmond would have to resign their positions to become acting president. Although others in the room knew that Haig's statement was constitutionally incorrect, they did not object at the time to avoid a confrontation.[55] Allen later said that although Haig "constantly, incessantly drummed on some variant of 'I am in charge, I am senior'", he and Fielding "didn't give a rat's ass" as Bush would be in charge when he arrived.[56]
At the same time, a press conference was underway in the
Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president and the secretary of state, in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending the return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.
Despite his familiarity with the Briefing Room from serving as Richard Nixon's chief of staff, Stahl described Haig as "visibly shaken",[56] and the Associated Press wrote that "his voice continually choked up and quavered with emotion, and his arms trembled".[57] Those in the Situation Room reportedly laughed when they heard him say "I am in control here",[49] and Allen later said "I was astounded that he would say something so eminently stupid".[56] Haig later said,[60]
I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not "Who is in line should the President die?"
Although Haig stated in the Briefing Room that "There are absolutely no alert measures that are necessary at this time or contemplated", while he was speaking Weinberger raised the military's alert level.[60] After Haig returned to the Situation Room, he objected to Weinberger doing so as it made him appear a liar,[55] although as deputy commander-in-chief, only Reagan outranked Weinberger in the National Command Authority.[56] Weinberger and others accused Haig of exceeding his authority with his "I am in control" statement,[63][64] while Haig defended himself by advising the others to "read the Constitution",[56] saying that his comments did not involve "succession" and that he knew the "pecking order".[55]
On Air Force Two, Bush watched Haig's press briefing. Meese told him that Reagan was stable after surgery to remove the bullet. The vice president arrived at
"Despite brief flare-ups and distractions", Allen recalled, "the crisis management team in the Situation Room worked well together. The congressional leadership was kept informed, and governments around the world were notified and reassured."
I can reassure this nation and a watching world that the American government is functioning fully and effectively. We've had full and complete communications throughout the day.
Public reaction
The assassination attempt was captured on
Hinckley asked the arresting officers whether that night's
Aftermath
Jodie Foster
The incident was a traumatic experience for the 18-year-old Foster, who was hounded by the media and paparazzi in its aftermath. She took a semester off at
Hinckley demanded that Foster testify at his trial. Agreement was reached between Foster's and Hinckley lawyers that she would do so in a closed session, with only herself; the judge (Barrington D. Parker), lawyers and Hinckley present; a videotape of this session could be introduced as evidence into Hinckley’s trial. This session took place in March 1982. During her testimony, Foster did not look-at or acknowledge Hinckley. This caused him to throw a pen at her and shout threats before he was surrounded and removed from the room by marshals.[80][81]
Since the attempted assassination, Foster has only commented on Hinckley on four occasions: a press conference a few days after the attack, an article she wrote for Esquire magazine in 1982 after his sentencing, during an interview with Charlie Rose on 60 Minutes II in 1999, and while speaking to comedian and actor Marc Maron on his podcast WTF with Marc Maron in 2021.[82][83] She has ended or canceled several interviews if the event was mentioned, or if she felt that an interviewer was going to bring Hinckley up.[84] To Maron, Foster said that she voluntarily chose not to speak about the incident in interviews to avoid being labelled as an actress primarily remembered for that incident, and also reflected on how her mother (a former publicist) helped her in overcoming the media frenzy, and the public's obsession with her involvement.[85]
President Ronald Reagan
Reagan's staff members were anxious for the president to appear to be recovering quickly,[46] and the morning after his operation he saw visitors and signed a piece of legislation.[42] Reagan left the hospital on the morning of April 11. Entering the limousine was difficult, and he joked that the first thing he would do at home was "sit down".[86]
Reagan's recovery speed impressed his doctors, but they advised the president not to work in the
The events contributed to Reagan's initial popularity; though he had enjoyed approval ratings of up to 60% until March, his ratings surged to nearly 70% in the following months.
Reagan returned to the
Delahanty, Tim McCarthy, and Brady
Thomas Delahanty recovered but developed permanent nerve damage to his left arm, and was ultimately forced to retire from the Metropolitan Police Department due to his disability. Tim McCarthy recovered fully and was the first of the wounded men to be discharged from the hospital. James Brady survived, but his wound left him with slurred speech and partial paralysis that required the full-time use of a
Following Brady's death, the District of Columbia Medical Examiner ruled the death a homicide stemming from wounds caused by the Hinckley assassination attempt. This ruling raised the possibility that Hinckley could face additional future murder charges.[96] However, prosecutors declined to do so for two reasons. First, a jury had already declared Hinckley insane at the time of the shooting and the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy would preclude overturning this ruling on account of Brady's death. Second, in 1981 Washington, D.C., still had the common law "year and a day" rule in place. Although the year and a day rule had been abolished in the district prior to 2014, the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto law would preclude the upgrading of charges for deaths resulting today from acts committed while the rule was in effect and would prohibit the government from challenging Hinckley's successful insanity defense based on the current federal law.[6]
The shooting of Reagan exacerbated the debate on gun control in the U.S. that began with the December 1980 handgun murder of John Lennon. Reagan expressed opposition to increased handgun control following Lennon's death and reiterated his opposition after his own shooting. However, in a speech at an event marking the assassination attempt's 10th anniversary,[97] Reagan endorsed the Brady Act:
"Anniversary" is a word we usually associate with happy events that we like to remember: birthdays, weddings, the first job. March 30, however, marks an anniversary I would just as soon forget, but cannot... four lives were changed forever, and all by a Saturday-night special – a cheaply made .22 caliber pistol – purchased in a Dallas pawnshop by a young man with a history of mental disturbance. This nightmare might never have happened if legislation that is before Congress now – the Brady bill – had been law back in 1981… If the passage of the Brady bill were to result in a reduction of only 10 or 15 percent of those numbers (and it could be a good deal greater), it would be well worth making it the law of the land. And there would be a lot fewer families facing anniversaries such as the Bradys, Delahantys, [Tim] McCarthys and Reagans face every March 30.[98]
In 1994, Reagan made numerous appeals to support the
Parr
After the assassination attempt, Jerry Parr was hailed as a hero.
Antenucci and McNamara
Antenucci and McNamara both became ill following the assassination attempt. McNamara died on September 18, 1981, six months after the attempted assassination at the age of 62.[104] Antenucci died on May 9, 1984, aged 71.[37]
John Hinckley
Hinckley was found
The not-guilty verdict led to widespread dismay,
Portrayals in literature and popular culture
Books
- The book Rawhide Down: The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan (2011) by Del Quentin Wilber
- The novella John Loves Jodie (2015) by Joe Kelly
On screen
The following is the list of the movies dealing with the assassination attempt or portraying a portion of it:
- The 1991 made-for-television film Without Warning: The James Brady Story, dramatizes James Brady's recovery.[116]
- The 2001 Showtime TV movie The Day Reagan Was Shot, loosely-based on events surrounding the assassination attempt, depicts a crazed media frenzy, a divided White House cabinet and staff with little control, and a fictional threat of international crisis.[117]
- The 2003 television film The Reagans, which focuses on Reagan and his family, depicts the assassination attempt.
- The 2018 television drama Timeless, which follows two groups of time travelers through American history, depicts his attempted assassination in season 2 episode 8 (Overall episode 24) "The Day Reagan was Shot".[118]
On stage
- The musical play Tony Awardwinning 2004 Broadway production, featured Alexander Gemignani in the role.
See also
Notes
- ^ James Brady was injured during the assassination attempt, but he was permanently disabled until he succumbed to his brain injuries from the gunshot wound on August 4, 2014, 33 years after Reagan's assassination attempt.[1][2][3]
- ^
- Attempting to kill the President
- Assault on a federal officer
- Use of a firearm during the commission of a federal felony
- Assault with a dangerous weapon(x4)
- Assault with intent to kill while armed (x4)
- Assaulting a police officer with a deadly weapon
- Carrying a pistol without the required license[4]
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- ^ Garrett, Ben Garrett Journalist our editorial process Ben. "How a Pro-2nd Amendment President Supported Gun Control". ThoughtCo. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
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- ^ "In The Secret Service". Tyndale House Publishers. July 30, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
- ^ Steve Almasy (October 10, 2015). "Jerry Parr, agent who helped wounded Reagan, dies – CNNPolitics". CNN. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
- ^ Wilber, Del Quentin (October 9, 2015). "Jerry Parr, U.S. Agent Who Saved Reagan's Life, Dies at 85". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
- ^ "One of the two area labor leaders who tackled..." UPI. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
- ^ Psychologist Says Hinckley's Tests Similar to Those of the Severely Ill, by Laura A. Kiernan, The Washington Post, May 21, 1982. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ John Hinckley's Acts Described as Unreasonable but Not Insane, by Laura A. Kiernan, The Washington Post, June 11, 1982. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ Hinckley Able to Abide by Law, Doctor Says, by Laura A. Kiernan, The Washington Post, June 5, 1982. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ John Hinckley Declines to Take the Stand, by Laura A. Kiernan, The Washington Post, June 3, 1982. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ "John Hinckley to Spend More Time Outside Mental Hospital". Associated Press. February 27, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
- ^ ABC News, "Ronald Reagan: Former US president's would-be assassin John Hinckley Jr to be freed after 35 years". Retrieved 28 July 2016
- ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (September 10, 2016). "John Hinckley Freed From Mental Hospital 35 Years After Reagan Assassination Attempt". NBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
- ^ Taylor, Stuart Jr. (July 9, 1982). "Hinckley Hails 'Historical' Shooting To Win Love". The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
- ^ "All about the John Hinckley case: Verdict and Uproar". Crime Library. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
- ^ Perl, Peter (June 23, 1982). "Public That Saw Reagan Shot Expresses Shock at the Verdict". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
- ^ a b Hinkebein, Gabe (June 21, 1982). "The Hinckley Trial and the Insanity Defense". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
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- ^ "Timeless Season 2 Episode 8". (IMDb) Internet Movie Database. 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
External links
- Assassination Attempt of President Ronald Reagan (full length video)
- Treaster, Joseph B. (April 1, 1981). "A Life that Started Out With Much Promise Took Reclusive and Hostile Path". The New York Times. p. A19.
The eldest Hinckley child, Scott, 30, is the vice president of his father's company and a friend of Neil Bush, the son of Vice President Bush. Scott Hinckley and a date had been invited to dinner at the young Bushes' home last night, but the dinner was canceled after the shooting.