Eggplant
Eggplant | |
---|---|
The fruit developing on the plant | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Solanales |
Family: | Solanaceae |
Genus: | Solanum |
Species: | S. melongena
|
Binomial name | |
Solanum melongena | |
Synonyms | |
Solanum ovigerum Dunal |
Eggplant (
Solanaceae. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in
It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn or bitter apple, S. incanum,[4][5][6] probably with two independent domestications: one in South Asia, and one in East Asia.[7] In 2021, world production of eggplants was 59 million tonnes, with China and India combined accounting for 86% of the total.
Description
The eggplant is a delicate, tropical
Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with large, coarsely
Botanically classified as a berry, the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible seeds that taste bitter because they contain or are covered in nicotinoid alkaloids, like the related tobacco.[8]
The eggplant genome has 12 chromosomes.[9]
History
There is no consensus about the place of origin of eggplant; the plant species has been described as native to India, where it continues to grow wild,
The aubergine is unrecorded in England until the 16th century. An English botany book in 1597 described the madde or raging Apple:
This plant groweth in Egypt almost everywhere... bringing foorth fruite of the bignes of a great Cucumber.... We have had the same in our London gardens, where it hath borne flowers, but the winter approching before the time of ripening, it perished: notwithstanding it came to beare fruite of the bignes of a goose egge one extraordinarie temperate yeere... but never to the full ripenesse.[18]
The Europeans brought it to Americas.[19]
Because of the plant's relationship with various other nightshades, the fruit was at one time believed to be extremely poisonous. The flowers and leaves can be poisonous if consumed in large quantities due to the presence of solanine.[20]
The eggplant has a special place in folklore. In 13th-century Italian traditional folklore, the eggplant can cause insanity.[21] In 19th-century Egypt, insanity was said to be "more common and more violent" when the eggplant is in season in the summer.[22]
Etymology and regional names
The plant and fruit have a profusion of English names.
Eggplant-type names
The name eggplant is usual in North American English and Australian English. First recorded in 1763, the word "eggplant" was originally applied to white cultivars, which look very much like hen's eggs (see image).[23][24][25] Similar names are widespread in other languages, such as the Icelandic term eggaldin or the Welsh planhigyn ŵy.
The white, egg-shaped varieties of the eggplant's fruits are also known as garden eggs,[26] a term first attested in 1811.[27] The Oxford English Dictionary records that between 1797 and 1888, the name vegetable egg was also used.[28]
Aubergine-type names
Whereas eggplant was coined in English, most of the diverse other European names for the plant derive from the
In English usage, modern names deriving from Arabic bāḏinjān include:
- Aubergine, usual in British English (as well as German, French and Dutch).
- Brinjal or brinjaul, usual in South Asia and South African English.[31]
- Solanum melongena, the Linnaean name.
From Dravidian to Arabic
All the aubergine-type names have the same origin, in the Dravidian languages. Modern descendants of this Tamil word called வழுதுனை vazhutuṇai.[29]
The Dravidian word was borrowed into the Indo-Aryan languages, giving ancient forms such as Sanskrit and Pali vātiṅ-gaṇa (alongside Sanskrit vātigama) and Prakrit vāiṃaṇa. According to the entry brinjal in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Sanskrit word vātin-gāna denoted 'the class (that removes) the wind-disorder (windy humour)': that is, vātin-gāna came to be the name for eggplants because they were thought to cure flatulence. The modern Hindustani words descending directly from the Sanskrit name are baingan and began.[32]
The Indic word vātiṅ-gaṇa was then borrowed into
From Arabic into Iberia and beyond
In al-Andalus, the Arabic word (al-)bāḏinjān was borrowed into the Romance languages in forms beginning with b- or, with the definite article included, alb-:[29]
- Portuguese bringella, bringiela, beringela.[32]
- Spanish berenjena, alberenjena.
The Spanish word alberenjena was then borrowed into French, giving aubergine (along with French dialectal forms like albergine, albergaine, albergame, and belingèle). The French name was then borrowed into British English, appearing there first in the late eighteenth century.[29]
Through the colonial expansion of Portugal, the Portuguese form bringella was borrowed into a variety of other languages:[29]
- Indian, Malaysian, Singaporean and South African English brinjal, brinjaul (first attested in the seventeenth century).
- folk-etymology) brown-jolly.
- French bringelle in La Réunion.
Thus although Indian English brinjal ultimately originates in languages of the Indian Subcontinent, it actually came into Indian English via Portuguese.
From Arabic into Greek and beyond
The Arabic word bāḏinjān was borrowed into
From Greek, the word was borrowed into Italian and medieval Latin, and onwards into French. Early forms include:[29]
- Melanzāna, recorded in Sicilian in the twelfth century.
- Melongena, recorded in Latin in the thirteenth century.
- Melongiana, recorded in Veronese in the fourteenth century.
- Melanjan, recorded in Old French.
From these forms came the botanical Latin melongēna. This was used by Tournefort as a genus name in 1700, then by Linnaeus as a species name in 1753. It remains in scientific use.[29]
These forms also gave rise to the Caribbean English melongene.[29]
The Italian melanzana, through
Other English names
The plant is also known as guinea squash in Southern American English. The term guinea in the name originally denoted the fact that the fruits were associated with West Africa, specifically the region that is now the modern day country Guinea.[33]
It has been known as 'Jew's apple', apparently in relation to a belief that the fruit was first imported to the West Indies by Jewish people.[34]
Cultivars
This section includes a improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (December 2018) ) |
Different cultivars of the plant produce fruit of different size, shape, and color, though typically purple. The less common white varieties of eggplant are also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or white eggplant. The most widely cultivated varieties—cultivars—in Europe and North America today are elongated ovoid, 12–25 cm (4+1⁄2–10 in) long and 6–9 cm (2+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) broad with a dark purple skin.
A much wider range of shapes, sizes, and colors is grown in India and elsewhere in Asia. Larger cultivars weighing up to a kilogram (2.2 pounds) grow in the region between the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers, while smaller ones are found elsewhere.[citation needed] Colors vary from white to yellow or green, as well as reddish-purple and dark purple. Some cultivars have a color gradient—white at the stem, to bright pink, deep purple or even black. Green or purple cultivars with white striping also exist. Chinese cultivars are commonly shaped like a narrower, slightly pendulous cucumber. Also, Asian cultivars of Japanese breeding are grown.
- Oval or elongated oval-shaped and black-skinned cultivars include 'Harris Special Hibush', 'Burpee Hybrid', 'Bringal Bloom', 'Black Magic', 'Classic', 'Dusky', and 'Black Beauty'.
- Slim cultivars in purple-black skin include 'Little Fingers', 'Ichiban', 'Pingtung Long', and 'Tycoon'
- In green skin, 'Louisiana Long Green' and 'Thai (Long) Green'
- In white skin, 'Dourga'.
- Traditional, white-skinned, egg-shaped cultivars include 'Casper' and 'Easter Egg'.
- Bicolored cultivars with color gradient include 'Rosa Bianca', 'Violetta di Firenze', 'Bianca Sfumata di Rosa' (heirloom), and 'Prosperosa' (heirloom).
- Bicolored cultivars with striping include 'Listada de Gandia' and 'Udumalapet'.
- In some parts of India, miniature cultivars, most commonly called baigan, are popular.
Varieties
- S. m. var. esculentum – common aubergine, including white varieties, with many cultivars[35]
- S. m. var. depressum – dwarf aubergine
- S. m. var. serpentium – snake aubergine
Genetically engineered eggplant
On 9 February 2010, the Environment Ministry of India imposed a moratorium on the cultivation of Bt brinjal after protests against regulatory approval of cultivated Bt brinjal in 2009, stating the moratorium would last "for as long as it is needed to establish public trust and confidence".[36] This decision was deemed controversial, as it deviated from previous practices with other genetically modified crops in India.[38] Bt brinjal was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh in 2013.[39]
Uses
Culinary
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
Raw eggplant can have a
Eggplant is used in
Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Many eggplant dishes are sauces made by mashing the cooked fruit. It can be stuffed. It is frequently, but not always, cooked with oil or fat.
East Asia
Korean and Japanese eggplant varieties are typically thin-skinned.[42]
In
In Japanese cuisine, eggplants are known as nasu or nasubi and use the same characters as Chinese (茄子). An example of it use is in the dish hasamiyaki (挟み焼き) in which slices of eggplant are grilled and filled with a meat stuffing.[44] Eggplants also feature in several Japanese expression and proverbs, such as "Don't feed autumn eggplant to your wife" (秋茄子は嫁に食わすな, akinasu wa yomi ni kuwasuna) (because their lack of seeds will reduce her fertility) and "Always listen to your parents" (親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない, oya no iken to nasu no hana wa sen ni hitotsu mo muda wa nai, literally: "not even one in a thousand of one's parents' opinions or the eggplant flowers is in vain").[45][46]
In Korean cuisine, eggplants are known as gaji (가지). They are steamed, stir-fried, or pan-fried and eaten as banchan (side dishes), such as namul, bokkeum, and jeon.[47][48]
-
Chinese yúxiāng-qiézi (fish-fragrance eggplants)
-
Koreandureup-gaji-jeon(pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)
Southeast Asia
In the Philippines, eggplants are of the long and slender purple variety. They are known as talong and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes, like pinakbet.[49] However the most popular eggplant dish is tortang talong, an omelette made from grilling an eggplant, dipping it into beaten eggs, and pan-frying the mixture. The dish is characteristically served with the stalk attached. The dish has several variants, including rellenong talong which is stuffed with meat and vegetables.[50][51] Eggplant can also be grilled, skinned and eaten as a salad called ensaladang talong.[52] Another popular dish is adobong talong, which is diced eggplant prepared with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic as an adobo.[53]
-
Indonesian Chili Terong Sauce with shrimp
-
Minang (West Sumatra) Balado Terong
-
Sweet and Sour Fish Head with Terong
-
Simple fried Terong from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)
-
Philippine ensaladang talong, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant
South Asia
Eggplant is widely used in its native
-
Brinjal masala fry
-
Brinjal and mango sambar
Middle East and the Mediterranean
Eggplant is often stewed, as in the French
A Spanish dish called
The eggplant was brought to Europe through the Iberian Peninsula where it was consumed by Muslims and Sephardic Jews, and was relatively unknown in other parts of Europe (except southern Italy) perhaps as late as the 17th century. It is considered to this day one of the defining ingredients of Sephardic Jewish cuisine.[56]
-
Parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant parmesan)
-
Almagro eggplant
Iran
In
In Iran, unlike places like Greece, Turkey, and North Africa, eggplant is cooked peeled and usually seasoned with cinnamon or especially turmeric.[57] Most eggplant dishes are classified as nankhoreshi (eaten with bread), and they are commonly served as snacks alongside alcoholic beverages.[57]
The 14th-century poet
Eggplants are traditionally among the foods that get preserved and stored for winter in Iran.
Medieval Iranian writers such as al-Razi and
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 104 kJ (25 kcal) |
5.88 g | |
Sugars | 3.53 g |
Dietary fiber | 3 g |
0.18 g | |
0.98 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 4% 0.649 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.281 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 5% 0.084 mg |
Folate (B9) | 6% 22 μg |
Vitamin C | 2% 2.2 mg |
Vitamin E | 2% 0.3 mg |
Vitamin K | 3% 3.5 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 1% 9 mg |
Iron | 1% 0.23 mg |
Magnesium | 3% 14 mg |
Manganese | 10% 0.232 mg |
Phosphorus | 2% 24 mg |
Potassium | 8% 229 mg |
Zinc | 1% 0.16 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 92 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[58] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[59] |
Raw eggplant is 92% water, 6%
Cultivation and pests
In
Spacing should be 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) between plants, depending on cultivar, and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) between rows, depending on the type of cultivation equipment being used.
Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other solanaceous plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as whiteflies, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as chili pepper, as a sacrificial trap crop. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure.[citation needed]
Common North American pests include the potato beetles, flea beetles, aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Good sanitation and crop rotation practices are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the most serious of which is Verticillium.[citation needed]
The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as eggplants. Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.[65]
Production
Country | Production (millions of tonnes) |
---|---|
China | 37.4 |
India | 12.9 |
Egypt | 1.3 |
Turkey | 0.8 |
Indonesia | 0.7 |
World | 58.6 |
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[66]
|
In 2021, world production of eggplants was 59 million tonnes, led by China with 64% of the total and India with 22% (table).
Chemistry
The color of purple skin cultivars is due to the
The
Allergies
Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals (see also oral allergy syndrome).[69] A 2021 review indicated that possibly four interacting mechanisms may elicit an allergic response from consuming eggplant: lipid transfer protein, profilin, polyphenol oxidase, and pollen reactions.[69][70]
A 2008 study of a sample of 741 people in India, where eggplant is commonly consumed, found nearly 10% reported some allergic symptoms after consuming eggplant, with 1.4% showing symptoms within two hours.[71] Contact dermatitis from eggplant leaves and allergy to eggplant flower pollen have also been reported.[72][73]
Individuals who are
Taxonomy
The eggplant is quite often featured in the older scientific literature under the
- Melongena ovata Mill.
- Solanum album Noronha
- Solanum insanum L.
- Solanum longum Roxb.
- Solanum melanocarpum Dunal
- Solanum melongenum St.-Lag.
- Solanum oviferum Salisb.
- Prachi Salisb.
A number of
The eggplant has a long history of
Like the potato and S. lichtensteinii, but unlike the tomato, which then was generally put in a different genus, the eggplant was also described as
See also
References
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