Aude
Aude | ||
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Communes 433 | | |
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 |
Aude (French: [od] ⓘ ohd; Occitan: [ˈawðe]) is a department in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude.[3] The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" (French: Pays cathare) after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th to 14th centuries.
Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne. As of 2019, it had a population of 374,070.[4] Aude is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Eudo, brother of Saint Hubertus.[citation needed] Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de geste.
Geography
Location
Aude is located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees Mountains.
It is part of the current region of
Natural regions
The countryside in this department falls into several natural regions:
- 1 – Lauragais
- 2 – Montagne Noire
- 3 – Cabardès
- 4 – Carcassonais
- 5 – Razès
- 6 – Quercorb
- 7 – Pays de Sault
- 8 – Minervois
- 9 – Corbières
- 10 – Narbonnais
Landscapes
Each natural region of the Aude has its own particular landscape. In the east, lagoons or coastal lakes separate land and sea. These were formed by accumulations of sediments carried down by the rivers Aude, Orb and Hérault. There are many such lakes of brackish water. This environment is demanding for flora and fauna, as it suffers from the rigours of sea, sun, dryness and floods. Halophile (i.e., salt-loving) plants grow there. The area is also noted for the pink flamingo and the white stilt.
Inland to the west,
To the north and west, the Black Mountain country is made up of forests of
Geology
The landscapes of Aude can be explained by its geology. In the south, there are
In the north, the Black Mountain and Minervois consist of schist and marble, forming the southern edge of the Massif Central. These ancient rocks are over 300 million years old and were deformed by the formation of the Hercynian chain. The Montagne d'Alaric (Alaric's Mountain) is an antiform fold in the shape of a vault and made of limestone.
Climate
Aude is under the influence of a Mediterranean climate.
The autumn is characterized by violent and short storms. The summer is often hot and dry, which is favorable to the culture of the vine and the olive-trees. Yet, the department has several contrasts in climate: In the north, the Montagne Noire and, in the south, the Pays de Sault, have a mountainous climate with temperatures sometimes very low in winter. In the west, the climate is under Aquitaine influence with heavier precipitation, while in the east the climate is purely Mediterranean. In the centre, in the Limouxin, Carcassonnais and Razès areas, the climate is known as intermediary with significant exposure to winds. The winds are often present in Aude. It is one of the windiest French departments, with 300 to 350 days of wind per year. This phenomenon is due mostly to the variations in relief north and south which create a kind of corridor.
In the north-west blows the Cers, called Tramontane in Provence, which is a ground wind. It is a dry, somewhat violent wind and cold in winter. In the south-east blows the Autan, locally called the Marin, which is hot and wet and comes from the sea.
These regular winds made it possible to install an industrial park of wind turbines, as in the area of Avignonet-Lauragais.
Town | Sunshine (hours/yr) |
Rain (mm/yr) |
Snow (days/yr) |
Storm (days/yr) |
Fog (days/yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National average | 1,973 | 770 | 14 | 22 | 40 |
Carcassonne[6] | 2,130 | 584 | 7 | 19 | 14 |
Paris | 1,661 | 637 | 12 | 18 | 10 |
Nice | 2,724 | 767 | 1 | 29 | 1 |
Strasbourg | 1,693 | 665 | 29 | 29 | 56 |
Brest | 1,605 | 1,211 | 7 | 12 | 75 |
Climate data for Carcassonne | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.1 (44.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 62.0 (2.44) |
47.6 (1.87) |
47.2 (1.86) |
66.3 (2.61) |
55.1 (2.17) |
40.2 (1.58) |
22.7 (0.89) |
37.0 (1.46) |
38.8 (1.53) |
54.3 (2.14) |
52.5 (2.07) |
59.8 (2.35) |
583.5 (22.97) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 9.1 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 84.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 94.7 | 116.5 | 168.9 | 186.6 | 209.8 | 253.1 | 276.5 | 260.8 | 218.6 | 147.4 | 103.1 | 93.5 | 2,129.5 |
Source: Meteorological data for Carcassonne - 126m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (in French) |
Hydrography
The drainage system of Aude is dominated by its river of the same name. The river rises at the Roc d'Aude and passes through the Matemale and Puyvalador dams on the Capcir plateau at 1500m, then crosses the department from south to north across Axat, Limoux, and Quillan following the upper valley of the Aude. At Carcassonne, the river changes direction toward the Mediterranean Sea to the east, where it empties near Fleury.
Principal towns
The most populous commune is Narbonne; the prefecture Carcassonne is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants:[4]
Commune | Population (2019) |
---|---|
Narbonne | 55,516 |
Carcassonne | 46,825 |
Castelnaudary | 12,187 |
Lézignan-Corbières | 11,317 |
Limoux | 10,012 |
History
Prehistory
Hammers and worked tools have been found on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne, dating from between 690,000 and 300,000 years ago. Most interesting is the skull of Tautavel Man, discovered in 1971 by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales department.[7] It is the oldest-known skull in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BC. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
Roman Era
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, first occupied the oppidum of Montlaurès in 118 BC, a few kilometres to the north of Narbonne. This became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the crossroads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea near the mouth of the river Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BC with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
Barbarian invasions
The
Middle Ages
In 817,
Catharism in Aude
In the 13th century, the region saw the development of
The Protestant crisis and economic expansion of the department
In 1561, religious troubles again arose at
The creation of the department
The present department is one of the original 83 departments created by the
The 20th century
The Aude enjoyed strong wine production whilst at the same time the grain farmers of Lauragais faced great difficulties. However, the department suffered from overproduction and a slump in sales of wine. In 1907 the crisis produced a winemakers' revolt. This led to the establishment of many Winemaking cooperatives in Aude from 1909.
Heraldry
Blazon: Gules, a cross of Toulouse Or within a bordure embattled argent.
|
Economy
Overview
Economically active population by economic sector, 2019[8] | |
---|---|
Agriculture | 8,309 people |
Industry | 9,098 people |
Construction | 8,826 people |
Tertiary sector |
100,474 people |
Agriculture and fisheries
Aude is an agricultural area dominated by vineyards. In the east are the wines of
Port-la-Nouvelle is the biggest fishing port in the department followed by Gruissan. In 1996 there were 127 vessels in Aude including 75 in Port-la-Nouvelle and 52 in Gruissan.[9] These vessels were as follows:
- Fishing trawlers: 19 in Port-la-Nouvelle
- tuna boats: 2 in Port-la-Nouvelle
- small craft: 106 including 54 in Port-La-Nouvelle and 52 in Gruissan
Small craft are recreational boats such as dinghies with one man fishing a lake or motor launches with up to three people fishing in coastal waters. About 85% of small craft are intended for lake fishing as in the Étang de Thau.
Viticulture
But the grapes and wines were not consumer products or self-sufficient for many years. Cereals and olive trees dominated the fertile plains of Aude. It was at the beginning of the 19th century that the wine industry developed in Aude and the rest of Languedoc-Roussillon. Wine then became a consumer product. Higher output was needed and vineyards replaced cereals on the plains. There was an initial period of prosperity to 1850 before
After the
The rich and varied soil of Aude together with abundant sunshine abounds enables Aude to produce quality wines. Many wines emanate from the department, ranging in quality from
There are seven main areas of production:
- Cabardès AOC (1),
- Corbières AOC (6),
- Côtes Malepère AOC near Carcassonne (2),
- Coteaux du Languedoc on the plain of Narbonnais (5),
- Fitou AOC (7),
- Limoux wine (3),
- Minervois AOC (4).
These areas produce different wines such as
Industry and energy
Industrial activity is strong in the upper valley of the Aude. It has been especially prominent around Limoux since the late nineteenth century; and the Lafarge brick plant there is still booming.
Since the 1970s, however, the Aude has seen a rapid decline in its traditional industries such as shoe and hat making. More recent activity is mostly centred around
From 1889, the high valley of Aude became increasingly important in generating
Today Aude is the leading department in France for the number of wind turbines installed. There are 113 in operation. They produce some 91
Crafts
Demography
The inhabitants of Aude are known as Audois. The 1990 census confirmed a growth in population since the 1960s with about 700 people more per year. This growth is explained by the return of pensioners aged over 60 years to their place of origin and to immigration from the Mediterranean basin.[12]
At the last census, the population of Aude represented 0.5% of the French population and 14.1% of the population of Languedoc-Roussillon. It is predominantly rural with a density of 48 inhabitants per km2, which is slightly less than half the national average. The two main cities, Carcassonne and Narbonne, are medium-sized cities comprising only one third of the inhabitants of the department. In 2017, the department had 370,260 inhabitants.
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Source: SPLAF[13] and INSEE[14] |
Transport
Two major roads cross the Aude. From west to east the A61 autoroute (Autoroute des Deux Mers) connects Narbonne and Toulouse via Carcassonne. From north to south, following the Mediterranean coast, the A9 autoroute links Montpellier with Spain.
The rail network follows the same route as the road network. It is a low speed system, but a project is under way to build a fast line to Spain as part of the Trans-European Rail network.
Finally, Aude is crossed by the Canal du Midi which is a major waterway that allows tourists to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It comes into the west of Aude at Seuil de Naurouze then joins the Mediterranean at Sète.
Politics
The people of Aude expressed
It was in Aude that François Mitterrand had his highest score in the 1981 presidential election with just over 63% of the vote.
Only affluent coastal areas surrounding Narbonne and the department's prefecture, Carcassonne give consideration to the right.
The President of the Departmental Council is Hélène Sandragné of the Socialist Party.
Current National Assembly Representatives
Constituency | Member[15] | Party | |
---|---|---|---|
Aude's 1st constituency | Danièle Hérin | La République En Marche!
| |
Aude's 2nd constituency | Alain Péréa | La République En Marche!
| |
Aude's 3rd constituency | Mireille Robert | La République En Marche!
|
Party | seats | |
---|---|---|
• | Socialist Party | 26 |
Union for a Popular Movement | 4 | |
• | French Communist Party | 2 |
• | Left Radical Party |
1 |
• | Miscellaneous Left |
1 |
Independent Workers' Party | 1 |
Education
Aude department in 2008 had 364 primary schools (schools of the first degree) serving 30,771 students. [16] Between 2000 and 2007, primary school enrollment steadily increased from 28,331 students to 30,491 students[16] At secondary level, the department had 31 colleges and 17 public and private high schools for about 23,000 students in 2006.[16]
Education in Aude now includes teaching in the Occitan language.
Culture
Festivals and traditions
The Carnival of Limoux is an Aude festival which takes place over a period of ten weeks or more. This is one of the longest carnivals in the world. It takes place in the town of Limoux on the Place de la République every weekend from mid-January to the end of March. It is characterized by bands in Pierrot costumes (known as les fécos) accompanied by musicians. In the region around Limoux a major celebration of gastronomy known as Toques et Clochers (literally, "Tall Hats & Steeples') organized by the winegrowers from Sieur d'Arques' takes place over the weekend of Palm Sunday. It permits the sale of a large quantity of wine in order to enhance local patronage.
Sport
Aude is the land of rugby league (rugby à XIII) with the teams of Limoux, Carcassonne and Lézignan among the elite. Puig Aubert (1925–1994) was a famous rugby league player who played with AS Carcassonne. There are numerous amateur rugby league clubs dotted all over the area.
Every 15 August, in Quillan, an international cycling competition takes place. This is the oldest of such contests in France.
The Tour de l'Aude is one of the most important female cycling events in the calendar. It generally takes place in May.
Gastronomy
Other specialties exist such as
Occitan
Occitan is spoken in the Aude in its Languedoc variant. The language emerged during the High Middle Ages from the Latin used in the south of Gaul.
In Aude, Occitan was rarely used in writing before the 11th century. However, several poets and
In the 1970s and the 1980s, new demands were made for the dignity of the language and for its teaching. Occitan speech reached a wider audience and singers like
It was in Aude that the first Occitan radio station broadcast in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon: Ràdio Lenga (Occitan) at 95.5 FM.
Tourism
Aude is a tourist department with a rich cultural heritage and varied natural sites. Since the 1990s, the Aude has developed the attractiveness of its territory by focusing on the development of the publicity surrounding Catharism. The Aude has been named Cathar Country by the General Council to mark the authentic and mysterious nature of the department, especially with its many Cathar castles.
Tourism is also promoted through a stock of hotel rooms in all categories of 313,500 beds available year-round. Aude estimates the number of tourist overnight stays to be 17.11 million in 2010 with a turnover of 842 million euros providing 5,800 full-time jobs and 9,500 seasonal jobs.[17]
In a very limited section of the Orbiel Valley the department has had occasional pollution problems because of its abandoned gold mines (with mercury and arsenic).
Overview of tourist areas
ruins. Other towns and villages worth visiting include Limoux, Quillan, Lézignan-Corbières, Lagrasse, Sigean and Leucate.Quillan lies 27 km further south in the upper Aude valley and is at the head of the branch railway from Carcassonne.
Lagrasse stands on the River Orbieu and has an 8th-century abbey, two very attractive bridges and an unchanged and very compact and delightful medieval stone village centre.
Sigean, 18 km south of Narbonne, lies between the A9 autoroute and the coast and has an African Reserve.
Leucate is a hilltop village, about 30 km south of Narbonne, which has spread down to the coast where Leucate Plage is a popular beach resort.
The
The Lauragais, that spreads on both sides of the administrative border between Aude and Haute-Garonne, is a historic and cultural area known since the Middle Ages for its abundant agricultural productions. With Castelnaudary as a central and major city, this region is also famous for the role it played during the Albigensian Crusade and for its local heritage: Canal du Midi and its springs, abbeys and churches, castles, disk-shaped steles, dovecotes, windmills, bastides, etc.
Wine production is extensive across Aude, and local chateaux and domaines provide free tastings as well as sales of wine and other local produce. With the decline of some local wine production, local government policy is now to attract more tourists to the area, and to assist with this the Corbières area is now labelled on maps and road signs as
Architectural heritage
The Aude has about fifteen
The department has many castles that have been developed by the General Council of the Aude to stimulate tourism. The fortresses are often located on rocky peaks, such as the castles of Quéribus and Lastours, which gave them a strategic position. The city of Carcassonne was the logistical hub of the country at the time of conflict with the Kingdom of Aragon.
Many abbeys exist throughout the department of Aude. The best known are Fontfroide Abbey, Lagrasse Abbey, the abbey of Sainte-Marie Villelongue-d'Aude, and the Abbey of Saint-Hilaire.
Narbonne Cathedral is a remarkable Gothic cathedral and remains unfinished. It is a symbol of the French presence in Languedoc in the Middle Ages.
Caving
Aude has many caves suitable for speleological exploration. The Pays de Sault consists of one of the largest limestone areas of the Pyrenees. This geology lends itself to the formation of cavities and there are many 'barrencs' (the local name for Pit caves). This plateau is home to a cave, the TM71, which is a superb cavity classified as a natural reserve since 1987. This is unique in France.
Other natural cavities of the Aude contain
Secondary housing
According to INSEE as of 2017[update] 25.4% of available housing in Aude consisted of secondary residences.[18] The following table indicates the main communes in Aude (population more than 2,000) where second homes or occasional residences comprise more than 10% of total housing.[19]
Communes with more than 10% Secondary Residences (2017)
Town | Population[20] | Number of homes | Second homes | % second homes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leucate | 4,428 | 16,240 | 13,662 | 84.1% |
Gruissan | 5,000 | 13,133 | 10,492 | 79.9% |
Fleury | 3,825 | 9,910 | 7,761 | 78.3% |
Port-la-Nouvelle | 5,567 | 7,514 | 4,546 | 60.5% |
Sigean | 5,477 | 3,485 | 635 | 18.2% |
Quillan | 3,258 | 2,697 | 462 | 17.1% |
Ouveillan | 2,463 | 1,389 | 229 | 16.5% |
Narbonne | 54,700 | 36,842 | 5,679 | 15.4% |
Salles-d'Aude | 3,255 | 1,767 | 261 | 14.8% |
Arts
Cinema
The diversity of the landscape, its authenticity, and the uniqueness of its monuments have attracted many filmmakers. Thus, the city of
) shot at Cabanes de Fleury (at the mouth of the Aude).More recently, the Count's castle in the city was the setting for
Painters
As for the cinema, it is the city of Carcassonne which attracts the greatest painters. Jacques Ourtal is the one who painted most of the city in trying to depict the city in different eras. Originally from Fontiers-Cabardès, the Aude painter Eugène Pech has created paintings of the city many times which are today scattered in various public and private collections. The four eras of the city can still be found in settings for "The City Hall".
Another Aude artist, Marie-Louise Petiet, is known for her transcriptions of scenes of popular life such as La marchande d'oranges (The Orange Seller) or La jeune fille aux oies (The young girl and the geese). Several of her works are visible at the Petiet Museum in Limoux. Les blanchisseuses (The Laundresses) depicting a laundry lesson is particularly remarkable and well-known. Finally, Paul Sibra, an expert in landscape-painting, nicknamed "le peintre du Lauragais", produced thousands of paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the rural life of the people of Lauragais in the 1940s.
Achilles Laugé (born 1861 in Arzens, died 1944 in Cailhau), misunderstood because of his pointillist technique, was able to show the dawning of spring especially with the
Another artist, Lina Bill (Louis Bonnot), born at Gruissan in 1855 and died in Avignon in 1936, painted Provence and the Mediterranean (museums of Narbonne, Carcassonne, and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris).
Notable people
- Publius Terentius Varro Atacinus (82-37 BC), Roman epic poet.[21]
- Saint Prudent(3rd century), Archbishop of Narbonne and martyr
- Saint Sebastian (3rd century AD), Christian martyr, according to legend from Gallia Narbonensis.[22]
- Ermengarde de Narbonne (1127-1196), Vicountess of Narbonne
- Fabre d'Eglantine (1750-1794), composer, actor, playwright, and politician, guillotined during the Terror.[23]
- Félix Barthe (1795-1863), Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, Minister of Justice, and first president of the Court of Auditors
- Charles Cros (1842-1888), poet and scientist, he originated the process of colour photography and the phonograph
- Marcelin Albert (1851-1921), leader of the revolt of the wine growers in 1907
- Prosper Montagné (1865-1948), chef, author of numerous books on gastronomy
- Léon Blum (1872–1950), politician, Member of Parliament for Narbonne who became Prime Minister in 1936
- Louis Barthas (1879-1952), cooper, author, and veteran of WWI
- Henri de Monfreid (1879-1974), adventurer and writer, author of numerous books including the Secrets of the Red Sea
- Loís Alibèrt (1884-1959) Occitan linguist, notable author of a grammar and a dictionary based on classical standard Occitan
- Pierre Reverdy (1889-1960), writer, a precursor of surrealism
- Joseph Delteil (1894-1978) writer from Pieusse
- Joë Bousquet (1897-1950), poet and surrealist writer
- French Résistancefighter during WWII.
- Roger Peyrefitte (1907-2000) writer
- Charles Trenet (1913–2001), singer and poet born at Narbonne, famous for the song La Mer
- Jean Cau (1925-1993), writer, columnist, journalist, born in Bram, he was secretary for Jean-Paul Sartre
- Gérard Schivardi (1950-), Mayor of Mailhac, candidate in the French Presidential election of 2007
- Olivia Ruiz (1980-), singer, born in Carcassonne
- Dimitri Szarzewski (1983-), Hooker on the French Rugby Union Team
- Camille Lacourt (1985-), swimmer, born in Narbonne
- Spanghero Family, famous Rugby Union players, who began their careers at RC Narbonne
- Didier Codorniou, former international rugby player
- Amédée Domenech, former international rugby player
See also
- County of Razès
- Cantons of the Aude department
- Communes of the Aude department
- Arrondissements of the Aude department
- Diocese of Aude
References
- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
- ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
- . (in French)
- ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 11 Aude, INSEE
- ^ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
- ^ Data from the Station at Carcassonne from 1981 to 2010 (in French)
- ^ Discovery made in July 1971 See the Tautavel site Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- INSEE(in French)
- ^ Economy of the Aude Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine on the préfecture of Aude website (in French)
- ^ Source dated 7 March 2006: Préfecture of Aude Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ Data source is prefecture of Aude Presentation on Aude Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "AUDE". www.aude.gouv.fr. 13 May 2022.
- ^ Historique de l'Aude, SPLAF
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
- ^ a b c Academic inspection of the Aude Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 25 June 2009, Ac-montpellier.fr, accessed 16 August 2010
- ^ General Council of Aude Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- INSEE(in French)
- ^ Logements et résidences principales en 2017, figures as at 1 January 2017
- ^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017, INSEE
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 924. .
- ^ Delehaye, Hippolyte (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.).
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 118. .
Sources
- The Colours of Aude, André Authier and Jean-Philippe Vidal, Pélican ISBN 978-2-7191-0630-3(in French)
- Aude from prehistory to today, Jacques Crémadeilis, Saint-Jean-d’Angély, 1989, 430 p. (in French)
- Aude People: biographical dictionary, Rémy Cazals and Daniel Fabre, Carcassonne, Association des Amis des Archives de l’Aude, Société d’études scientifiques de l’Aude, 1990, 347 p. (in French)
- Michel Gayraud, Narbonne ancient origins at the end of the 3rd century. Paris, De Boccard, Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, Supplément 8, 1981, 591 p. (in French)
- History of Narbonne, Jacques Michaud and André Cabanis, Toulouse, Privat, 2004, 330 p. (in French)
- Aude, Cathar Country, collective work, Guides Gallimard, 2004 (in French)
- Bilotte M. et Al., Géology of the Department of Aude, Société d'études scientifiques de l'Aude, 1989 (in French)
- I write to you of Carcassonne, Claude Marti and Patrice Cartier, Du Mont, 2011 (in French)
External links
- Departmental council website (in French)
- Prefecture website (in French)
- Aude official tourism website
- (in French) Department of Aude Accounts for the communes and groupings[permanent dead link]: - Individual Data Principle budget only, Consolidated data in principle budget and annexes