August 1960

August 11, 1960 (Thursday)

• Representatives of NASA,
  James A. Chamberlin of the Space Task Group was appointed chairman of a joint committee to resolve the problems and to provide a solution prior to the Mercury-Atlas 2 (MA-2) mission.^[10]
• The
  Republic of Chad, formerly part of French Equatorial Africa as French Chad, became independent, with François Tombalbaye as its first president.^[23]
• The
  Mercury spacecraft landing system qualification test program was completed.^[10]

August 12, 1960 (Friday)

• NASA successfully launched
  Holmdel, New Jersey. The largest satellite launched up to that time, Echo was big enough that it could be seen from the Earth as it orbited at an average altitude of 1,000 miles (1,600 km).^[1]
• Iven C. Kincheloe in an X-2 in 1956.^[1]
• Dr. Seuss published the popular children's book, Green Eggs and Ham, which has sold more than 8 million copies worldwide as of 2019.

August 13, 1960 (Saturday)

• The Central African Republic, formerly Ubangi-Shari in the colony of French Equatorial Africa, became independent, with David Dacko as its president.^[24]
• Typhoon Wendy killed at least 18 people in central Japan.^[1]

August 14, 1960 (Sunday)

• chairman Kim Il Sung made his first proposal for the reunification of his nation and South Korea under a "North–South Confederation" or "Confederal Republic of Koryo". The plan, proposed again in 1971, 1980 and 1991, envisioned both nations initially keeping their political systems, with a "Supreme National Committee" to guide cultural and economic development.^[25]
• Born: Sarah Brightman, English singer; in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire

August 15, 1960 (Monday)

• The Republic of the Congo, an autonomous colony of France since 1958, formerly known as the
  Congo (Léopoldville) (later Zaire), and now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Former Roman Catholic priest Fulbert Youlou became the nation's first president.^[26]

August 16, 1960 (Tuesday)

• free-fall by falling 16 miles (25.7 km) over a period of 4 minutes and 38 seconds before opening his parachute; and fastest speed by a human without motorized assistance (614 mph).^[27] On October 14, 2012, Felix Baumgartner of Austria (using Kittinger as his adviser) would break all of Kittinger's records except for the longest duration for a free-fall, plunging 128,100 ft (39,045 m) in 4 minutes, 19 seconds.^[28]
• After 82 years as a British colony, the Mediterranean island of
  Archbishop Makarios III as its president, and Turkish Cypriot Fazıl Küçük as its vice-president.^[1] The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia would remain as British Overseas Territories
  .
• At the design engineering inspection of Mercury spacecraft No. 7, which took place from August 16 to 18, the astronauts made a number of requests for changes in the control panel area to facilitate pilot operation.^[10]

August 17, 1960 (Wednesday)

• While campaigning for the presidency in Greensboro, North Carolina, Richard Nixon bumped his left knee on a car door. What seemed, at first, to be a minor injury, led to a painful infection and Nixon's hospitalization on August 29.^[29] Nixon was kept at Walter Reed Hospital for 11 days, until asking to be discharged early on September 9 after a poll showed that John F. Kennedy had taken a lead over him in voter preferences.^[30] His injury, his nearly two-week absence from the campaign trail, and his continued illness would be cited by historians as a factor in his defeat, from the loss of momentum after his nomination^[31] to his poor appearance in the first televised presidential debate.^[32]
• The first successful running of a computer program written in COBOL was carried out on an RCA 501 computer.^[33] COBOL, the "Common Business Oriented Language", was an improvement in the adaptation of the FLOW-MATIC computer language developed by Grace Hopper.
• In Argentina, after Eichmann's capture, fascist Tacuara, a neo-Nazi group at the time, shot at their Jewish colleague students, injuring 15-year-old Edgardo Trilnik.^[34]
• Kiev, killing all 27 people on board.^[1][35]
• Gabon, formerly part of French Equatorial Africa, was granted independence from France.
• Born: Sean Penn, American actor, screenwriter, and politician; in Santa Monica, California^[36]

August 18, 1960 (Thursday)

• The first photograph ever from a
  spy satellite was taken, after the launch of the American Discoverer 14 at 12:15 p.m. PDT, and showed a Soviet airfield at Mys Shmidta.^[37] With 3,000 feet (910 m) of film, the satellite took more pictures than all 24 of the U-2 spy plane flights put together, and revealed the existence, not previously known to the U.S., of 64 airfields and 26 missile bases.^[38]
• At a meeting of the
  CIA Director Allen Dulles that Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba needed to be "eliminated" in order to keep the Congo from becoming "another Cuba". Robert Johnson, who took notes of the meeting, revealed the information at a Senate hearing years later.^[39]
• A French Navy bomber exploded over Morocco, killing all 27 people on board.[1]
• Died: Peter Poole, 28, English-born engineer, the first white man in Kenya to be hanged for the murder of a black house servant, Kamawe Musunge.^[40]

August 19, 1960 (Friday)

• The Soviet Union launched
  Sputnik 5 into orbit, with the dogs Belka and Strelka (Russian for "Squirrel" and "Little Arrow"), 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants. Recovered the next day after 18 orbits, the menagerie became the first living animals to return safely to Earth after being placed into orbit.^[1][41]
• A capsule from the
  C-119 Flying Boxcar, one of ten in the recovery area, snagged the object with "trapeze-like hooks" at an altitude of 8,500 feet (2,600 m).^[1][19]
• In Moscow, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers was convicted of espionage against the Soviet Union, and sentenced to ten years imprisonment.^[42] Powers would be released two years later in exchange for the spy Rudolf Abel.
• A French Navy bomber exploded over Morocco, killing all 27 people on board.^[1]

August 20, 1960 (Saturday)

• Republic of Mali.^[1]
• Regular television broadcasting began in Norway as the NRK network (Norsk rikskringkasting AS, or Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation) launched what is now its channel NRK1.

August 21, 1960 (Sunday)

• USS Seadragon completed the first undersea crossing of the Northwest Passage, and then turned toward the North Pole.^[43]
• Died: David B. Steinman, 74, American bridge engineer^[44]

August 22, 1960 (Monday)

• Leaders of the Tunisian-based Algerian Provisional Government asked the United Nations to hold a referendum in French Algeria on the question of independence from France.^[1][45]
• Discussions in Geneva, between the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom on a nuclear test-ban treaty, were adjourned indefinitely.^[1]

August 23, 1960 (Tuesday)

• IBM Corporation, the checksum
  formula provides a method for validating credit card numbers.
• Died: Oscar Hammerstein II, 65, American lyricist who is best known for his collaborations with composer Richard Rodgers. A week later, the lights of Times Square^[47] were turned off for one minute, and London's West End^[48] lights were dimmed in recognition of his contribution to the musical.

August 24, 1960 (Wednesday)

• In Washington, reporters asked President Eisenhower about vice-president (and Republican presidential candidate) Richard Nixon's experience. Charles Mohr of Time magazine asked Ike "if you could give us an example of a major idea of his that you had adopted..." and the President replied "If you give me a week, I might think of one."^[49][50]
• The
  Sabin polio vaccine, designed by Dr. Albert Sabin to be taken orally rather than the polio shots developed by Dr. Jonas Salk, was announced as "suitable for use in the United States" by Surgeon General Leroy Edgar Burney.^[51]
• McDonnell Aircraft Corporation proposed a one-man
  Mercury capsule plus a cylindrical space laboratory capable of supporting one astronaut in a shirtsleeve environment for 14 days in orbit.^[52]
• The "
  coldest temperature recorded on Earth" was measured at −88.3 °C (−126.9 °F) at the Soviet Vostok Station.^[53]
  The current record low is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), recorded at the same station on July 21, 1983.
• Sixty people were killed in Brazil when a bus fell from a bridge into a river near São José do Rio Preto.^[1]
• Born:
  • Steven W. Lindsey, American astronaut; in Arcadia, California^[54]
  • Takashi Miike, Japanese filmmaker; in Yao, Osaka^[55]
  • Cal Ripken Jr., American baseball player; in Havre de Grace, Maryland

August 25, 1960 (Thursday)

• The 1960 Summer Olympics opened in Rome, with a record 5,348 athletes from 83 nations competing. Cross-country champion Giancarlo Peris lit the Olympic flame after Italy's President Giovanni Gronchi declared the Games of the 17th Olympiad open. Competition would continue until September 11.^[56]
• The submarine USS Seadragon surfaced at the North Pole, where the crew played softball in the northernmost athletic competition ever staged.^{[57][failed verification]}

August 26, 1960 (Friday)

• John Devitt of Australia was declared the winner over Lance Larson of the United States in a controversial judgment at the Summer Olympic swimming competition in the men's 100 meter freestyle.^[58]
• CIA Director Allen Dulles cabled instructions to station chief Larry Devlin, authorizing wider authority for the "removal" of Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba, including assassination.^[39]
• Born: Branford Marsalis, American jazz musician; in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana
• Died: Knud Enemark Jensen, 23, Danish cyclist, in a hospital in Rome after fracturing his skull in a fall during his Olympic cycling event.^[59] A post-mortem examination revealed that he was under the influence of performance-enhancing drugs.^[58]

August 27, 1960 (Saturday)

• In what became known in the press as "
  Hemming Plaza.^[60]
• The weekly syndicated country music radio series Louisiana Hayride, which had been broadcast from the Memorial Auditorium in Shreveport, Louisiana since 1948, was retired. Featured on the final broadcast on flagship station KWKH were Grandpa Jones and African-American singer Johnny Mathis.^[61]
• In the final of the
  Women's 200 metre breaststroke at the Olympics, British swimmer Anita Lonsbrough broke the world record with a time of 2:49.5, a 1⁄2 second ahead of West Germany's Wiltrud Urselmann.^[58]

August 28, 1960 (Sunday)

• The Declaration of San José, resulting from a meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs at San José, Costa Rica,^[62] condemned any interference by extra-continental powers in the affairs of the American republics. The declaration was approved unanimously (19–0).
• The United Nations announced that it had sufficient peacekeeping troops in the Congo to preserve order, and demanded that the last of Belgium's forces there be withdrawn.^[1]

August 29, 1960 (Monday)

• A 300 ft (91 m) diameter weather balloon, described by the U.S. Air Force as "the largest ever launched", crashed into a home in Stockton, California, an hour after being sent up from Vernalis Air Force Base. Mrs. Ben Petero evacuated her six children from the frame house after realizing that the balloon was descending on the family home.^[63]
• Hazza Majali, the Prime Minister of Jordan, was assassinated in the explosion of a time bomb that had been placed in one of the drawers of his desk, at his office in Amman. Eleven other people were killed as well, and 65 were injured.^[64]
• Australian swimmer
  Women's 100 metres freestyle for the second time. The next day, Fraser clashed with her teammates, who shunned her for the remainder of the Games in the tradition of "sending one to Coventry".^[58]
• Air France Flight 343, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliner on a flight from Paris, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while attempting to land during a torrential rain at Dakar in Senegal, killing all 63 people on board.^[65][66]

August 30, 1960 (Tuesday)

• John F. Kennedy appointed four "Cold War" aides in anticipation of his victory in the United States presidential election.^[67]
• Born: Chalino Sánchez, Mexican singer and songwriter; in Municipio de Culiacán, Sinaloa (died of gunshot wounds, 1992)^[68]

August 31, 1960 (Wednesday)

• South Africa lifted the state of emergency that had been in effect since the
  Sharpesville massacre in March.^[69]
• Born: Hassan Nasrallah, General Secretary of Hezbollah; in Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon^[70]

References