August 1964

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August 2, 1964: North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats confront USS Maddox (below) in the Gulf of Tonkin, escalation of Vietnam War follows
U.S. Navy destroyer USS Maddox (DD-731)
August 20, 1964: U.S. President Johnson signs the Economic Opportunity Act into law during the War on Poverty

The following events occurred in August 1964:

August 1, 1964 (Saturday)

August 2, 1964 (Sunday)

  • The
    North Vietnamese torpedo boats
    were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed and six wounded.
  • Swimmers broke two world records on the final day of the Amateur Athletic Union's national championships in Los Altos, California, in a meet where competitors had set 10 new world bests. Murray Rose of Australia swam the men's 1,500-meter freestyle in 17 minutes, 1.8 seconds, and 15-year-old Sharon Stouder set a new mark for the women's 200-meter butterfly at 2 minutes, 26.4 seconds.[6]
  • The wreckage of a plane piloted by popular singer Jim Reeves was found near Brentwood, Tennessee, 42 hours after it crashed. Reeves' body had been thrown from the aircraft, while the body of his manager, Dean Manuel, was found inside the plane.[7]
  • British driver John Surtees won the 1964 German Grand Prix.[8]
  • Born:
    Fort Jackson, South Carolina
  • Died: Carel Godin de Beaufort, 30, Dutch nobleman and motorsport driver; from injuries from crash during practice for the German Grand Prix[9]

August 3, 1964 (Monday)

August 4, 1964 (Tuesday)

August 4, 1964: The bodies of Schwerner, Goodman and Chaney
  • The bodies of murdered
    civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney were found at the site of an earthen dam on a farm near Philadelphia, Mississippi, where they had disappeared on June 21.[17] Acting on a tip from an informer who was motivated by a $30,000 reward, FBI agents obtained a warrant to search the "Old Jolly Farm" with the assistance of road-grading equipment. After six hours, at 2:05 in the afternoon, the searchers "smelled decaying flesh" and began excavating with shovels. Schwerner's body was found 73 minutes later, followed by those of Goodman and Chaney.[18]
  • The second
    Lyndon Johnson would authorize a retaliatory air strike from the carrier USS Ticonderoga and deliver a late-night televised address calling Congress to action.[20] Three days later, Congress would overwhelmingly authorize American use of force to a war that would claim the lives of over 58,000 Americans and one million Vietnamese. Nearly 40 years later, declassified information would show that the President was skeptical about the second attack,[21] and the National Security Agency concluded after analyzing 140 formerly secret documents that, although there was no doubt about the August 2 attack on the Maddox, there had never been a second attack. NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok concluded that, "In truth, Hanoi's navy was engaged in nothing that night but the salvage of two of the boats damaged on 2 August. SIGINT reports which suggested that an attack had occurred contained severe analytical errors, unexplained translation changes and the conjunction of two unrelated messages into one translation."[22] The overall consensus is that "there was no attack on the American ships on August 4, but... Johnson believed that there had been an attack when he ordered retaliation."[23]
  • Nine miners in a French limestone quarry were rescued alive after being trapped for eight days by a cave-in near Champagnole. Another five died beneath the surface.[24]

August 5, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 6, 1964 (Thursday)

August 7, 1964 (Friday)

  • By a unanimous (416 to 0) vote in the House of Representatives and an 88 to 2 vote in the Senate, the United States Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, endorsing President Lyndon B. Johnson's broad use of war powers to combat North Vietnamese and local Communist attacks in Vietnam. The approval would clear the way for a massive American commitment to the Vietnam War. The only two votes against the resolution came from Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon and Senator Ernest Gruening of Alaska. U.S. Representative Adam Clayton Powell Jr. of New York did not vote for or against the resolution, and chose to vote "present" during the roll call.[36] The resolution authorized the president to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States" and "to assist any member" of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, but fell short of a declaration of war. The resolution would be repealed by both houses of Congress on June 24, 1970, although American combat operations would continue into 1973.[37]
  • On the same day, the People's Republic of China warned that it would "without hesitation... resolutely support the Vietnamese people's just war against U.S. aggressors", though not committing to direct military intervention. American strategy during the war would be set when the Beijing government "informed Washington privately that it would not go beyond material aid provided that the United States did not invade North Vietnam with ground forces", which would be considered a threat to China's frontier.[38]
  • The funeral for James Chaney, the first for the three victims of the murder in Neshoba County, Mississippi, was held before African-American mourners at the First Union Baptist Church in Meridian, and one of the eulogies was given by a white preacher, Ed King, the chaplain at Tougaloo College. "I come before you to try to say that my brothers have killed my brothers," he told the gathering. "My white brothers have killed my black brothers." Pastor King, a native of Vicksburg, had fought for civil rights since 1960 and had been frequently jailed and beaten for his activities.[39][40]
  • Born: Carlo Colombara, Italian operatic bass; in Bologna[41]
  • Died:

August 8, 1964 (Saturday)

  • The Turkish Air Force began strikes on seven Greek Cypriot towns and villages in Cyprus, as well as other strategic positions on the northwest side of the island republic. The Cyprus government said that 24 Greek Cypriots had been killed, and 200 wounded in the day's attacks. Turkey's government admitted to the strikes, and said that they had happened after efforts to stop Greek Cypriot attacks against the Turkish Cypriot minority had proved to be unsuccessful. Three Turkish Cypriot villages (Ayios Theodhoros, Mansoura and Alvega) were besieged by Greek Cypriots, while the Turks blasted Polis, Xeros, Kokkina, Kato Pyrgos, Ghoudi, Pakhyammos and Pomos.[43] The United Nations Security Council demanded an immediate cease-fire the next day, and attacks halted on August 10. For nearly ten years, there would be no further invasions by either Turkey or Greece, until July 20, 1974, following the overthrow of the Cyprus government by a group favoring union with Greece. Following an invasion by Turkish troops, the island would be divided into Turkish and Greek zones.[44]
  • A group of 30 U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force jet fighters took to the air to confront a wave of MiG fighters from the
    Hainan Island. The F-102 fighters departed from the USAF base at Da Nang while the F-4 and F-8 jets departed from the aircraft carriers Ticonderoga and Constellation, but the Chinese jets stopped short of penetrating South Vietnamese airspace and flew a "holding pattern" over North Vietnam.[45]
  • The first protest demonstration against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War came on the first weekend after U.S. air raids, with about 100 protesters marching near New York's Times Square.[46]
  • A Rolling Stones concert in the Netherlands resort of Scheveningen, near The Hague, ended in a near riot after the Stones had played only four songs.[47][48]
  • Born: Jan Josef Liefers, German film and television actor; in Dresden, East Germany
  • Died: Josie Hannon Fitzgerald, 98, maternal grandmother of the late John F. Kennedy. She was the first, and remains the only, living grandparent of an incumbent President of the United States. Mrs. Fitzgerald had never been told that her grandson had been assassinated and relatives had kept the news from her for fear that the shock would hasten her death.[49]

August 9, 1964 (Sunday)

August 10, 1964 (Monday)

  • Associate Justice
    Pickrick Restaurant (owned by Lester Maddox in Atlanta) for a temporary stay of enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provisions prohibiting racial discrimination in public accommodations. Both the motel and the restaurant had urged that they would suffer irreparable injury (in the form of lost revenues) if they had to serve African-American customers while litigation on the constitutionality of the new law was pending before the Supreme Court, which would not begin its new term until October. In a three-page memorandum, Justice Black wrote that a restraint on enforcement would be unjustifiable, but urged his fellow justices to expedite the cases "in the hope that they could be made ready for final argument the first week we meet in October."[55]
  • In the Soviet Union, the number of years of required secondary education was reduced from three years to two years, effectively returning Soviet students to the ten-year school program that had existed prior to 1958. The decree was issued jointly by the Council of Ministers and by the Communist Party's Central Committee prior to the beginning of the 1964–1965 school year.[56]
  • Ecclesiam suam, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ.[57] Completed on August 6, the papal letter expressed an intent for the church to begin a "dialogue with the other religions of the world", and with anti-religious governments within the Communist nations.[58]
  • President Johnson signed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which took effect as U.S. Public Law 88–408.[59]
  • Turkey and Cyprus agreed to the unconditional ceasefire demanded by the United Nations.[60]
  • Logan Martin Lake, a reservoir on the Coosa River, Alabama, was completed.

August 11, 1964 (Tuesday)

  • In Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Alice Lenshina surrendered voluntarily to Zambian authorities "in exchange for a guarantee of her personal safety" but without any promises that she would avoid criminal prosecution. Thousands of Lenshina's followers would be imprisoned or killed during the two months that followed, and another 20,000 would flee to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[61] Although Lenshina would not be prosecuted, she would remain in detention until her death on December 7, 1978.[62]
  • One-hundred and six U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force troops were dispatched to the
    Fort Bragg, North Carolina included 40 paratroopers from the Army's 82nd Airborne Division, 56 men from the Air Force maintenance group, and ten Army support personnel, went along with four C-130 transports to be used by the Congo government to airlift its soldiers.[63]
  • The U.S. Senate approved the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended by the House of Representatives, and sent it to the White House for the approval of President Johnson. At the same time as it was approving domestic aid to fight poverty among Americans, the Senate voted 50-35 to cut foreign aid by $216.7 million. On Saturday, the House of Representatives had voted 226 to 185 to amend the Economic Opportunity bill that had passed the Senate on July 23.[64]
  • The Beatles' first film, A Hard Day's Night, was released in the United States and Canada by United Artists in 700 movie theaters.[65]

August 12, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 13, 1964 (Thursday)

  • Restaurateur Lester Maddox shut down the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta rather than to evade a judicial order requiring him to serve African-American customers.[72] After reopening it as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria to capitalize on his nationwide fame and to evade the judicial order against the Pickrick, Maddox would close his restaurant permanently on February 5, 1965, following a judgment upholding the August order, and threatening him with a retroactive $200 a day fine (for the 180 days of defying the court). He would parlay his popularity into a political career, winning the election for Governor of Georgia in 1966.[73]
  • The
    Columbia Broadcasting System, owner of the CBS television and radio networks.[74] CBS paid $11,200,000 for an 80% interest in the team beginning in November, with an option to buy the other 20% within the next five years; by September, 1966, CBS would be the full owner. After eight seasons of mediocrity during the "CBS years" from 1965 through 1972, the television network would sell the team to George Steinbrenner in 1973.[75]
  • Murderers
    Peter Anthony Allen became the last people to be executed in the United Kingdom. Evans was hanged at the Strangways prison in Manchester, and Allen went to the gallows at the Walton Gaol in Liverpool. A year later, the UK would abolish the death penalty.[76] Evans and Allen, aged 24 and 21, respectively, had been dairy workers when they stabbed a laundry truck driver, John Allen West, in the heart during a robbery.[77][78]
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 62 to 28, to bar all aid to Indonesia.[79]
  • Born: Jay Buhner, American baseball player; in Louisville, Kentucky
  • Died:
    National Labor Relations Act
    , then managed the national economy during World War II and the peacetime transition as Chairman of the War Labor Board and then the Director of Economic Stabilization.

August 14, 1964 (Friday)

  • The
    Sa'dah, forcing Imam al-Badr to flee for his life; in September 1964, he and the royalists would receive supplies from Saudi Arabia and would mount a counteroffensive.[80]
  • At a meeting of the NASA-
    Gemini spacecraft No. 6, it would take up space that would otherwise be available for experiments on that mission, and the same would be true on subsequent missions. A study was requested from McDonnell, as well as suggestions for alternative plans. One such alternative proposed was the storing of some experiments in the adapter section - but this meant that EVA would be a prerequisite for those experiments.[81]
  • Muhammad Ali married cocktail waitress Sonji Roi, a month after their first meeting.[82]

August 15, 1964 (Saturday)

August 16, 1964 (Sunday)

August 17, 1964 (Monday)

Proposed Apollo "X" spacecraft in launch and Earth-orbit configurations
  • MSC's Spacecraft Integration Branch proposed an
    Apollo spacecraft and its systems, with minimum modifications consisting of redundancies and spares. The concept provided for a first-phase mission which would consider the Apollo "X" a two-person Earth-orbiting laboratory for a period of 14 to 45 days. The spacecraft would be boosted into a 370-kilometre (230 mi) orbit by a Saturn IB launch vehicle. Variations of configurations under consideration provided for Configuration A, a two-person crew, 14- to 45- day mission, no lab module; Configuration B, a three-person crew, 45-day mission, single lab module; Configuration C, a three-person crew, 45-day mission, dependent systems double lab module; and Configuration D, a three-person crew, 120-day mission, independent systems lab module.[10]
  • Construction was completed on the
    District of Columbia and passes through Maryland and Virginia as I-495. The first section of the route, originally called the "Washington Circumferential Highway", had been opened in Maryland in 1957 as one of the first projects in the American Interstate Highway System; the project cost an estimated $189,000,000 at the time.[92]
  • A year and a half after the Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia began on the island of Borneo, about 100 Indonesian Army troops landed on the Malaysian mainland, launching an amphibious invasion on the peninsula at Pontian. A historian notes that the troops (and a force of paratroopers) "expected to be welcomed by the people" but were immediately turned over to the national government by local militias.[93]
  • A severe
    complex 19 interrupted testing of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 2. Several observers reported a lightning strike at or near complex 19. All testing was halted for a thorough investigation of this so-called electromagnetic incident.[81]
  • Died: Keiji Sada, 37, Japanese actor; in a car accident[94]

August 18, 1964 (Tuesday)

  • At the
    Wartburg Castle in Eisenach in East Germany, Socialist Unity Party Chairman Walter Ulbricht met with Moritz Mitzenheim, the Evangelical Lutheran Bishop of Thuringia, and the two signed a "document on church-state understanding".[95] Although Bishop Mitzenheim was not authorized to speak on behalf of all of East Germany's Protestant churches, there were concessions made, with the East German evangelical Lutherans associating less with the West German church, and East Germany allowing pacifists an alternative form of military service that did not require them to bear arms.[96]
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 44 to 41, to table a bill that would have required equal television and radio time to Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater in the presidential campaign if the two candidates did not participate in a debate. All 44 of the votes for postponing consideration of the legislation were from Democratic Party senators; 12 other Democrats joined all 29 Republican senators in opposing the move.[97]
  • The International Olympic Committee banned South Africa from future participation in the Olympic Games after the nation's white-minority government declined to disassociate itself from its apartheid policy of barring non-whites from its Olympic team.[98] Frank Braun, President of the South African Olympic Committee, had informed the IOC that it did not intend to change its policies.[99][100]
  • In The Ashes, the five-match test cricket series between Australia and England, Australia retained its title despite having won only one of the matches, and despite the consensus that the English team was the better of the two. The other four meetings ended in draws, including the final match, which was ruined by the weather, giving Australia the 1–0 victory for the series.[101][102]
  • Lebanon's Parliament voted, 99 to 5, to elect Education Minister Charles Helou as the nation's new President.[103] Helou would take office on September 23.
  • Died: Hildegard Trabant, 37, was shot by East German border guards while attempting to cross into West Berlin.[104] Unlike almost all other deaths at the Berlin Wall, Trabant's killing would go unnoticed in the West until the discovery of the incident 26 years later in East German files in 1990.

August 19, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 20, 1964 (Thursday)

August 21, 1964 (Friday)

  • U.S. Navy Lieutenant
    RF-8A Crusader jet was shot down over Laos, managed to escape his captors after he and five Laotian and Thai prisoners of war were able to tunnel under the wall of the compound and sneak past sentries. He and one of the five POWs were able to reach safety at Bouam Long. Lt. Klusmann would be one of only two U.S. Navy aviators to escape prison during the Vietnam War.[113][114]
  • Born: Gary Elkerton, Australian surfer nicknamed "Kong"; three time world masters champion (2000, 2001 and 2003); in Ballina, New South Wales
  • Died: Palmiro Togliatti, 71, Italian politician and General Secretary of the Italian Communist party (PCI), died while vacationing in the Soviet Union at the Black Sea resort of Yalta. Togliatti, who had led the largest Communist Party in Western Europe since 1926, and been in poor health since being shot four times in a 1948 assassination attempt.[115] Togliatti was succeeded as PCI secretary by Luigi Longo.

August 22, 1964 (Saturday)

August 23, 1964 (Sunday)

  • Layla Balabakki, a Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim, feminist, journalist and bestselling author, was exonerated from obscenity charges arising from her collection of short stories, Safinat hanan ila al-quamar (The Spaceship of Tenderness to the Moon). Charges against her were dropped and the copies of the book (which had been confiscated by police from all bookstores in Beirut) were returned to their owners.[121]
  • Binyanei HaUmmah in Jerusalem. Stravinsky, who had composed the work on commission from the Israel Festival Committee, wrote the original lyrics in Hebrew.[122]
  • The Beatles performed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California, one of the two concerts were compiled as the 1977 live album The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl.[123]
  • Born: Kong Hee, Singaporean pastor and founder of the City Harvest Church who was later convicted for the embezzlement of $50 million (USD) of church funds and the subsequent coverup
  • Died: Estella Canziani, 87, British travel writer, folklorist and painter

August 24, 1964 (Monday)

August 25, 1964 (Tuesday)

August 26, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 27, 1964 (Thursday)

Edmund Kemper's 1964 mugshot
  • At the age of 15, the would-be serial killer Edmund Kemper shot and killed his grandmother in the head and neck with his hunting rifle after having an argument in the kitchen. He then shot his grandfather in the driveway after he returned from grocery shopping. Unsure of what to do next, he phoned his mother, who told him to contact the local police. Kemper did so and waited to be taken into custody.[132]
  • Hurricane Cleo struck the Cape Kennedy area. Stage II of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 2 was deerected and stored; the erector was lowered to horizontal, and stage I was lashed in its vertical position. Stage II was reerected September 1. When forecasts indicated that Hurricane Dora would strike Cape Kennedy, both stages of GLV-2 were deerected on September 8 and secured in the Missile Assembly Building. Hurricane Ethel subsequently threatened the area, and both stages remained in the hanger until September 14, when they were returned to complex 19 and reerected.[81]
  • The
    Mike Hoare, and freed 135 Western hostages who had been captured during the Simba rebellion.[134]
  • President Johnson accepted the Democratic Party nomination on his 56th birthday.[135] Johnson, who had become President of the United States the previous November 22 after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, invoked the late President's name and told delegates, "Let us here rededicate ourselves to keeping burning the golden torch of promise which John Kennedy set aflame!"
  • Walt Disney's hit film Mary Poppins, starring Julie Andrews in the title role and Dick Van Dyke, made its first appearance, with a première at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California.[136] The film would go on to become Disney's biggest moneymaker, and would win five Academy Awards, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for Andrews.
  • With the opening of the Tsukuda Bridge over Japan's Sumida River, the residents of the island of Tsukishima were able to drive to neighboring Tokyo for the first time, and the ferryboat that had serviced the residents for years made its last run.[137]
  • In South Vietnam, troops of the
    Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN) opened fire on a crowd of 3,000 unarmed Roman Catholic demonstrators who were protesting outside of the national military headquarters.[138]
  • Troops from the
    Himalayan Mountains pass at Nathu La in the first of numerous incursions.[139]
  • Born:
  • Died:

August 28, 1964 (Friday)

  • The United States launched the weather satellite Nimbus 1, the first man-made object to be placed into a near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth. Traveling in an elliptical orbit 263 miles (423 km), Nimbus 1 was always above an area of the globe during a period of maximum sunlight, which allowed almost full coverage of the planet and powered the satellite's 10,500 solar cells. The satellite would go out of commission 26 days later, due to a malfunction of its solar panels, but managed to transmit 27,000 images during the 1964 Atlantic hurricane season, including Hurricane Dora and Hurricane Gladys.[144]
  • A
    African American residents and the city police escalated. During the two nights of violence, two people would be killed, 339 injured, and 774 arrested.[145] The triggering incident happened when two city policemen, one black and one white, had attempted to move an automobile that was blocking an intersection. When the owner's wife, an African-American, confronted them and was arrested, bystanders began attacking the two police men.[146]
  • After pressure from the United States, Japan's Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda announced that American nuclear submarines would be welcome in Japanese ports, though only if they were equipped with conventional weapons rather than nuclear weapons.[147]
  • Delmonico Hotel in New York City.[148]
  • The Soviet Union launched its first weather satellite, Meteor 1, but the payload was not able to orient itself properly to transmit any useful images back to Earth.[149]
  • The Beatles performed the first of two weekend stadium concerts at
    Forest Hills, New York, outside of New York City. All 15,983 tickets were sold out.[150][151][152]

August 29, 1964 (Saturday)

  • The government of the
    Soviet German minority, rescinding Joseph Stalin's order of August 28, 1941, directing the repression of ethnic Germans. "Although this resolution meant little in terms of every day life for Germans," an author notes, it did prompt a delegation of the German minority to (unsuccessfully) seek a restoration of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic that had existed from 1918 to 1941.[153]
  • Nguyen Xuan Oanh was appointed as Prime Minister of South Vietnam and charged with forming a caretaker government until domestic unrest and rioting could be brought under control. Oanh had been a professor at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, from 1955 to 1960, where he was nicknamed "Jack Owen" by the students.[154]
  • Bombay. Among its objectives was to establish unity among the several denominations within the Hindu faith, with an aim of creating a pure Hindu ethnostate.[155]
  • The Tony Award-winning Broadway play A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, a musical with lyrics and music by Stephen Sondheim and inspired by the 3rd century BC playwright Plautus, closed its run after 964 performances.[156]
  • Born: Pasteur Ntoumi, Republic of the Congo clergyman, warlord and politician; in Brazzaville

August 30, 1964 (Sunday)

  • The private Population Reference Bureau announced that at the current birthrate in the United States, there would be 362 million people in the United States by the year
    2010 population
    would be almost 309 million, an increase of 28 million people.
  • The Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee sent an angry reply to a July 30 proposal from the Soviet Communist Party for a meeting to resolve their differences, claiming that the letter had "slammed the door tight" against any prospect of a meeting.[158]
  • The first Clásico Joven match between two Mexico City football clubs, Club América and Cruz Azul, took place.
  • Born: Barbara F. Walter, American political scientist; in Bronxville, New York[159]

August 31, 1964 (Monday)

References

  1. ^ Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2016). "Congo, Democratic Republic of". Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 153.
  2. ^ "RED VIETS FIRE ON U.S. SHIP— Destroyer Maddox Escapes 3 Torpedoes". Chicago Tribune. August 3, 1964. p. 1.
  3. .
  4. ^ "Navy Details Viet Attack Chronology". Chicago Tribune. August 4, 1964. p. 1.
  5. ^ Gettleman, Marvin E. (1995). Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Grove Press. pp. 251–252.
  6. ^ "Rose Breaks 1,500-Meter Swim Mark". Chicago Tribune. August 3, 1964. p. 3-1.
  7. ^ "Singer Reeves' Body Found in Plane Wreck". Chicago Tribune. August 3, 1964. p. 2-11.
  8. ^ "1964 German Grand Prix". Formula One. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  9. ^ "Carel Godin de Beaufort races, wins and teams". Motorsport Database. Motor Sport. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  10. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -January 1963 to July 1965.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 35. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  11. ^ "Prophetess' Army Kills 150 Africans". Chicago Tribune. August 4, 1964. p. 1.
  12. ^ "89 Lumpas Die in 2 Clashes with Police". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1964. p. 7.
  13. ^ Sheldon, Kathleen (2014). "Lenshina, Alice Mulenga". Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158.
  14. ^ Hall, Rex; Shayler, David (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft. Springer. p. 15.
  15. ^ "80-Year-Old Cyclist Rides Across Nation in 86 Days". Chicago Tribune. August 4, 1964. p. 1.
  16. ^ "Ralph Andrew Knibbs". ESPNscrum.
  17. ^ "FIND BODIES IN RIGHTS HUNT— FBI Believes 3 Are Men Missing in Mississippi". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1964. p. 1.
  18. ^ Newton, Michael (2009). The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History. McFarland. pp. 145–146.
  19. ^ Pillar, Paul R. (2011). Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform. Columbia University Press. p. 126.
  20. ^ "YANKS BOMB NO. VIET NAM— Answers Second Attack on Ships, President Says". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1964. p. 1.
  21. ^ "Attack starting Vietnam War likely never took place— LBJ tapes reveal confusion during Gulf of Tonkin incident". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. August 11, 2002. p. 2.
  22. ^ "Faulty Intelligence in Vietnam War— Spy Agency Analysis Says Second Tonkin Attack Never Happened". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 2, 2005. p. A-14.
  23. ^ Anderson, David L. (2004). The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. Columbia University Press. p. 122.
  24. ^ "Rescue 9 Men Held 8 Days in French Mine". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1964. p. 1C-2.
  25. Potomac Books
    .
  26. ABC-CLIO
    . p. 41.
  27. ^ "'I Am the New Lumumba', Red Says in Congo— Rebel Takes Credit for Stanleyville Capture". Chicago Tribune. August 7, 1964. p. 7.
  28. ^ Gleijeses, Piero (2001). "The United States, Mercenaries, and the Congo". In Hahn, Peter L.; Heiss, Mary Ann (eds.). Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World Since 1945. Ohio State University Press. p. 71.
  29. Scarecrow Press
    . p. 269.
  30. John Wiley & Sons
    . p. 292.
  31. Pen and Sword
    . p. 203.
  32. ^ Title 10, United States Code, section 12731
  33. ^ Toperczer, István (2016). MiG-17/19 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16.
  34. ., which also claims that this event occurred on August 7.
  35. ^ "Cedric Hardwicke - Broadway Cast & Staff". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  36. ^ "Congress OK's Strikes on Viet Reds". Chicago Tribune. August 8, 1964. p. 1.
  37. ^ Kearns, Patricia M. (2011). "Tonkin Gulf Incident and Resolution". Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy. Scarecrow Press. p. 420.
  38. Greenwood Publishing
    . p. 196.
  39. UPI
    . August 8, 1964. p. 7.
  40. ^ Bryan, G. McLeod (2001). These Few Also Paid a Price: Southern Whites who Fought for Civil Rights. Mercer University Press. p. 19.
  41. ^ "Premio Monteverdi a Colombara, Eco della Lombardia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  42. Tampa Tribune. Tampa, Florida
    . UPI. August 8, 1964. p. 2.
  43. ^ "TURK JETS POUND CYPRUS!— 7 Towns Raked in Machine Gun, Rocket Attacks", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p1
  44. ^ William M. Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2013) p108
  45. ^ "U.S. Jets and Red Planes in Viet Contact", Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1964, p1
  46. ^ "N.Y. Police Rout 100 Protesting U.S. Asian Role", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p2
  47. ^ "Riot stops 'Stones'", The Observer (London), August 9, 1964, p1
  48. ^ "Tourism on the Coast of Scheveningen: A Grid of Anthropological Reading", by Thomas Beaufils, in Anthropology as a Driver for Tourism Research, Wil Munsters and Marjan Melkert, eds. (Garant Publishers, 2015) p107
  49. ^ "Grandmother of Kennedys Dies in Boston", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p4-7
  50. ^ Gawdat Gabra, Coptic Civilization: Two Thousand Years of Christianity in Egypt (American University in Cairo Press, 2014) p268
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