August 1968

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
<< August 1968 >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02 03
04 05 06 07 08 09 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
August 20–21, 1968: Soviet Union and 750,000 Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia

The following events occurred in August 1968:

August 1, 1968 (Thursday)

August 2, 1968 (Friday)

  • Ahmed Sékou Touré, the President of the Guinea, spoke at the city of Kankan and announced his plans for a West African version of China's Cultural Revolution, with plans "to attack fetishism, charlatanism, religious fanaticism, any irrational attitude, any form of mystification, and any form of exploitation".[7] In order to further instruction in his concept of Socialist Cultural Theory, Touré ordered the creation of Centres d'Education Revolutionnaire to educate the next generation of leaders, and ordered citizens to join Pouvoir Revolutionnaire Locales to force change in towns and villages, as well as monopolizing all media.[8]
  • A suicidal pilot stole a Cessna-180 airplane from an airstrip at
    Landmark Hotel and Casino in Paradise. The wreckage then fell onto the adjacent Las Vegas Convention Center. The pilot was killed, but nobody on the ground was injured.[9]
  • The five-story tall Ruby Towers apartment building, located in the Santa Cruz district of Manila, collapsed during a 7.6 magnitude earthquake that struck the Philippines island of Luzon at 4:21 in the morning, killing 204 people. The quake, with an epicenter at the city of Casiguran, 140 miles (230 km) away, killed 10 people in rural areas outside Manila.[10][11]
  • Colonel Abdallah Salih Sabah al-Awlaqi, the commander of the national security forces of the relatively new People's Republic of Southern Yemen (South Yemen) defected along with 200 of his soldiers to the older Yemen Arab Republic in North Yemen, taking with him most of South Yemen's fleet of armored cars.[12]
  • Eighty-two of the 95 people on board
    Alitalia Airlines Flight 660 survived despite the DC-8's crash into a tree-covered hillside as it was approaching Milan following a flight from Rome.[13][14]
  • Sirhan Sirhan pleaded not guilty to charges of murdering Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June.[15]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    Irún.[17]

August 3, 1968 (Saturday)

August 4, 1968 (Sunday)

August 5, 1968 (Monday)

August 6, 1968 (Tuesday)

  • The United States Air Force made the first unannounced satellite launch from
    Cape Kennedy in almost five years, although many local reporters learned about the plan anyway, and were present for the 7:08 a.m. liftoff. Although the secret launch was no secret, the nature of the payload — referred to only as "Agent 817" — remained classified and was thought to be intended to gather intelligence from the Soviet Union and China. The last attempt at a secret launch had been on October 16, 1963; the Associated Press commented, "That shot received such wide publicity that the Pentagon de-classified the project and opened all future launchings to newsmen."[29] In 1990, "Agent 817" would be revealed to have been the first of the USAF's CANYON project of seven spy satellites sent up between 1968 and 1977.[30]
  • The United Kingdom submitted a comprehensive proposal at the meeting of the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament in Geneva, that would ultimately become the basis of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. The "Working Document on Microbiological Warfare" pointed out six shortcomings of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, including that it was limited to bacteriological and chemical weapons, that it applied only during declarations of war, that it prohibited the use, but not the manufacture of weapons and that it allowed their use against nations that weren't party to the agreement.[31]

August 7, 1968 (Wednesday)

August 8, 1968 (Thursday)

  • Maryland Governor
    Robert Finch, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor of California at the time, and that Finch had declined (Nixon, at the time, was a resident of New York).[38]
  • East Germany's Premier and Communist Party First Secretary Walter Ulbricht sent a proposal to his West Germany counterpart, Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger, seeking a summit for economic cooperation between the two German nations. Ulbricht's note was viewed in the west as a signal of "the failure and abandonment" of störfreimachen, a 1960 program to make East Germany independent of West German products. The next day, Ulbricht spoke at the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, and offered to normalize relations with the West.[39]
  • Died:
    • Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra
    • Raphael Demos, 76, Turkish-born American philosopher

August 9, 1968 (Friday)

August 10, 1968 (Saturday)

August 11, 1968 (Sunday)

August 12, 1968 (Monday)

  • Israel was able to obtain two fully working MiG-17 jet fighters, intact when a couple of Syrian Air Force pilots mistook an airstrip at Betzet for a runway in southern Lebanon Latakia. Lieutenant Walid Adham and 2nd Lieutenant Radfan Rifai came in for a landing, and climbed out, then were stunned when local residents told them that they were on Israeli territory.[53] The Israeli Air Force was soon able to use the two MiG-17s for training missions in maneuvers against its own Shahak 32 jet fighters, and discovered that the MiG-17 could outmaneuver the Israeli fighter jets at low altitudes. Within a year, Israel was able to regain an advantage over the fighter jets of its neighboring enemies.[54]
  • At
    Guangxi Province, political leaders began a seven-week public "Beast and Fowl Exhibit" of Chinese citizens who were branded as enemies of the Cultural Revolution. The prisoners were tied up, placed in a wooden cage for display, and made to wear signs that identified what they were accused of, including treason, espionage, war crimes, or membership in the fictitious "Anti-Communist Party Patriotic Army". Over a period of 52 days, almost half a million (489,365) spectators filed through the Chinese Red Army military headquarters for a "Class-Struggle Education" presentation.[55]

August 13, 1968 (Tuesday)

  • Greece's prime minister and dictator, Georgios Papadopoulos, escaped an assassination attempt when a bomb exploded while his car was still 45 feet (14 m) away. Papadopoulos was on his way back to Athens after a stay at his summer villa in Lagonisi. Former Greek Navy Lieutenant Alexandros Panagoulis, who had been part of an underwater demolition team, misjudged the speed of the premier's car, and detonated the explosive just as the vehicle was entering a tunnel. Panagoulis was caught by police while trying to run toward a getaway motorboat, whereas the boat hadn't been able to reach the shore due to the sea being crowded with swimmers; the boat sped away and was the subject of a massive search.[56] During the next 24 hours, Greek security police arrested more than 100 people suspected as being part of the conspiracy, including three retired Greek officers, air force major general Elias Deros, army brigadier general Ioannides Koumanakos, and Navy Captain Constantine Loundras.[57] Panagoulis would spend five years in Greek prisons before being exiled in 1973.[58] After the overthrow of Papadopoulos in 1974, Panagoulis would be elected to parliament, but would be killed in an automobile accident in 1976.
  • An unprecedented number of students and protesters marched to the
    a crowd of 50,000 students, professors and supporters started from the university campus of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional and began the 8 miles (13 km) walk to the capital, and by the time they reached the city center, their number had increased to 150,000. The demonstration remained peaceful and the police did not intervene, despite the traffic jams created by the protests.[59]
    An even larger demonstration would take place two weeks later.
  • East Germany's Communist Party leader, Walter Ulbricht arrived in Czechoslovakia as the guest of Alexander Dubcek, and the two leaders conferred at the resort town of Karlovy Vary.[60] Ulbricht was unsuccessful in his last attempt to convince the Czechoslovakian leaders to reverse their attempts to introduce "socialism with a human face".[61]
  • Born:
    Gambian military officer and commander of the Gambian Armed Forces from 2009 to 2012 and again from 2017 to 2020; in Sankwia, Jarra West, the Gambia
  • Died: Rene d'Harnoncourt, 67, who had retired six weeks earlier from being Director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, was struck and killed by a car while walking in New Suffolk, New York.

August 14, 1968 (Wednesday)

  • All 21 people on board a Los Angeles Airways helicopter were killed when the Sikorsky S61 broke apart while flying the group of vacationers from the Los Angeles International Airport to Disneyland.[62] The wreckage fell onto a playground at Lueder's Park in Compton. One of the victims was the teenage grandson of the L.A. Airways shuttle director. Moments before the crash, a group of children who had been playing at the site had been led to safety by a 14-year-old National Youth Corps volunteer. The crash was the second in less than three months for the Disneyland shuttle service; 23 people had been killed on May 22.
  • Born:

August 15, 1968 (Thursday)

  • WHK-FM, a Cleveland radio station that had rebroadcast pop music from WHK (AM), changed its format to "progressive rock", and began its broadcast day with DJs playing what the station referred to as "The New Groove", and would go on to become one of the most popular and influential FM radio stations in the nation as WMMS.[63]
  • A
    Celebes.[65]
  • Born: Debra Messing, American TV and film actress and co-star of Will & Grace; in Brooklyn

August 16, 1968 (Friday)

  • In one of his last official acts as Prime Minister of Portugal and dictator of the Iberian nation, António de Oliveira Salazar fired seven of his 15 cabinet ministers, including his longtime Interior Minister and head of law enforcement, Alfredo Dos Santos. Salazar, who would suffer a fatal stroke less than three weeks later, also dismissed his Finance Minister, the ministers for the Portuguese Army and the Portuguese Navy, the Health Minister, the Education Minister and the Communications Minister.[66]
  • The United States launched two different multiple warhead missile systems on the same day, firing (for the first time) a UGM-73 Poseidon (capable of carrying 10 separately targeted warheads) from a surface ship, the USNS Observation Island, followed a few hours later by a Minuteman 3 (which could carry 3 warheads) from a U.S. Air Force missile silo.[67]
  • Ludvik Svoboda at a meeting in Prague.[68]

August 17, 1968 (Saturday)

August 18, 1968 (Sunday)

August 19, 1968 (Monday)

  • U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Samuel C. Phillips, Director of NASA's Apollo lunar landing program, announced that it was "clearly possible" for a crewed landing on the Moon to happen in 1969, fulfilling the goal announced by the late President Kennedy in 1962 to land a man on the Moon, and return him to Earth, "before the end of the decade". Speaking in Washington, Lt. Gen. Phillips said that the launch date for the first orbital flight of the Apollo program had been set for October 11. Apollo 7 would depart on that date, and Apollo 11 would land on the Moon 11 months and one day after Phillips's announcement.[84]
  • President Johnson signed the Wholesome Poultry Act into law, providing for all states to implement minimum standards for inspection of chicken and other poultry products within two years. The law was enacted eight months after the Wholesome Meat Act. Johnson commented that dirty chicken processing plants would have to "clean up or close down".[85]
  • Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Union's ambassador to the U.S., informed U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk that the Soviet Union was ready to negotiate an arms limitation treaty to stop the further production of ballistic and anti-ballistic missiles.[86]
  • Died: George Gamow, 64, Ukrainian-born American theoretical physicist and author known for the popular science book for young readers, One Two Three... Infinity

August 20, 1968 (Tuesday)

August 21, 1968 (Wednesday)

  • A riot at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus was brought to an end at 2:45 in the afternoon, and nine guards were rescued after having been held hostage for 30 hours. More than 300 of the 2,500 inmates had seized control of the prison after a guard was overpowered by a prisoner and had his keys taken. After a spokesman for the inmates threatened to burn the hostages to death if more demands were not met, prison warden Marion J. Koloski delivered an ultimatum at 2:30 and told the rebels that he was giving them "one last chance" to release the guards, and that they had 15 minutes to respond. When the hostages were not released after 15 minutes, officers detonated dynamite outside the cell walls and, seconds later, in the roof over the cell block. Five inmates were shot and killed by the SWAT team during the rescue.[91]
  • Members of the KSC Presidium had adjourned their meeting at 2:15 in the morning and remained at the KSC offices. At 8:30 in the morning, as recounted later by Josef Smrkovský's secretary, a Soviet Army colonel arrived with soldiers and two Czechoslovakian State Security agents and informed Party First Secretary Dubcek, Prime Minister Cernik, and KSČ Presidium members Smrkovský, František Kriegel, Josef Špaček, and Bohumil Šimon that they were under arrest[92] by order of the "Revolutionary Security Committee" headed by another Presidium member, Alois Indra.[87] The group was flown to the Soviet military base in Poland at Legnica, then to a base located in Zakarpattia Oblast, territory that had been annexed from Czechoslovakia by the Soviets in 1946.[93][94][95]
  • At 2:00 in the morning local time, when most of Czechoslovakia's residents were asleep, Radio Prague broadcast an announcement "to the entire people of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic", and said that troops from five nations had crossed the nation's frontiers. "This happened without the knowledge of the President of the Republic, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Premier or the First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party Central Committee," the announcer explained, and urged citizens to "maintain calm and not offer resistance to troops on the march," adding that "Our army, security corps and People's Militia has not received a command to defend the country."
  • Romanian Communist Party (RCP) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu surprised the non-Communist world by publicly condemning the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia while speaking to a crowd in Bucharest from a balcony. "The incursion in Czechoslovakia of troops belonging to the five socialist countries represents a big mistake," he told the crowd, "and a serious threat to peace in Europe and for the destiny of socialism in the world... There can be no excuse, and there can be no reason to accept, even for a single moment, the idea of a military intervention in the domestic affairs of a fraternal socialist state."[96]
  • U.S. President Lyndon Johnson canceled a press conference during which he would have announced his plans to travel to the Soviet Union for a September 30 summit meeting in
    Leningrad.[87] The evening before, Johnson had been visited by Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin at the White House at 8:15 to discuss Soviet and American discussions on missile limitations, without any mention of the invasion of Czechoslovakia that was already in progress, and Johnson had accepted Dobrynin's invitation to come to the USSR in the autumn.[97]
  • Born:

August 22, 1968 (Thursday)

  • The
    Oldrich Cernik would continue to be the Prime Minister. President Svoboda then met with Soviet Ambassador Stepan Chervonenko and asked to be allowed to fly to Moscow to join the other Czechoslovakian leaders who had been arrested. Permission was granted, on the condition that Svoboda be accompanied by a collaborationist, Vice-Premier Gustáv Husák.[100]
  • The 1968 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago and would continue until August 30. During the event, riots would break out as police clashed with anti-war protesters. The Democratic Party nominated Hubert Humphrey for president, and Edmund Muskie for vice president. The riots and subsequent trials would become an essential part of the activism for the Youth International Party, but would also taint the image of the Democrats in the November elections.
  • Ringo Starr briefly quit The Beatles after frustrations with the recording session of the song "Back in the U.S.S.R." for the White Album, and arguments with Paul McCartney; during Starr's absence, McCartney played the drums for the studio recording and overdubbing.[101] While Starr was on vacation with his wife and children during the absence, he would be inspired to write the song "Octopus's Garden".[102]
  • Bogota, Colombia, at 10:27 in the morning after an 11-hour and 45-minute flight from Rome on a chartered Avianca Airlines 707.[103][104]

August 23, 1968 (Friday)

  • Edwin M. Stanley to integrate its schools after years of getting deferments for submitting a desegregation plan. In granting a writ of mandamus in a suit by the NAACP against the Caswell County Schools, Judge Stanley wrote that although it was too late to desegregate in time for the start of school, the school system had until November 1 to file a plan to bring together white and black students, teachers and administrative personnel in time for the 1969–70 school year.[105] School superintendent Thomas H. Whitley would recount later that the NAACP attorney (Julius L. Chambers) told Judge Stanley that the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that "the time for procrastination is over". Judge Stanley then conceded that Chambers was correct, and told the school officials that "The Supreme Court has made its statement. You don't have any further choice. You have to get on with integration."[106]
  • With photographs by Alfred Eisenstaedt, the American newsweekly Life magazine brought national and worldwide attention to the industrial pollution of America's Great Lakes, particularly Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan.[107] The photo essay, "Blighted Great Lakes" (subtitled "Shocking case of our inland seas dying from man-made filth"), was written by Richard Woodbury, who concluded "The pictures on these pages point to the appalling conclusion that water pollution has brought the U.S. to a point of no return: either we curb the slatternly despoiling of our environment, or we accept the death of lakes and rivers and a denigration of the quality in our life."[108]
  • Czechoslovakia's Prime Minister Dubcek was brought from prison in the Ukrainian SSR to Moscow, where Soviet First Secretary Brezhnev, Premier
    Nikolai V. Podgorny discussed the invasion with him. A larger meeting, involving the incarcerated Czechoslovakian party officials and the Soviet leadership, would begin later in the day.[98]
  • Nigeria launched its final assault on the secessionist republic of Biafra under the command of Colonel Benjamin Adekunle, who reportedly instructed the Third Nigerian Army Division to "Shoot anything that moves"; thousands of Ibo civilians would be killed in their villages in the months that followed.[109]
  • Born: KK (Krishnakumar Kunnath), Indian playback singer (d. 2022); in Delhi

August 24, 1968 (Saturday)

August 25, 1968 (Sunday)

August 26, 1968 (Monday)

  • The reforms of the "Prague Spring" were rolled back with the signing of the "Moscow Protocol" between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia after Alexander Dubcek, Oldřich Černík, Josef Smrkovský and other officials of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) signed a document repealing the KSČ's enactments, reimposed censorship, and agreed that Soviet Army troops could remain on Czechoslovak soil until further notice. In return, Leonid Brezhnev and other leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agreed to release the Czechoslovakian leaders, allow them to remain in office temporarily, and to dismiss charges of counterrevolution.[117]
  • "Hey Jude", the best-selling single ever recorded by The Beatles (as well as the most popular single of 1968 in the U.S. and the UK, and half a century later, still the 10th best-seller worldwide of all recorded songs), was released for sale in the United States, followed four days later by its debut in the United Kingdom. It was the first Beatles release for their new company, Apple Records.[118]
  • Died: Kay Francis, 63, American film actress who was the leading actress for Warner Brothers during the 1930s

August 27, 1968 (Tuesday)

  • Allowed by the Soviet Union to return to Czechoslovakia with his post as KSČ Party First Secretary intact, Alexander Dubcek made a nationwide radio address hours after his return and urged citizens to accept the terms of surrender in the Moscow Protocol; by then, 84 Czechoslovaks and four Soviet soldiers had been killed in the first eight days of the invasion.[119] Several times during the broadcast, Dubcek choked, paused at length and could be heard crying as he asked his compatriots not to resist the occupation and to forgive him for capitulating, commenting at one point, "I think you know why it is"; Dubcek would retain his post, albeit without any real power, for eight more months.[120] The subsequent "normalization", a rollback of reforms in late 1968 and 1969 is referred to as the normalizace in Czech and the normalizácia in Slovak.[121]
  • Raman Raghav, a serial killer who was suspected in the murders of 12 people in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai) during the month of August, was arrested by Bombay police. Raman, who had killed his victims with knives or crowbars, initially said that his motive was robbery, but would later confess to 41 murders and claim that he had been motivated by religious beliefs.[122][123]
  • In Mexico City, a crowd of 300,000 students and their supporters staged a peaceful antigovernment demonstration, the largest up to that time in Mexican history,[124] to protest against the administration of President Diaz Ordaz.[125]
  • Died:

August 28, 1968 (Wednesday)

Humphrey
  • U.S. Vice President
    George S. McGovern, from Humphrey's native state of South Dakota
    , was third with 164½.
  • On the same day, after different speakers at Chicago's
    billy clubs and tear gas at various places between the park and the convention center as violence reached its peak. Seven months later, a group of protest leaders designated as the "Chicago Seven", and an eighth leader, Bobby Seale, would be indicted on federal charges of crossing state lines in an attempt to incite a riot.[126] As one historian would note later, "Millions of Americans turned on their televisions expecting to see Hubert Humphrey win the Democratic presidential nomination," but saw the networks cut away to live coverage of the riots;[127] recognizing what was happening, the protesters began to chant "The whole world is watching!".[128]
  • Selections were made for the all-England test cricket team scheduled to tour South Africa, and cricket fans were surprised and outraged when the selectors for the Marylebone Cricket Club declined to include Basil "Dolly" D'Oliveira, a brown-skinned native of South Africa who had become a naturalized British citizen.[129] D. J. Insole, the chairman of the selection commission, defended the MCC's choices by saying "We think we have got rather better players in the side", and an editorial for The Guardian responded "Anyone prepared to swallow that would believe that the moon is a currant bun", pointing out that D'Oliveira had been the top scorer in the first Test against Australia, and the second highest scorer in the rematch, and concluding that the only explanation was that the MCC had caved to South Africa's apartheid policy. After more public outcry, and South Africa's refusal to grant D'Oliviera a visa to enter that country, the MCC would cancel the planned tour in September.
  • United States Ambassador to Guatemala, was assassinated while trying to escape his limousine during an ambush. At 3:05 p.m., Mein was on his way from his home to the American Embassy in Guatemala City, and when his car was on Avenida de la Reforma, another automobile pulled up in front and a truck closed in from behind. The chauffeur was pulled from the car, and when Mein opened the back door and tried to flee, he was shot to death with a machine gun.[130]
    Mein's killing marked the first time that an American ambassador had been murdered while in office.
  • The restructuring of Czechoslovakia as "a socialist federation of two national states" was announced, and would become effective on October 28.[131] A little more than 22 years later, the two states would peacefully separate into independent nations as the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
  • Born: Billy Boyd, Scottish stage and film actor known for playing Pippin Took in The Lord of the Rings trilogy; in Glasgow[132]
  • Died: Willie Narmour, 80, popular American musician who recorded numerous country music hits as part of the duo of Narmour and Smith

August 29, 1968 (Thursday)

Prince Harald marries Sonja Haraldsen
  • King Olav V accompanied her down the aisle in the "father of the bride" role.[134]
  • According to an urban legend which would begin circulating on the Internet around 2014, every television in America shut down for about 25 seconds on this date, during which a murmuring sound was heard. Snopes would rate this story as "False" in March 2023, stating that there was no historical or eyewitness evidence to support it.[135]
  • Born: Ricky Memphis (stage name for Riccardo Fortunati), Italian TV and film actor known for the long running police show Distretto di Polizia; in Corleone, Sicily
  • Died: U.S. Army Major General Ulysses S. Grant III, 87, American engineer and military officer

August 30, 1968 (Friday)

August 31, 1968 (Saturday)

References

  1. ^ Ford, Mark L. (2014). A History of NFL Preseason and Exhibition Games: 1960 to 1985. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84.
  2. Pittsburgh Press
    . August 1, 1968. p. 1.
  3. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
    . 1974. p. 1.
  4. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "Part II: Apollo Application Program -January 1967 to December 1968.". Skylab: A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. pp. 140–141. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  5. ^ East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge.
  6. ^ "Shueisha Media Guide 2022" (PDF). June 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  7. ^ Ramon Sarro, Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone: Iconoclasm Done and Undone (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) p140
  8. ^ "Music for a revolution: the sound archives of Radio Television Guinee", in From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme, ed. by Maja Kominko (Open Book Publishers, 2015) p554
  9. ^ "'Suicide' Pilot Slams Tallest Building In Vegas", Pittsburgh Press, August 3, 1968, p1
  10. ^ "Police Fear 200 Dead In Manila Earthquake", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 3, 1968, p1
  11. ^ "Manila Quake Toll Hits 214", Pittsburgh Press, August 5, 1968, p6
  12. ^ F. Gregory Gause III, Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence (Columbia University Press, 1990) p86
  13. ^ "Italian Jet Crashes; Most Safe", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1968, p1
  14. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  15. ^ "RFK Suspect Sirhan Pleads 'Not Guilty'", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1968, p1
  16. ^ "Profile".
  17. ^ "The origins of ETA: between Francoism and democracy, 1958—1981", by Gaizka Fernandez, in ETA’s Terrorist Campaign: From Violence to Politics, 1968–2015, ed. by Rafael Leonisio, et al. (Routledge, 2016) p26
  18. ^ a b "August 1968 as Seen from Bratislava", by Slavomir Michalek and Stanislav Sikora, in The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968: Forty Years Later, ed. by M. Mark Stolarik (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2010) pp81-83
  19. ^ Partial text of the declaration, from Keesing's Contemporary Archives, August 1968, reprinted by Stanford University
  20. ^ "Czechs, Bloc Meet; Last Troops Leave", Pittsburgh Press, August 3, 1968, p1
  21. ^ a b Ben Fowkes, Eastern Europe 1945-1969: From Stalinism to Stagnation (Routledge, 2014) pp 125-126
  22. ^ "Czechoslovakia reveals '68 'invitation' to Soviets", by Ondrej Hejma, in Fort Worth (TX) Star-Telegram, July 17, 1992, p16
  23. ^ Haller, Doug; Fehr-Snyder, Kerry (24 June 2007). "Ex-closer Beck dies at 38". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  24. ^ "Plane, Liner Collide in Air; 3 Die", Chicago Tribune, August 5, 1968, p3
  25. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume VI, Vietnam, January–August 1968 - Office of the Historian".
  26. ^ "Congo (Brazzaville)" in Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook, ed. by Dieter Nohlen, et al. (Oxford University Press, 1999) p260
  27. ^ Nader Entessar, Kurdish Politics in the Middle East (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) p88
  28. ^ "Luther Perkins, Guitarist, Dies", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 6, 1968, p2
  29. ^ "Secret Spy Rocket Launched at Cape — Agent 817 To Peep At Russia, China", Miami News, August 6, 1968, p1
  30. ^ Jeffrey T. Richelson, The Wizards Of Langley: Inside The Cia's Directorate Of Science and Technology (Westview Press, 2002)
  31. ^ Rudolph Th. Jurrjens and Jan Sizoo, Efficacy and Efficiency in Multilateral Policy Formation: The Experience of Three Arms Control Negotiations (Martinus Nijhoff, 1997) p206
  32. ^ "1,000 Believed Dead In India Flooding", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 13, 1968, p1
  33. ^ "Western India Town Under 10 Feet Of Water; Flood Toll Hits 1,000", Indianapolis Star, August 15, 1968, p2
  34. ^ Lee Allyn Davis, Facts on File: Natural Disasters (Infobase Publishing, Jun 23, 2010) pp166-167
  35. ^ "Nixon Winner on First Ballot", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 8, 1968, p1
  36. ^ "9 Miners Killed In Kentucky", Pittsburgh Press, August 8, 1968, p1
  37. ^ "Nixon Promises 'Open World'; Anti-Agnew Revolt Crushed", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 9, 1968, p1
  38. ^ "Finch Turned Down VP Job, Writer Says", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 7, 1969, p2
  39. ^ Helene Seppain, Contrasting US and German Attitudes to Soviet Trade, 1917–91: Politics by Economic Means (Springer, 1992) p196
  40. ^ "48 Die In Crash Of British Plane". Pittsburgh Press. August 9, 1968. p. 1.
  41. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  42. ^ "Czechs Cheer Tito in Prague". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 10, 1968. p. 1.
  43. ^ Sweet Home Cook County (PDF). Cook County Clerk. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  44. ^ Michael Blakeney, Intellectual Property Rights and Food Security (CAB International, 2009) p85
  45. ^ "Nuclear Weapons and Strategy", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History (Oxford University Press, 2013) p97
  46. ^ "32 On Airliner Killed In Charleston Crash", Pittsburgh Press, August 10, 1968, p1
  47. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  48. ^ "Equatorial Guinea", in Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook, ed. by Dieter Nohlen (Oxford University Press, 1999) p358
  49. ^ Oscar Scafidi, Equatorial Guinea (Bradt Travel Guides, 2015) p26
  50. ^ Gareth David, Railway Renaissance: Britain's Railways After Beeching (Pen and Sword, 2017) p278
  51. ^ "Deep Sea Drilling Project", in The Encyclopedia of the Solid Earth Sciences, ed. by Philip Kearey (John Wiley & Sons, 2009) p153
  52. ^ "Red Bloc Troops Maneuver Anew At Czech Border", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 12, 1968, p1
  53. ^ "2 Arab Jets Land In Israel", Pittsburgh Press, August 12, 1968, p4
  54. ^ Shlomo Aloni, Israeli Mirage III and Nesher Aces (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012) pp54-56
  55. ^ Yang Su, Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 2011) p204
  56. ^ "BOMB MISSES MARK, GREEK PREMIER SAFE— Athens Holds Ex-Officer As Assassin", Pittsburgh Press, August 13, 1968, p1
  57. ^ "Greece's Premier Escapes Injury In Assassination Try", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 14, 1968, p1
  58. ^ Francesco Buffa, A Journey through Countries and History: A Century of Historical Events as Seen by the European Court of Human Rights (Key Editore, 2017)
  59. ^ "150,000 Mexican Students and Backers March", by Ruben Salazar, Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1968, p1
  60. ^ "Czech Leaders, Ulbricht Meet", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 13, 1968, p1
  61. ^ Martin McCauley, The German Democratic Republic since 1945 (Springer, 1983) p138
  62. ^ "California Copter Crash Kills 21", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 15, 1968, p1
  63. ^ Deanna R. Adams, Rock 'n' Roll and the Cleveland Connection (Kent State University Press, 2002) p102
  64. ISBN 978-0124406520
    .
  65. ^ "Celebes Earthquake Death Toll Set at 200", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 21, 1968, p1
  66. ^ "Seven Leaders Dropped From Portugal's Cabinet", Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), August 17, 1968, p15
  67. ^ "U.S. Fires 2 Multiwarhead Missile Tests", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 17, 1968, p1
  68. ^ "Czechoslovak Line Backed By Romania", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 17, 1968, p2
  69. ^ Mary Heimann, Czechoslovakia: The State that Failed (Yale University Press, 2009) p241
  70. ^ "Post-Stalinist Reformism and the Prague Spring", by Pavel Kolar, in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 2, The Socialist Camp and World Power 1941–1960s (Cambridge University Press, 2017)
  71. ^ "Hungary", by Ferenc A. Vali, in The Communist States in Disarray, 1965-1971, edited by Adam Bromke and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone (University of Minnesota Press, 1972) p129
  72. ^ Ben Fowkes, Eastern Europe 1945-1969: From Stalinism to Stagnation (Routledge, 2014)
  73. ^ Cheng Guan Ang, Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists' Perspective (Routledge, 2005) p12
  74. ^ Galia Golan, Reform Rule in Czechoslovakia: The Dubcek Era 1968-1969 (Cambridge University Press, 2017) p39
  75. ^ "Mia Divorces Sinatra In Mexican 'Quickee'", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 17, 1968, p3
  76. ^ "The Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 in the Context of Soviet Geopolitics", by Mikhail V. Latysh, in The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968: Forty Years Later p10
  77. ^ "Telephone conversation # 13306, sound recording, LBJ and Richard Nixon, 8/18/1968, 5:01PM". Discover Production.
  78. ^ "Telephone conversation # 13307, sound recording, LBJ and Hubert Humphrey, 8/18/1968, 5:23PM". Discover Production.
  79. ^ "Buses in River, 100 Feared Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 19, 1968, p1
  80. ^ "Guitar Electrocutes Irish Pop Musician", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 20, 1968, p1
  81. ^ "Pop Singer's Death Probed", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), August 21, 1968, p4
  82. ^ "UAR Plane Down At Sea, 41 Dead", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 19, 1968, p1
  83. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  84. ^ "Lunar Landing Possible in 1969— First Manned Apollo Flight Slated Oct. 11", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 20, 1968, p1
  85. ^ "LBJ Sings Wholesome Poultry Act", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 20, 1968, p2
  86. ^ Ronald E. Powaski, The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1991 (Oxford University Press, 1997)
  87. ^ a b c d Karen Dawisha, The Kremlin and the Prague Spring (University of California Press, 1984)
  88. ^ "Red Troops Cross Czech Border — Communist Party's Building Encircled By Soviet's Forces", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 21, 1968, p1
  89. ^ "Catholicism Behind the Iron Curtain: Czechoslovak and Hungarian Responses to Humanae Vitae", by Mary Heimann and Gabor Szegedi, in The Schism of ’68: Catholicism, Contraception and Humanae Vitae in Europe, 1945-1975, by Alana Harris (Springer, 2018) p320
  90. ^ "K-129", in Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence, by Nigel West (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p183
  91. ^ "Walls Blasted, Five Ohio Convicts Killed", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 22, 1968, p1
  92. ^ "The Arrest of the CpCz CC Presidium Members, as Recalled by Josef Smrkovský's Personal Secretary H. Maxa", in The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader, ed. by Jaromír Navrátil (Central European University Press, 1998) p418
  93. ^ "The 'Prague Spring' and the Warsaw Pact Invasion as Seen from Prague", by Jan Rychlik, in The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968: Forty Years Later, ed. by M. Mark Stolarik (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2010) p46
  94. ^ "Czechs Crushed by Russia — Soviet-Bloc Invaders Hold Liberal Chiefs", Pittsburgh Press, August 21, 1968, p1
  95. ^ "Russians Arrest Czech Leaders", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 22, 1968, p1
  96. ^ "Legitimacy, Nation-Building and Closure: Meanings and Consequences of the Romanian August of 1968", by Dragoș Petrescu, in The Prague Spring, op cit. pp247
  97. ^ Kenneth N. Skoug, Czechoslovakia's Lost Fight for Freedom, 1967-1969: An American Embassy Perspective (Greenwood Publishing, 1999) p137
  98. ^ a b The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader, ed. by Jaromír Navrátil (Central European University Press, 1998) p xxxvi
  99. ^ "Strike Threatened By Czech Liberals If Invaders Remain", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 23, 1968, p1
  100. ^ Eugen Steiner, The Slovak Dilemma (Cambridge University Press, 1973) p186
  101. ^ "Back in the U.S.S.R. (Lennon-McCartney)", in The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four, by Kenneth Womack (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p63
  102. ^ Philippe Margotin, Jean-Michel Guesdon, All The Songs: The Story Behind Every Beatles Release (Running Press, 2014)
  103. ^ "Júbilo por la Visita de Su Santidad" ("Joy for the Visit of His Holiness"), El Tiempo (Bogota), August 23, 1968, p1
  104. ^ "Over 1,000,000 Greet Pope Paul in Colombia", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 23, 1968, p1
  105. ^ "Caswell Ordered To Integrate", Daily Times-News (Burlington, NC), August 23, 1968, p1
  106. ^ Vanessa Siddle Walker, Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South (University of North Carolina Press, 1996) p192
  107. ^ Gisela Parak, Photographs of Environmental Phenomena: Scientific Images in the Wake of Environmental Awareness, USA 1860s-1970s (transcript Verlag, 2015) pp142-143
  108. ^ "Blighted Great Lakes", Life magazine, August 23, 1968, pp36-47
  109. ^ Frederick Forsyth, The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend (Penguin Books, 1969; reprinted by Pen and Sword, 2015)
  110. ^ William D. Perdue, Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination Through Fear (ABC-CLIO, 1989) p30
  111. ^ Tim Pat Coogan, The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) p70
  112. ^ "France detonates its 1st hydrogen bomb", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 24, 1968, p1
  113. ^ "Red Square at Noon: What I remember of the demonstration", by Natalya Gorbanevskaya
  114. ^ Philip Boobbyer, Conscience, Dissent and Reform in Soviet Russia (Routledge, 2005)
  115. ^ "Burns Fatal To Godwin Daughter— Lightning Struck Va. Governor's Child on Beach", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 30, 1968, p2
  116. ^ "Virginia Governor Rushes To Bedside Of Daughter Struck By Lightning Bolt", Gettysburg (PA) Times, August 26, 1968, p2
  117. ^ "The Moscow 'Negotiations': 'Normalizing Relations' between the Soviet Leadership and the Czechoslovak Delegation after the Invasion", by Peter Ruggenthaler and Harald Knoll, in The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, ed. by Günter Bischof, et al. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) p182
  118. ^ "'Hey Jude' (Lennon-McCartney)", in The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp389-390
  119. ^ "Accept Pact, Dubcek Urges Czechs— Tearful Talk Asks Peace, Compliance", Pittsburgh Press, August 27, 1968, p1
  120. ^ Mark Gilbert, Cold War Europe: The Politics of a Contested Continent (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) pp152-153
  121. ^ "'Normalization' (Normalizace)", in Historical Dictionary of the Czech State, by Rick Fawn and Jiří Hochman (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010) pp173-174
  122. ^ "'Ritual' Slayer Of 22 Confesses Robbery Motive", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 31, 1968, p1
  123. ^ "Raman Raghav: When India's 'Jack the Ripper' terrorised Mumbai", BBCNews Asia, November 5, 2015
  124. ^ Laurence French and Magdaleno Manzanárez, NAFTA & Neocolonialism: Comparative Criminal, Human & Social Justice (University Press of America, 2004) p223
  125. ^ "300,000 Demonstrators March in Mexico City", by Ruben Salazar, Los Angeles Times, August 28, 1968, p9
  126. ^ "The Chicago Seven Trial", in Trials of the Century: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture and the Law, ed. by Scott P. Johnson (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p441
  127. ^ "TV Networks Hit By Irate Viewers", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 13, 1968, p2
  128. ^ David Copeland, The Media's Role in Defining the Nation: The Active Voice (Peter Lang, 2010) p221
  129. ^ "D'Oliveira is left out of tour party", The Guardian (London), August 29, 1968, p1
  130. ^ "U.S. Envoy Assassinated In Guatemala", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 29, 1968, p1
  131. ^ "The 'Velvet Divorce' of Czechoslovakia as a Solution to a Conflict of Nationalisms", by Radka Havlova, in Democracy and Ethnic Conflict: Advancing Peace in Deeply Divided Societies, ed. by Adrian Guelke (Springer, 2004) p109
  132. ^ ""'Lord of the Rings' Star Billy Boyd Added To Wizard World Comic Con Tulsa Roster, September 8–9"". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  133. ^ "Prince Harald Waits, Weds A Commoner". Pittsburgh Press. August 29, 1968. p. 2.
  134. ^ "Commoner, Prince Wed". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 30, 1968. p. 3.
  135. Snopes Media Group Inc.
    Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  136. ^ "Communist Legacies in the 'New Europe': History, Ethnicity and the Creation of a 'Socialist' Nation in Romania, 1945—1989", by Dragoș Petrescu, in Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories, ed. by Konrad H. Jarausch and Thomas Lindenberger (Berghahn Books, 2007) p44
  137. ^ Catherine Reef, African Americans in the Military (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p xvii
  138. ^ "A Last Plea: Stop Smoking— Talman Had Lung Cancer", AP report in Miami News, September 13, 1968, p1
  139. ^ "6 — 6 — 6 — 6 — 6 — 6: Sobers beats world record", The Observer (London), September 1, 1968, p16
  140. ^ Suvam Pal, The HarperCollins Book of World Cup Trivia (Harper Collins, 2015)
  141. ^ "10th January 1985: Ravi Shastri Hits-Six-Sixes-in-an-Over"
  142. ^ "Hijacked Jet Is Released To Israelis", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 2, 1968, p4
  143. ^ "Aug. 31, 1968: One Donor + Four Patients = Medical History", by Tony Long, Wired magazine, August 31, 2007
  144. ^ "Heart, Lung, Kidneys Transplanted From 1", Pittsburgh Press, August 31, 1968, p1
  145. ^ "8,222 Iranians Perish in Quake", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 2, 1968, p1
  146. ^ "Once Prosperous Town of Kakhk Wiped Out by Quake— 11,000 Iranians Killed or Missing", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 3, 1968, p1
  147. ^ "Fire Kills 13, Debris Sifted", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 2, 1968, p7
  148. ^ "The Ashley-Mobley Gang", in The Mammoth Book of Gangs, by James Morton (Little, Brown and Co., 2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_1968&oldid=1219340458"