Aurelia aurita

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Aurelia aurita
Aurelia aurita, Red Sea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Scyphozoa
Order: Semaeostomeae
Family: Ulmaridae
Genus: Aurelia
Species:
A. aurita
Binomial name
Aurelia aurita
Synonyms[1]
  • Aurellia flavidula Peron & Lesueur, 1810
  • Medusa aurita Linnaeus, 1758
  • Medusa purpurea Pennant, 1777

Aurelia aurita (also called the common jellyfish, moon jellyfish, moon jelly or saucer jelly) is a species of the family Ulmaridae.[1][2] All species in the genus are very similar, and it is difficult to identify Aurelia medusae without genetic sampling;[3] most of what follows applies equally to all species of the genus.

The

mollusks
with its tentacles, and bringing them into its body for digestion. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when swimming.

The moon jelly differs from many jellyfish in that they lack long, potent stinging tentacles. Instead they have hundreds of short, fine tentacles that line the bell margin. The sting has no effect on humans.

Distribution

The species Aurelia aurita is found in the North, Black, Baltic and Caspian Seas, Northeast Atlantic, Greenland, northeastern USA and Canada, Northwest Pacific and South America.[3][4][5] In general, Aurelia is an inshore genus that can be found in estuaries and harbors.[6]

Moon jellyfish swimming (high resolution)

Aurelia aurita lives in ocean water temperatures ranging from 6–31 °C (43–88 °F); with optimum temperatures of 9–19 °C (48–66 °F). It prefers temperate seas with consistent currents. It has been found in waters with salinity as low as 6 parts per thousand.[7] The relation between summer

mesozooplankton biomass in the Seto Inland Sea.[9] Other major fish predators that are also present in these coastal waters do not seem to show the same high tolerance to low DO concentrations that the moon jellyfish exhibit. The feeding and predatory performance of these fish significantly decreases when DO concentrations are so low. This allows for less competition between the moon jellyfish and other fish predators for zooplankton. Low DO concentrations in coastal waters such as Tokyo Bay in Japan and the Seto Inland Sea
prove to be advantageous for the moon jellyfish in terms of feeding, growth, and survival.

Feeding

Aurelia aurita and other Aurelia species feed on plankton that includes organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans,

nematocysts
to capture prey and to protect themselves from predators.

The food is caught with its nematocyst-laden tentacles, tied with mucus, brought to the

serous cells break down the food. Little is known about the requirements for particular vitamins and minerals, but due to the presence of some digestive enzymes, we can deduce in general that A. aurita can process carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.[10]

Body system

Aurelia with an anomalous number of gonads—most have four.[6]

Aurelia does not have

trachea; it respires by diffusing oxygen from water through the thin membrane covering its body. Within the gastrovascular cavity, low oxygenated water can be expelled and high oxygenated water can come in by ciliated action, thus increasing the diffusion of oxygen through the cell.[11]
The large surface area membrane to volume ratio helps Aurelia diffuse more oxygen and nutrients into the cells.

The basic body plan of Aurelia consists of several parts. The animal lacks respiratory,

epidermis.[12] There is a nerve net that is responsible for contractions in swimming muscles and feeding responses.[10] Adult medusae can have diameters up to 40 cm (16 in).[10]

The medusae are either male or female.

medusae.[13][14] There is an increasing size from starting stage planula to ephyra, from less than 1 mm in the planula stage, up to about 1 cm in ephyra stage, and then to several cm in diameter in the medusa stage.[6]

A recent study has found that A. aurita are capable of life cycle reversal where individuals grow younger instead of older, akin to the "immortal jellyfish" Turritopsis dohrnii.[15]

There has been a study presenting that Aurelia's body system is not significantly affected by artificial materials like microbeads, which can be found in cosmetic and personal care products. Aurelia aurita was able to recognize that microbeads were not food so there was not any physiological or histological harm.[16]

Predators

Three moon jellies captured by a lion's mane jellyfish

Aurelia aurita have high proportions of

polyunsaturated fatty acids comparative to other prey types which provides vital nutritions to predators.[17] Aurelia aurita are known to be eaten by a wide variety of predators, including the ocean sunfish (Mola mola), the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the scyphomedusa Phacellophora camtschatica,[18][19] and a very large hydromedusa (Aequorea victoria).[10] In 2016, it was reported from the Red Sea that Aurelia aurita was seasonally preyed upon by two herbivorous fish.[20] Moon jellies are also fed upon by sea birds, which may be more interested in the amphipods and other small arthropods
that frequent the bells of Aurelia, but in any case, birds do some substantial amount of damage to these jellyfish that often are found just at the surface of bays. A. aurita has been suggested to have high mortality during the ephyra stage, which potentially affects the population size of the later medusa stage. While the main cause remains unknown, it is believed that they are consumed by one of three potential predatory filter-feeding sessile organisms: mussels, ascidians, and barnacles.

Aurelia jellyfish naturally die after living and reproducing for several months. It is probably rare for these moon jellies to live more than about six months in the wild, although specimens cared for in public aquarium exhibits typically live several to many years. In the wild, the warm water at the end of summer combines with exhaustive daily reproduction and lower natural levels of food for tissue repair, leaving these jellyfish more susceptible to bacterial and other disease problems that likely lead to the demise of most individuals. Such problems are responsible for the demise of many smaller species of jellyfish.[21] In 1997, Arai summarized that seasonal reproduction leaves the gonads open to infection and degradation.[10]

Some

metazoan parasites attack Aurelia aurita, as well as most other species of jellyfish.[10]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b "Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  2. ^ Dawson, Michael N. "Aurelia species". Archived from the original on 2018-03-25. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  3. ^
    PMID 34589293
    .
  4. PMID 16103373
    .
  5. S2CID 189820003
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f Russell, F. S. (1953). The Medusae of the British Isles II. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–186. Archived from the original on 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  7. ^ a b Rodriguez, R. J. (February 1996). "Aurelia aurita (Saucer Jelly, Moon Jelly, Common Sea Jelly Jellyfish) Narrative".
  8. ^
    S2CID 83862921
    .
  9. ^ Uye, S.; Fujii, N.; Takeoka, H. (2003). "Unusual aggregations of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita in coastal waters along western Shikoku, Japan" (PDF). Plankton Biology and Ecology. 50 (1): 17–21.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-412-45110-2
    .
  11. ^ Rees, W. J. (1966). The Cnidaria and Their Evolution. London: Academic Press. pp. 77–104.
  12. ISBN 978-0-534-39175-1
    .
  13. ^ Tree of Life – NJ Jellyfish – Aurelia aurita
  14. ISBN 978-0-07-229641-9
    .
  15. PMID 26690755
    .
  16. S2CID 218504266
    .
  17. ^ "Jellyfish contain no calories, so why do they still attract predators?". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  18. S2CID 84652019
    .
  19. doi:10.3354/meps315221
    .
  20. S2CID 24694789
    .
  21. ^ Mills, C. E. (1993). "Natural mortality in NE Pacific coastal hydromedusae: grazing predation, wound healing and senescence". Bulletin of Marine Science. 53 (Proceedings of the Zooplankton Ecology Symposium): 194–203.
  • Suzuki, Kentaro S.; Kumakura, Emi; Nogata, Yasuyuki (2016). "Incidental consumption of ephyrae of moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. by three filter-feeding sessile organisms: laboratory experiments". Fisheries Science. 82 (6): 923–930.
    doi:10.1007/s12562-016-1034-4
    .

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurelia_aurita&oldid=1213050638"