Australia
Commonwealth of Australia | |
---|---|
Anthem: "Advance Australia Fair"[N 1] | |
![]() Commonwealth of Australia
parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |
• Monarch | Charles III |
David Hurley | |
Anthony Albanese | |
Legislature | Parliament |
Senate | |
House of Representatives | |
Independence from the United Kingdom | |
• Federation and Constitution | 1 January 1901 |
9 October 1942 (with effect from 3 September 1939) | |
3 March 1986 | |
Area | |
• Total | 7,692,024[9] km2 (2,969,907 sq mi) (6th) |
• Water (%) | 1.79 (2015)[10] |
Population | |
• 2023 estimate | ![]() |
• 2021 census | ![]() |
• Density | 3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi) (192nd) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2018) | ![]() medium |
HDI (2021) | ![]() very high · 5th |
Currency | Australian dollar ($) (AUD) |
Time zone | UTC+8; +9.5; +10 (various[N 3]) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+8; +9.5; +10; +10.5; +11 (various[N 3]) |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy[16] |
Driving side | left |
Calling code | +61 |
ISO 3166 code | AU |
Internet TLD | .au |
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[17] is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.[18] Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest,[19] flattest,[20] and driest inhabited continent,[21][22] with the least fertile soils.[23][24] It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east.
The ancestors of
Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising six states and ten territories. Australia's population of nearly 27 million[11] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.[28] Canberra is the nation's capital, while its most populous city and financial centre is Sydney.[29] The next four largest cities are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. It is ethnically diverse and multicultural, the product of large-scale immigration, with almost half of the population having at least one parent born overseas.[30] Australia's abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources including services, mining exports, banking, manufacturing, agriculture and international education.[31][32][33] Australia ranks amongst the highest in the world for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.[34]
Australia has a
Etymology
The name Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪliə/ in Australian English[39]) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.[40] Several sixteenth century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.[41] When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories.[N 4]
Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as
Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "Down Under"). Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country".[52]
History
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Australians comprise two groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the Torres Strait Islanders, who are a distinct Melanesian people. Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,[26][53][54][55] with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.[56] It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.[57][58] The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.[59] The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.[60][61]
Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.
The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4000 years ago.[68] Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.[69]
European exploration and colonisation

The northern coasts and waters of Australia were
Following the loss of its
The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.[82] Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers.[83]
Colonial expansion

The British continued to push into other areas of the continent in the early 19th century, initially along the coast. In 1803, a settlement was established in
In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors.[91] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[92] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs[93] and defence.[94]
In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions.[95] A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe,[96] as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees.[97]
From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities (referred to as the Stolen Generations).[98]
Federation to the World Wars

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and the entering into force of the Australian Constitution.[99]
After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and several other self-governing British settler colonies were given the status of self-governing "dominions" within the British Empire.[100][101] Australia was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920,[102] and subsequently of the United Nations in 1945.[103] Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom. Australia adopted it in 1942,[104] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[105][106]
The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed.[107] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[108] Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883)[109] in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920. The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.[110][111][112]

In 1914, Australia joined the
From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the
Post-war and contemporary eras

In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.[122][123] Using the slogan "populate or perish", the nation encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with such immigrants referred to as "New Australians".[124]
A member of the
As a result of a
Following the final abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973,[130] Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.[131][132] The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Pacific Rim nations.[133] While the Australia Act 1986 severed the remaining vestigial constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom,[134] a 1999 referendum resulted in 55% of voters rejecting a proposal to abolish the Monarchy of Australia and become a republic.[135]
Following the
During the
Geography
General characteristics

Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,
Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° South, and longitudes 112° and 154° East.[146] Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre.[147] The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land.[148] Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.[149] The population density is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.[150]

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef,[151] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,[152] is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 m (9,006 ft)), on the remote Australian external territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively.[153]
Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height.[154] The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland.[154][155] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland.[156][157][158][159] The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical Cape York Peninsula.[146]

The landscapes of the
Geology

Lying on the Indo-Australian Plate, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history.[171][172] The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3.6–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.[173]
Having been part of all major
The Australian mainland's
The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the
Climate

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the
Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen more than 1°C since 1960. Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and bushfires. 2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year,[186] and the 2019–2020 bushfire season was the country's worst on record.[187] Australia's greenhouse gas emissions per capita are among the highest in the world.[188]
Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.[189][190] Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the 2000s Australian drought.[191]
Biodiversity

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from
Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.[198] Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.[198] Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.[199] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.[200] Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,[201] including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.[202][203]
Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species.[204] All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.[205] The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.[206] Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;[207][208] 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention,[209] and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established.[210] Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index.[211] There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals.[212]
Government and politics
Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The federal government is separated into three branches:[218]
- Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the monarch (represented by the governor-general), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
- Executive: the Federal Executive Council, which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the cabinet, comprising the prime minister and other ministers of state appointed by the governor-general on the advice of Parliament;[219]
- Judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the governor-general on advice of Parliament

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).[223] The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population,[224] with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[225] Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[223]
Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote. Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction,[226] as is enrolment.[227] The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.[228] Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a Westminster parliamentary democracy with an elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation",[229] or as a semi-parliamentary system.[230]
There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the
The
States and territories

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (Tas), Victoria (Vic) and Western Australia (WA)—and three mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT), and the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT). The ACT and NT are mostly self-governing, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments.[238]
Under the constitution, the states essentially have
Each state and major mainland territory has its own
The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the external territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the claimed region of Australian Antarctic Territory, as well as the internal Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales.[219] The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the monarch.[242] In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council.[243] Macquarie Island is part of Tasmania,[244] and Lord Howe Island of New South Wales.[245]
Foreign relations

Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a focus on relationships within the
Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan.

Australia has pursued the cause of international
Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement.[253] The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.[254] A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism,[255] and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance.[256] Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development's 2021 Commitment to Development Index.[257]
Military

Australia's armed forces—the Australian Defence Force (ADF)—comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 81,214 personnel (including 57,982 regulars and 23,232 reservists) as of November 2015[update]. The titular role of
In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's
Human rights
Legal and social rights in Australia are regarded as among the most developed in the world.[34] Attitudes towards LGBT people are generally positive within Australia, and same-sex marriage has been legal in the nation since 2017.[261][262] Australia has had anti-discrimination laws regarding disability since 1992.[263]
Economy

Australia's high-income mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources.[264] It is the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP. As of 2021[update], it has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg,[265] and has the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita.[266] Australia has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.[267] According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing 3.2 million. It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.[268][269] The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also shared with three Island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[270]
Australian government debt, about $963 billion, exceeds 45.1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's eighth-highest.[271] Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.[272] Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.[273] The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up only 3.6% of total GDP.[274] Australia is the world's 21st-largest exporter and 24th-largest importer.[275][276] China is Australia's largest trading partner by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17.6% of its imports.[277] Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.[278]
Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and was ranked fifth in the
Energy
In 2003, Australia's energy sources were coal (58.4%), hydropower (19.1%), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil (2.9%), and other renewable resources like wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy (0.7%).[285] During the 21st century, Australia has been trending to generate more energy using renewable resources and less energy using fossil fuels. In 2020, Australia used coal for 62% of all energy (3.6% increase compared to 2013), wind power for 9.9% (9.5% increase), natural gas for 9.9% (3.6% decrease), solar power for 9.9% (9.8% increase), hydropower for 6.4% (12.7% decrease), bioenergy for 1.4% (1.2% increase), and other sources like oil and waste coal mine gas for 0.5%.[286][287]
In August 2009, Australia's government set a goal to achieve 20% of all energy in the country from renewable sources by 2020.[288] They achieved this goal, as renewable resources accounted for 27.7% of Australia's energy in 2020.[286]
Science and technology
In 2019, Australia spent A$35.6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1.79% of GDP.[289] A recent study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.[290] The country's most recognized and important sector of this type is mining,[291] where Australia continues to have the highest penetration of technologies, especially drones, autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles and mine management software.[292] In addition, recent startup ecosystems in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined.[293] Australia consistently has ranked high in the Global Innovation Index (GII). In 2022, Australia ranked 25th out of the 132 economies featured in the GII 2022, down from being 22nd in 2019.[294][295]
With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.[296][297] CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.[297] Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy,[298] the essential components of Wi-Fi technology,[299] and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote.[300]
Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration. Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA.[301]
Demographics
Australia has an average
Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.[303] Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.[304]
In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2018 the
Rank | Name | State | Pop. | Rank | Name | State | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sydney | NSW | 5,259,764 | 11 | Geelong | Vic |
289,400 | ||
2 | Melbourne | Vic |
4,976,157 | 12 | Hobart | Tas | 251,047 | ||
3 | Brisbane | Qld | 2,568,927 | 13 | Townsville | Qld | 181,665 | ||
4 | Perth | WA | 2,192,229 | 14 | Cairns | Qld | 155,638 | ||
5 | Adelaide | SA | 1,402,393 | 15 | Darwin | NT | 148,801 | ||
6 | Tweed Heads |
Qld/NSW | 706,673 | 16 | Toowoomba | Qld | 143,994 | ||
7 | Newcastle–Maitland | NSW | 509,894 | 17 | Ballarat | Vic |
111,702 | ||
8 | Canberra–Queanbeyan | ACT/NSW | 482,250 | 18 | Bendigo | Vic |
102,899 | ||
9 | Sunshine Coast | Qld | 355,631 | 19 | Albury-Wodonga |
Vic |
97,676 | ||
10 | Wollongong | NSW | 305,880 | 20 | Launceston | Tas | 93,332 |
Ancestry and immigration

Between 1788 and the
Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations.[310][311] 160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018–2019 (excluding refugees),[309] whilst there was a net population gain of 239,600 people from all permanent and temporary immigration in that year.[312] The majority of immigrants are skilled,[309] but the immigration program includes categories for family members and refugees.[312] In 2020, the largest foreign-born populations were those born in England (3.8%), India (2.8%), Mainland China (2.5%), New Zealand (2.2%), the Philippines (1.2%) and Vietnam (1.1%).[313]
The
- English(33%)
- Australian (29.9%)[N 8]
- Irish(9.5%)
- Scottish(8.6%)
- Chinese(5.5%)
- Italian(4.4%)
- German(4%)
- Indian(3.1%)
- Aboriginal (2.9%)[N 9]
- Greek(1.7%)
- Filipino(1.6%)
- Dutch(1.5%)
- Vietnamese(1.3%)
- Lebanese(1%)
At the 2021 census, 3.8% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous—Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 10][318]
Language
Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the
At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were
Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.[325] The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered.[326] The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians.[327] NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages.[328]
The Australian sign language known as Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.[329]
Religion

Australia has no
At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having
In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.
Health
Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females),[334] is the fifth-highest in the world. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world,[335] while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.[336][337] Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women[338] and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults;[339] 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.[340]
Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.
During the COVID-19 pandemic Australia had one of the most restrictive quarantine policies, resulting in one of the lowest death rates worldwide.[344]
Education

School attendance, or registration for
Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.[354] However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50%.[355]
Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.[356] The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.[357] There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.[358] About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications[359] and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[360][361][362]
Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.[363][364] Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.[365] Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17.[297]
Culture

The country is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration.[367] Prior to 1850, Australia was dominated by Indigenous cultures.[368][369] Since then, Australian culture has primarily been a Western culture, strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic settlers.[370][371] Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world,[372] and the culture of the United States.[373] The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.[374][375]
Arts

Australia has over 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites,[377] and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic Robert Hughes;[378] its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye.[379] Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.[380] The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.[380] While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends.[380] The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira,[381] as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract.[380][382]
Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.[390] There is a symphony orchestra in each state,[391] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[392] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.[393] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers.[394] Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.[395]
Media

Australia has two public broadcasters (the
Cuisine
Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple
Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine.[413] Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.[414] The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption,[415] with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries. Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres.[416]
Sport and recreation

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every
Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race also attract intense interest.[427] Australia is also notable for water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing.[428] The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.[429] Snow sports take place primarily in the Australian Alps and Tasmania.[430]
See also
Notes
- royal anthem is "God Save the King", played in the presence of members of the royal family when they are in Australia. In other contexts, the national anthem of Australia, "Advance Australia Fair", is played.[1]
- ^ English does not have de jure status.[4]
- ^ a b There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.
- ^ The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)[42][43][44] for an island in Vanuatu.[45] The Dutch adjectival form australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[46]
- ^ For instance, the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis
- ^ Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the Southern Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between Antarctica and 60° south latitude.[139]
- European ancestry.[317]
- European ancestry.[317]
- ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
- ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
- ^ Sydney is the largest city based on Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs). These represent labour markets and the functional area of Australian capital cities.[2] Melbourne is larger based on ABS Significant Urban Areas (SUAs). These represent Urban Centres, or groups of contiguous Urban Centres, that contain a population of 10,000 persons or more.[3]
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Bibliography
- Davison, Graeme; ISBN 978-0-1955-3597-6.
- Jupp, James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-0789-0.
- Jupp, James; Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James Jupp (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-0789-0.
- Smith, Bernard; Smith, Terry (1991). Australian painting 1788–1990. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1955-4901-0.
- Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard (2003). Cultural history in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-8684-0589-6.
Further reading
- Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-6311-7962-3.
- Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) (2011). The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5218-8857-8.
- Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. ISBN 0-3945-0668-5.
- Powell, J.M. (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5212-5619-4
- Robinson, G.M., Loughran, R.J., and Tranter, P.J. (2000). Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-3407-2032-8hardback.
- Brett, Judith (2019). From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting. Text Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-9256-0384-2.
External links
Wikimedia Atlas of Australia
Geographic data related to Australia at OpenStreetMap
- About Australia from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Tradewebsite
- Governments of Australia website (federal, states and territories)
- Australian Government website
- Australian Bureau of Statistics
- Tourism Australia
- Australia at Curlie