Australia–Russia relations
This article needs to be updated.(January 2017) |
Australia |
Russia |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Australia, Moscow | Embassy of Russia, Canberra |
Envoy | |
Ambassador John Geering | Ambassador Aleksey Pavlovsky |
Foreign relations (
Relations between the two countries severely deteriorated in 2014 due to Russia's invasion of Crimea and the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which claimed the lives of 38 Australians.[1] In 2017, according to a Pew Research Center survey, 37% of Australians had a favourable view of Russia, with 55% expressing an unfavourable view.[2] Relations further deteriorated in 2022 as a result of Russia's
Pre-Russian Federation relations
Russian Empire
1803–1898
Contacts between Russia and Australia date back to 1803, when
This was the beginning of personal contacts between Russians and Australians, and Russian ships would continue to visit Australian shores, particularly as a stop on their way to supplying the Empire's
While in Sydney, Bellingshausen collected information on the
Although Russia and Britain were allies against Napoleon, the
By the late 1830s,
As Australia was engaged in a
Seven years after the conclusion of the Crimean War, the Russian
Although the visits of Russian ships were of a friendly nature, the
The Melbourne-based Epoch re-ignited fears of a Russia invasion when three Russian ships—
1888–1917
Paranoia of a Russian invasion subsided in 1888, when
In 1890, the
In 1900, the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs was advised that the Duke and Duchess of York (later
British financial and political support for the
Soviet Union
1917–1941
After the
In March 1918, after the resignation of Abaza,
On 8 August 1924, the United Kingdom signed the General Treaty with the Soviet Union which extended British diplomatic recognition to the USSR, and was also considered applicable to the
1941–1948
After the
Whilst Australia's reasons for the exchange of diplomatic missions were known, it was also understood that the Soviet government believed at first that the exchange would serve no great purpose, due to the minimal ties between the two countries, commercial or otherwise.[48] Both countries acknowledged that if relations, particularly trade relations, were to become a reality that diplomatic relations would be required as a formality.[49][50] Evatt began negotiations with Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov in London in May 1942, and the 10 October 1942 agreement between the two countries to exchange diplomatic representatives was regarded in Australia as a diplomatic coup, given the Soviet Union's position as a great power in the Pacific region. The first diplomatic representatives were Andrey Vlasov for the Soviet Union, and William Slater for Australia.[51][52]
In 1942–43, joint Commonwealth naval and air forces, under British commanders, were based in North Russia, while involved in convoys bringing supplies to the Soviet Union. For instance, under the code name Operation Orator, between August and November 1942, a British-Australian air wing – including 455 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, operated Handley Page Hampden torpedo bombers from bases near Murmansk, where they successfully deterred operations off North Cape by German battleships and cruisers.[53]
Slater opened the Australian
1948–1963
As with other Western countries, Australia's relations with the USSR deteriorated in the late 1940s, as the Iron Curtain descended across Europe and Soviet proxy governments were established in several Eastern European countries. Australia was gripped in a red scare similar to that which led to McCarthyism in the United States.
During late 1948 and early 1949, the Australian government – like most of the former Western Allies – actively opposed a Soviet land blockade of
Attempts by the new
In aid of Soviet preparations for its commitments to the
The two countries agreed to resume diplomatic relations on 13 March 1959 and it was reported that Australia insisted on screening Soviet diplomatic personnel.
1963–1991
During the period of Cold War détente, relations between Australia and the Soviet Union were seen as stronger during the Whitlam government. On 3 July 1974, then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, as Acting Foreign Minister, took the decision to grant de jure recognition of the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the USSR. The Australian ambassador to Moscow visited Tallinn, Estonia, on 28–30 July 1974, effectively according de jure recognition. Soviet authorities subsequently leaked this information on 3 August 1974, confirmed by a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs a day later. Whitlam had neither informed nor consulted with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator Willesee, who had been absent abroad, the Cabinet, Caucus, nor Parliament.[citation needed] In taking this controversial decision Whitlam also reneged on pre-election commitments made in correspondences to organizations representing emigrees from all three Baltic nations. Willesee, who upon his return supported Whitlam's decision and subsequently confirmed Whitlam's decision as "unilateral," was eventually censured by the Australian Parliament on 18 September 1974[91] for his part: "That the Minister for Foreign Affairs is deserving of censure and ought to resign because: in breach of a clear undertaking to the contrary given by the Prime Minister the Government shamefully and furtively extended recognition to the incorporation of the Baltic States in the U.S.S.R., the Minister withholding any announcement or explanation of the decision."[91][92]
During
During Whitlam's visit to the USSR, two agreements were signed between the two countries on 15 January 1975: the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Scientific-Technical Co-operation[95] and the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Cultural Co-operation.[96][97] Following the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975 and the resultant election which saw the installation of a conservative Liberal-Country Party coalition government under the leadership of Malcolm Fraser, recognition of the incorporation of the three Baltic states by the Soviet Union was rescinded by Australia in December 1975, and relations became more pragmatic.[98]
In April 1983,
Australian Prime Minister
Russian Federation relations
Diplomatic ties
On 26 December 1991, Australia recognised the Russian Federation as the
while the current Ambassador of Australia to Russia is John Geering.Political ties
The
In aid of the project, the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes was signed in Canberra on 23 May 2001, replacing the Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Australia on Cooperation in the Field of Exploration and the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes of 1 December 1987, and
Co-operation in space was on the agenda when Alexander Downer met in Moscow with
In September 2007 President Vladimir Putin became the first incumbent
Putin dismissed suggestions that Russia would use Australia-supplied uranium for
The agreement was put into doubt after the
After Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 26 August 2008, Stephen Smith summoned the Russian ambassador,
Blaming
Economic ties
Australia and Russia are both members of the
Investment
In September 2007, at the Russia–Australia Business Forum in
Trade statistics
In 2008, Australian-Russian bilateral trade exceeded
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Australian exports to Russia (A$ '000) | 151,380 | 185,537 | 335,601 | 654,235 | 661,392 | 1,115,051 | 584,541 |
Total Russian exports to Australia (A$ '000) | 38,829 | 58,881 | 100,833 | 63,832 | 126,514 | 599,727 | 357,582 |
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Following Russia's
Australia also imposed sanctions on Russia, targeting members of Russia's national security council with travel bans and financial sanctions, and extending existing sanctions to the separatist regions of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[135] Further sanctions were imposed on president Vladimir Putin, foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, 339 members of the Russian parliament and eight oligarch close to Putin.[136] A third round of sanctions targeted senior military officers involved in the invasion; senior Russian government officials such as Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary and Maria Zakharova, spokesperson for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and the Russian Armed Forces.[137]
On 7 March, the Russian government included Australia on an adopted list of countries it deemed as "taking
On 18 March, a fourth round of sanctions were imposed on oligarchs Oleg Deripaska and Viktor Vekselberg, as well as 20 Russian businesses.[138] On March 20, Australia banned the export of alumina and bauxite to Russia.[139] On 31 March, Australia announced a 35 per cent tariff on all imports from Russia and Belarus.[140] On 7 April, a fifth round of sanctions targeted 67 Russian government officials and oligarchs.[141]
On 8 April, Russia banned 228 Australian political figures including Prime Minister
In May of 2023, a case by the Federal Court saw the National Capital Authority attempting to revoke a lease by the Russian Federation, to construct a new embassy building in Canberra. The case was thrown out, with the court arguing that terminating the lease was "Invalid and of no effect".[144]
In June of 2023, new legislation passed saw by the government suspend the lease and cease development, citing national security concerns. The move was supported by both the government and opposition.[145] The site would have stood only 400 meters away from Parliament House.[146] While a case was made to the High Court for an injunction, the bid was thrown out.[147] In response to the incident, a Russian diplomat began squatting on the site on the 23rd of June, before leaving on the 26th of June.[148]
See also
- Foreign relations of Australia
- Foreign relations of Russia
- List of ambassadors of Australia to Russia
- List of ambassadors of Russia to Australia
- Russian Australians
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{{cite news}}
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ignored (help - ISSN 1320-7547. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.)
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:|journal=
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