Australia–Russia relations

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Australia–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Australia and Russia

Australia

Russia
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Australia, MoscowEmbassy of Russia, Canberra
Envoy
Ambassador John GeeringAmbassador Aleksey Pavlovsky

Foreign relations (

list of "unfriendly countries", along with Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, the United States, European Union members, NATO members (except Turkey), Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, Micronesia and Ukraine
.

Relations between the two countries severely deteriorated in 2014 due to Russia's invasion of Crimea and the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which claimed the lives of 38 Australians.[1] In 2017, according to a Pew Research Center survey, 37% of Australians had a favourable view of Russia, with 55% expressing an unfavourable view.[2] Relations further deteriorated in 2022 as a result of Russia's

full-scale invasion of Ukraine.[3] At the time, a Lowy Institute study reported that only 5% of surveyed Australians said that they trust Russia ‘somewhat’ or ‘a great deal’ to act responsibly in the world, a 21-point fall from 2021.[4]

Pre-Russian Federation relations

Russian Empire

1803–1898

Contacts between Russia and Australia date back to 1803, when

Russian warship Neva, with Captain Ludwig von Hagemeister at the helm, was able to sail into Port Jackson on 16 June 1807.[5][7] Hagemeister and the ship's officers were extended the utmost courtesy by Governor William Bligh, with the Governor inviting the Russians to Government House for dinner and a ball.[8]

This was the beginning of personal contacts between Russians and Australians, and Russian ships would continue to visit Australian shores, particularly as a stop on their way to supplying the Empire's

research ships Vostok and Mirny, under the command of Mikhail Lazarev. Bellingshausen returned to Sydney after discovering Antarctica, spending the winter at the invitation of Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Macquarie played the greatest role in the expression of Russophilia in the Colony, ensuring that the Russian visitors were made to feel welcome.[7][9]

While in Sydney, Bellingshausen collected information on the

Although Russia and Britain were allies against Napoleon, the

Russian Point, which added to the sense of alarm in the Colonies.[7][10]

By the late 1830s,

As Australia was engaged in a

honorary consuls in 1857; James Damyon in Melbourne and EM Paul in Sydney.[5][6][13]

Seven years after the conclusion of the Crimean War, the Russian

Port Phillip Bay. After Bogatyr had left the Colony, the Sydney Morning Herald reported on 7 April 1863 that the crew of the ship had engaged in topographical surveys of the Port Jackson and Botany Bay areas, which included investigating coastal fortifications, but this did not raise any eyebrows at the time.[14][15]

Although the visits of Russian ships were of a friendly nature, the

The Melbourne-based Epoch re-ignited fears of a Russia invasion when three Russian ships—

spying and fraud, leading to the Admiral complaining to the Premier of Victoria Bryan O'Loghlen and threatening legal action against the newspaper. John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, defused the situation when he sent a telegraph to the government stating that relations with Russia are of a friendly character, and such newspaper reports are rendered incredible.[17] Due to the fears of an invasion, Fort Scratchley in Newcastle was completed by 1885.[11]

Anglo-Russian relations. Noting the establishment of coal bunkers and the fortifying of ports in Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide, he advocated taking over Port Darwin, Thursday Island, Newcastle, and Albany, noting their insufficient fortification. The Foreign Ministry considered a Russian colony in the Pacific as unlikely and military notes of the reports were only partially utilised by the Naval Ministry. The authorities in Russia appraised his reports, and in December 1886 de Giers officially advised Miklukho-Maklai that his request for the establishment of a Russian colony had been declined.[11][20]

1888–1917

The Russian corvette Rynda in Sydney in 1888.

Paranoia of a Russian invasion subsided in 1888, when

Grand Duke supported expanding trade ties with Australia, noting that it was desirable for the Russians to expand their ties with Australia, outside of their relationship with Britain, and stated his belief that such relations were long overdue.[5]

In 1890, the

Imperial Russian Consul to the Colonies on 14 July 1893, and he arrived with his family in Melbourne on 13 December 1893. Poutyata was an effective Consul and his reports were well read in Saint Petersburg.[24] His efforts at encouraging Australian manufacturers and merchants to attend the All-Russia Exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod were instrumental in the signing of commercial contracts between Tasmanian merchants and manufacturers in Russia. Poutyata died of kidney failure following complications from pneumonia a little over a year after his arrival in Australia on 16 December 1894, which saw Robert Ungern von Sternberg being appointed to replace him at the end of 1895.[5][25][26] Nikolai Matyunin, who replaced Sternberg as Consul in 1898, signed an agreement with Dalgety Australia Ltd, which enabled Russian cargo ships to carry the company's pastoral products back to Europe.[5]

Australian Parliament
on 9 May 1901 at which the Russian Empire was represented by Nicolai Passek, the Imperial Consul in Melbourne. (figure shown in far bottom left of image)

In 1900, the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs was advised that the Duke and Duchess of York (later

Tsar Nicholas II viewed that "[i]t is desirable to send a cruiser". Gromoboi arrived in Melbourne, after a call in Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, on 30 April 1901. The Russian Empire was represented at the opening of the first Australian Parliament on 1 May 1901 by Russian consul Nicolai Passek, who was based in Melbourne since the approval of his appointment by Queen Victoria on 24 March 1900.[5][27][28] The Duke of York visited Gromoboi and was impressed by the cruiser, and he sent a request to Tsar Nicholas II asking that Jessen and Gromoboi be allowed to accompany him to Sydney as an honour escort; a request which was approved.[27]

British financial and political support for the

Entente Powers in World War I. During the war, as a member of the British Empire, Australia was allied with Russia.[12]

Soviet Union

1917–1941

After the

Perth, Darwin, Newcastle, Port Pirie and Melbourne.[32]

In March 1918, after the resignation of Abaza,

bilateral relations between Australia and the Soviet Union continued to be de jure non-existent.[35]

On 8 August 1924, the United Kingdom signed the General Treaty with the Soviet Union which extended British diplomatic recognition to the USSR, and was also considered applicable to the

Nationalist Prime Minister Stanley Bruce disputed the nature of the Treaty, saying that self-governing parts of the Empire were not consulted, it did not take into account Australia's rights to sign treaties with foreign countries and it ignored Australia's trade interests.[37] Bruce was also concerned that allegations of the Soviet Union spreading propaganda in Australia, which regarded communism as a menace, were not addressed.[38][39] The Treaty was not entered into as a treaty of George V on behalf of the Empire, but between two governments, and according to Bruce, Australia was in no way bound by the Treaty, and the Australian Press Association stated that there was initially an unsympathetic view in Australia towards restoring diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Izvestia reported Ramsay MacDonald had campaigned for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on a platform which included restoring ties with the Soviet Union and hence the Soviet Union should seize upon this and "advance conditions and demand guarantees".[40][41][42] In July 1929, Bruce sent a communication to MacDonald, acquiescing to the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, provided that Soviet propaganda ceased. It was the opinion of the Australian government that the Soviet Union had been spreading propaganda in Australia, but it was unable to provide specific evidence of this being the case.[43] On 20 and 21 December 1929, notes were exchanged in Moscow and London which saw the resumption of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom and its Dominions, including Australia. The notes included a pledge by the Soviet Union to refrain from hostile propaganda, which was part of the unratified 1924 Treaty.[36]

1941–1948

After the

German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 during World War II, the Labor government of John Curtin began to discuss sending a diplomatic delegation to the Soviet Union. The Congress of Friendship and Aid to the Soviet urged the posting of Australian diplomats in the Soviet Union, and also pushed for exchanging military, air and naval missions between the two countries.[44] HMAS Norman in October 1941 visited Arkhangelsk bringing a British trade delegation from Iceland; marking the beginning of the Lend-Lease program in support of the Soviet Union.[45][46]

Soviet Ambassador Andrey Vlasov presents his credentials at Government House, Canberra, March 1943. Front (left to right): H. V. Evatt, Andrey Vlasov, Governor-General Lord Gowrie, Prime Minister John Curtin. Back (left to right): Lt-Col W. R. Hodgson (?), Soldatov (?), Schibatev (?), Karpunin, L. S. Bracegirdle.

Whilst Australia's reasons for the exchange of diplomatic missions were known, it was also understood that the Soviet government believed at first that the exchange would serve no great purpose, due to the minimal ties between the two countries, commercial or otherwise.[48] Both countries acknowledged that if relations, particularly trade relations, were to become a reality that diplomatic relations would be required as a formality.[49][50] Evatt began negotiations with Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov in London in May 1942, and the 10 October 1942 agreement between the two countries to exchange diplomatic representatives was regarded in Australia as a diplomatic coup, given the Soviet Union's position as a great power in the Pacific region. The first diplomatic representatives were Andrey Vlasov for the Soviet Union, and William Slater for Australia.[51][52]

In 1942–43, joint Commonwealth naval and air forces, under British commanders, were based in North Russia, while involved in convoys bringing supplies to the Soviet Union. For instance, under the code name Operation Orator, between August and November 1942, a British-Australian air wing – including 455 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, operated Handley Page Hampden torpedo bombers from bases near Murmansk, where they successfully deterred operations off North Cape by German battleships and cruisers.[53]

Slater opened the Australian

Embassy status on 12 July 1945 and the Australian Legation in Moscow was upgraded on 16 February 1948.[5][verification needed][56]

1948–1963

Evdokia Petrova being escorted by two Soviet diplomatic couriers at Sydney Airport.

As with other Western countries, Australia's relations with the USSR deteriorated in the late 1940s, as the Iron Curtain descended across Europe and Soviet proxy governments were established in several Eastern European countries. Australia was gripped in a red scare similar to that which led to McCarthyism in the United States.

During late 1948 and early 1949, the Australian government – like most of the former Western Allies – actively opposed a Soviet land blockade of

Berlin airlift. The RAAF Berlin Airlift Squadron was formed for this purpose. Following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, Australian and Soviet foreign policy were diametrically opposed. Australia was the first country after the United States to deploy forces to Korea, under what became known as United Nations Command
.

Attempts by the new

diplomatic relations, the Soviet Union's interests in Australia were represented by Sweden, and Australia's interests in the Soviet Union were represented by the United Kingdom.[76]

In aid of Soviet preparations for its commitments to the

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation losing an opportunity to view the latest oceanographic research technology.[80][81]

The two countries agreed to resume diplomatic relations on 13 March 1959 and it was reported that Australia insisted on screening Soviet diplomatic personnel.

Woomera missile range underwent interrogation. The Soviets responded by stating that the materials released by ASIO proved nothing and were produced to hinder the development of friendly relations between the Soviet Union and Australia, and declared that Ambassador Ivan Kurdyukov, who was on sick leave in Moscow, would not return to Australia.[88][89][90]

1963–1991

During the period of Cold War détente, relations between Australia and the Soviet Union were seen as stronger during the Whitlam government. On 3 July 1974, then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, as Acting Foreign Minister, took the decision to grant de jure recognition of the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the USSR. The Australian ambassador to Moscow visited Tallinn, Estonia, on 28–30 July 1974, effectively according de jure recognition. Soviet authorities subsequently leaked this information on 3 August 1974, confirmed by a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs a day later. Whitlam had neither informed nor consulted with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator Willesee, who had been absent abroad, the Cabinet, Caucus, nor Parliament.[citation needed] In taking this controversial decision Whitlam also reneged on pre-election commitments made in correspondences to organizations representing emigrees from all three Baltic nations. Willesee, who upon his return supported Whitlam's decision and subsequently confirmed Whitlam's decision as "unilateral," was eventually censured by the Australian Parliament on 18 September 1974[91] for his part: "That the Minister for Foreign Affairs is deserving of censure and ought to resign because: in breach of a clear undertaking to the contrary given by the Prime Minister the Government shamefully and furtively extended recognition to the incorporation of the Baltic States in the U.S.S.R., the Minister withholding any announcement or explanation of the decision."[91][92]

During

Soviet of Ministers of the USSR.[94]

During Whitlam's visit to the USSR, two agreements were signed between the two countries on 15 January 1975: the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Scientific-Technical Co-operation[95] and the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Cultural Co-operation.[96][97] Following the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975 and the resultant election which saw the installation of a conservative Liberal-Country Party coalition government under the leadership of Malcolm Fraser, recognition of the incorporation of the three Baltic states by the Soviet Union was rescinded by Australia in December 1975, and relations became more pragmatic.[98]

Bob Hawke and Mikhail Gorbachev during the former's visit to the Soviet Union in 1987.

In April 1983,

Royal Commission presided over by Robert Marsden Hope, which saw Prime Minister Bob Hawke giving evidence for 20 consecutive sitting days.[101]

Australian Prime Minister

Leningrad on 30 November 1987 for discussion on economics, trade and foreign policy with Mikhail Gorbachev.[102] During the visit, Hawke gave the names of Soviet Jews who wished to leave the Soviet Union to Gorbachev, and on 4 December 1987, 60 to 75 Jews were given permission to leave the country.[103]

Russian Federation relations

Diplomatic ties

Embassy of Australia in Moscow
.

On 26 December 1991, Australia recognised the Russian Federation as the

embassy in Moscow.[107] The current Ambassador of Russia to Australia is Aleksey Pavlovsky,[108]
while the current Ambassador of Australia to Russia is John Geering.

Political ties

The

TsSKB-Progress and the Barmin General Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau.[109]

In aid of the project, the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes was signed in Canberra on 23 May 2001, replacing the Agreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Australia on Cooperation in the Field of Exploration and the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes of 1 December 1987, and

import tax and other concessions were made by the Australian government.[110]

Co-operation in space was on the agenda when Alexander Downer met in Moscow with

ArianeSpace with the view to using the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou in French Guiana.[112]

Vladimir Putin and John Howard watch on as Sergey Kiriyenko and Alexander Downer sign the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes in Sydney on 7 September 2007.

In September 2007 President Vladimir Putin became the first incumbent

Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer, in the presence of Prime Minister John Howard and President Putin, signed the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes, superseding the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the peaceful uses of nuclear energy which was concluded on 15 February 1990. The 1990 Agreement only allowed Russia to enrich uranium on behalf of third countries and the 2007 Agreement allowed for enriching of uranium for use in Russia's civilian nuclear power industry.[114]

Putin dismissed suggestions that Russia would use Australia-supplied uranium for

nuclear power stations by 2022, and that the agreement with Australia was purely one of economics.[115]

The agreement was put into doubt after the

August 2008 war in South Ossetia and Russia's subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states. Stephen Smith, the Australian Foreign Minister, told Sky News Australia in November 2008 that ratification of the agreement would see Australia reviewing Russia's involvement in Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and also by taking into account the state of bilateral relations between the two countries.[116]

After Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 26 August 2008, Stephen Smith summoned the Russian ambassador,

Alexander Blokhin, to inform him that Russia's recognition was not helpful for the situation in the region, while Blokhin informed the Australian Foreign Minister that Russia was left with no choice but to recognise the independence of the two regions.[117]

Blaming

Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili for the conflict, Blokhin told The Age that the Russians were not the aggressors, but rather the peacekeepers.[118] Rory Medcalf, a strategic analyst with the Lowy Institute, stated that Australia could use the uranium deal to apply pressure on Moscow, but in doing so it risked sending messages to countries such as China that it is an unreliable supplier, which would in turn hurt Australian interests.[119]

Economic ties

Dmitry Medvedev and Kevin Rudd at APEC Peru 2008.

Australia and Russia are both members of the

accede to the organisation, although the United States and the European Union blame Russia for delays in its entry.[120]

Investment

In September 2007, at the Russia–Australia Business Forum in

Queensland Alumina was approved by the Australian Foreign Investment Review Board in February 2005. RusAl purchased the stake from Kaiser Aluminum in October 2004, in a deal which was valued at US$461 million. The investment by RusAl was the first large-scale Russian investment in the Australian economy.[122][123][124]

People's Republic of China—will treble consumption of steel, which will require steel production to double from 2007 limits.[127]

Lateline Business, "[t]he more we can get from international investment to deliberate the potential of Western Australia's economy, the better".[128] In April 2008, Carpenter became the first Western Australian Premier to visit Russia, when he headed a trade delegation for a five-day trip to the country to court more Russian investment in the state.[129]

Trade statistics

Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to the Russian Federation (A$ millions) since 1992
Monthly value of Russian Federation merchandise exports to Australia (A$ millions) since 1992

In 2008, Australian-Russian bilateral trade exceeded

foreign trade in 2008.[130]

Summary of bilateral trade 2003–2009[131][132]
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total Australian exports to Russia (A$ '000) 151,380 185,537 335,601 654,235 661,392 1,115,051 584,541
Total Russian exports to Australia (A$ '000) 38,829 58,881 100,833 63,832 126,514 599,727 357,582

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Following Russia's

invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Australia announced that it would send military equipment and medical supplies to Ukraine, with the Prime Minister arguing that Russia should be treated as a pariah state.[133] Australia committed $70 million to provide both lethal and nonlethal aid to Ukraine, including missiles and ammunition.[134]

Australia also imposed sanctions on Russia, targeting members of Russia's national security council with travel bans and financial sanctions, and extending existing sanctions to the separatist regions of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[135] Further sanctions were imposed on president Vladimir Putin, foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, 339 members of the Russian parliament and eight oligarch close to Putin.[136] A third round of sanctions targeted senior military officers involved in the invasion; senior Russian government officials such as Dmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary and Maria Zakharova, spokesperson for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and the Russian Armed Forces.[137]

On 7 March, the Russian government included Australia on an adopted list of countries it deemed as "taking

unfriendly actions against Russia, Russian companies, and citizens", in reference to economic sanctions introduced during the Russia-Ukraine war.[3]

On 18 March, a fourth round of sanctions were imposed on oligarchs Oleg Deripaska and Viktor Vekselberg, as well as 20 Russian businesses.[138] On March 20, Australia banned the export of alumina and bauxite to Russia.[139] On 31 March, Australia announced a 35 per cent tariff on all imports from Russia and Belarus.[140] On 7 April, a fifth round of sanctions targeted 67 Russian government officials and oligarchs.[141]

On 8 April, Russia banned 228 Australian political figures including Prime Minister

Russophobic" and "docilely" following other Western countries. Moscow also warned that it would expand the blacklist to include Australian military officials, business people, experts and journalists who allegedly "incited a negative attitude towards Russia."[142][143]

In May of 2023, a case by the Federal Court saw the National Capital Authority attempting to revoke a lease by the Russian Federation, to construct a new embassy building in Canberra. The case was thrown out, with the court arguing that terminating the lease was "Invalid and of no effect".[144]

In June of 2023, new legislation passed saw by the government suspend the lease and cease development, citing national security concerns. The move was supported by both the government and opposition.[145] The site would have stood only 400 meters away from Parliament House.[146] While a case was made to the High Court for an injunction, the bid was thrown out.[147] In response to the incident, a Russian diplomat began squatting on the site on the 23rd of June, before leaving on the 26th of June.[148]

See also

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Bibliography

External links