Australian Army
Australian Army | |
---|---|
Founded | 1 March 1901 |
Country | Australia |
Branch | Army |
Role | Land warfare |
Size | 28,524 (Regular) 15,711 (Active Reserve)[1] |
Part of | Australian Defence Force |
March | "The Army March" |
Engagements |
|
Website | www |
Commanders | |
Major General Susan Coyle | |
Insignia | |
Australian Army flag | |
Roundel (aviation) | |
Roundel (armoured vehicles) |
The Australian Army is the principal
Formed in 1901, as the Commonwealth Military Forces, through the amalgamation of the
The Australian Army was initially composed almost completely of part–time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the
During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the
History
Formation
Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of the six, disbanded and separate, colonial military forces' land components. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Second Boer War. The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied federal units to reinforce their commitment at the request of the British government.[10][11]
The Defence Act 1903, established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army.[12] In 1911, the Universal Service Scheme was implemented, introducing conscription for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the states and territories of Australia. This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through the process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas.[13]
World War I
After the declaration of war on the Central Powers, the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF), dealt with the issue of the German Pacific holdings. ANMEF recruitment began on 10 August 1914, and operations started 10 days later.[14] On 11 September, the ANMEF landed at Rabaul to secure German New Guinea, with no German outposts in the Pacific left by November 1914.[15] During the AIF's preparations to depart Australia, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers; thereby receiving declarations of war from the Allies of World War I in early November 1914.[16]
After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt where they underwent further preparations, and where the
Western Front
The AIF arrived in
Following the German withdrawal to the
On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the
On 4 July 1918, the
Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Soon after the penetration of the Hindenburg Line, plans for the breakthrough of the main trench, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the
Middle East
The Australian mounted units, composed of the
Interbellum
Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after the disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force.
World War II
Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom, and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 3 September 1939,[35] the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the 6th Division; later increased to include the 7th and 9th Divisions, alongside the 8th Division which was sent to Singapore.[36][18] In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training.[21]
The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with
Pacific
In December 1941, following the
The
In early 1943, the Salamaua–Lae campaign began, with operations against the entrenched Japanese aimed towards recapturing the eponymous towns.[50] This culminated in the capture of Lae, held by the 7th Division in early September 1943, from a successful combined amphibious landing at Lae and an airborne landing at Nadzab. The seaborne assault was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli. Subsequently, Salamaua was taken days later on 11 September 1943, by a separate joint Australia–US attack.[51][52] The Battle of Lae was additionally part of the wider Huon Peninsula campaign. Following Lae's capture, the Battle of Finschhafen commenced with a relatively swift control of objectives, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive that began with the Battle of Sattelberg, continued with the Battle of Wareo, and concluded with the Battle of Sio on 15 January 1944, was unleashed. The momentum of this advance was continued by the 8th Brigade, as they pursued the enemy in retreat, which culminated with the Battle of Madang.[52][53]
In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of
In October 1944, Australian participation in the Aitape–Wewak campaign began with the replacement of US forces at Aitape with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, and had held it passively, though Australian command found this unsuitable. On 2 November 1944, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was tasked with patrolling the area, wherein minor engagements were reported. In early December, the commandos were sent inland to establish access to the Torricelli Range, while the 19th Brigade handled patrolling, consequently, the amount of fierce fighting and territory secured increased. Following this success, thought was given for the capture of Maprik and Wewak, though supply became a major issue in this period. On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure the area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July.[55][56]
The Borneo campaign was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the Battle of Tarakan on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the Battle of Labuan, and concluded with the Battle of Balikpapan. The purpose of capturing Tarakan was to establish airfields, and the island was taken seven weeks following the initial amphibious landing. On 10 June 1945, the operation at Labuan commenced, and was tasked to secure resources and a naval base, and would continue until Japan's surrender. On 1 July 1945, the Balikpapan engagement commenced, with all its major objectives being acquired by war's end; this operation remains the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War.[57][58][59]
Cold War
Korean War
After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the
Malayan Emergency
The Australian military entered the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) in October 1955, committing the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) to fight alongside Commonwealth forces. The 2RAR fought against the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), a communist led guerrilla army whose goal was to turn Malaya into a socialist republic, and whose leaders had previously been trained and funded by Britain to resist the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Australian military operations in Malaya consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by the time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end.[63]
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
In 1962, the
Vietnam War
The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription, which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption.[66][67][44][62]
In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the 1st Australian Task Force, a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the Battle of Long Tan, wherein D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against the Tet Offensive, a Viet Cong military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973.[66][67]
Activities in Africa
Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in the largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of
Recent history (1990–present)
Peacekeeping
Following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990, a coalition of countries sponsored by the United Nations Security Council, of which Australia was a part, gave a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait of the 15 January 1991. Iraq refused to retreat and thus full conflict and the Gulf War began two days later on 17 January 1991.[69] In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.[70]
Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the
Afghanistan and Iraq
Following the
After the Gulf War the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any Weapon of mass destruction. In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop a coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the Iraq War on 19 March 2003.[75]
Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of Operation Okra. In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand.[76][77]
In 2020 an investigation of allegations of war crimes committed during Australian military operations in Afghanistan was concluded with the release of the
Organisation
1st (Australian) Division
Beginning 1 July 2023, the division was renamed the 1st Australian Division. The 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades were placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments.[79]
- 1 Brigade – Light Combat Brigade based in Darwin.[80]
- 3 Brigade – Armoured Combat Brigade based in Townsville.[80]
- 7 Brigade – Motorised Combat Brigade based in Brisbane.[80]
Forces Command
Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-combat assets of the Australian Army. Its focus is on unifying all training establishments to create a base for scaling and mobilisation:[79]
- 2 Brigade – Health Brigade based across Australia.
- 6 Brigade (CS&ISTAR) – Mixed brigade based in Sydney.
- 8 Brigade – training brigade with units around Australia.[81]
- 17 Sustainment Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney.
Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training and support establishments:
- Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka, NSW;
- Royal Military College, Duntroon in the ACT;
- Combined Arms Training Centre at Puckapunyal, Victoria;
- Army Logistic Training Centre at Bonegilla and Bandiana, Victoria;[82]
- Defence Command Support Training Centre at Macleod, Victoria;
- Combat Training Centre at Townsville, Queensland.
- 39th Operational Support Battalion at Sydney, NSW.
2nd (Australian) Division
Administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney.
- 4 Brigade – based in Victoria and Tasmania.
- 5 Brigade – based in New South Wales.
- 9 Brigade – Integrated Combat Brigade based in South Australia.[81]
- 11 Brigade – based in Queensland.
- 13 Brigade – based in Western Australia.
Aviation
Army Aviation Command is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises:[83]
Special Forces
Special Operations Command is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's special forces units.[84][85] Special Operations Command comprises:[84][86]
- Special Forces Group - a brigade-level headquarters.
Colours, standards and guidons
Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the King's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours".
The Army is the guardian of the
The Army Banner bears the
Personnel
Strength
As of June 2022 the Army had 28,387 permanent (regular) members[94] and 20,742 reservists (part-time);[95] all of whom are volunteers. As of June 2022, women made up 15.11% of the Army, with a target set for 18% 2025.[96] Gender based restrictions for frontline combat or training roles were lifted in January 2013.[97] Also as of June 2022, Indigenous Australians made up 3.7% of the Army.[98]
Rank and insignia
The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the
NATO Code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia Officer rank insignia | |||||||||||||
Rank title: | Field Marshal
|
General | Lieutenant General | Major General
|
Brigadier
|
Colonel
|
Lieutenant Colonel
|
Major
|
Captain
|
Lieutenant
|
Second Lieutenant
|
Officer Cadet
|
Staff Cadet
|
Abbreviation: | FM | Gen | Lt Gen | Maj Gen | Brig | Col | Lt Col | Maj | Capt | Lt | 2Lt | OCDT | SCDT |
NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia Other Ranks Insignia | No insignia | |||||||||
Rank Title: | Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army
|
Warrant Officer class 1
|
Warrant Officer class 2
|
Staff Sergeant (Phased out as of 2019)
|
Sergeant | Corporal | Lance Corporal | Private
(or equivalent) |
Recruit
| |
Abbreviation: | RSM-A | WO1 | WO2 | SSgt | Sgt | Cpl | LCpl | Pte | Rec |
Uniforms and Dress
The Australian Army uniforms are detailed in the Australian Army Dress Manual
Equipment
Firearms and artillery
Small arms
|
AW50F.[103]
|
Special forces | . |
Artillery | 48 M777A2 155 mm Howitzer,[104] 176 M252A1 81mm Mortar,[105] and M224A1 60mm Mortar.[106] |
Vehicles
Main battle tanks | 59 M1A1 Abrams , to be replaced by 75 M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams.
|
Armoured recovery vehicles | 13 M88A2 Hercules Armoured Recovery Vehicles.[107][108] |
Reconnaissance vehicles | 257 ASLAVs, to be replaced beginning in 2019 with 211 Boxers. |
Armoured Personnel Carriers
|
431 |
Infantry Mobility Vehicles
|
Bushmaster (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Medium), 31 HMT Extenda Mk1 Nary vehicles and 89 HMT Extenda Mk2. |
Light Utility Vehicles | G-Wagon 4x4 and 6x6 and Hawkei (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Light).
|
Trucks | Rheinmetall MAN HX series.[110] |
Support
Radar | AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar, AMSTAR Ground Surveillance RADAR, AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar, GIRAFFE FOC, Portable Search and Target Acquisition Radar – Extended Range. |
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
|
RQ-7B Shadow 200, Wasp AE, and PD-100 Black Hornet.[111][112] |
Aircraft
Transport helicopters | 14 Boeing CH-47F Chinook heavy transport helicopters.[113] 3 Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters for medium lift/utility;[114] a further 9 to be delivered by the end of 2024, with a total of 40 to be acquired.[115] |
Attack helicopters | 22 Eurocopter Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters (ARH), to be replaced with 29 Boeing AH-64E v6 Apache Guardians from 2025.[116] |
Training helicopters | 15 Eurocopter EC-135T2+ training helicopters, jointly shared with Navy.[117][118] |
-
Australian Army Tiger ARH
-
Australian Army CH-47F Chinook
Bases
The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at
Other important Army bases include the
Australian Army Journal
Since June 1948, the Australian Army has published its own journal titled the Australian Army Journal. The journal's first editor was Colonel Eustace Keogh, and initially, it was intended to assume the role that the Army Training Memoranda had filled during the Second World War, although its focus, purpose, and format has shifted over time.[127] Covering a broad range of topics including essays, book reviews and editorials, with submissions from serving members as well as professional authors, the journal's stated goal is to provide "...the primary forum for Army's professional discourse... [and]... debate within the Australian Army... [and improve the]... intellectual rigor of that debate by adhering to a strict and demanding standard of quality".[128] In 1976, the journal was placed on hiatus as the Defence Force Journal began publication;[127] however, publishing of the Australian Army Journal began again in 1999 and since then the journal has been published largely on a quarterly basis, with only minimal interruptions.[129]
See also
- Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia
- Australian military slang
- Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army
- Conscription in Australia
- List of Australian Army units
- List of Australian military memorials
- List of military weapons of Australia
- Army (newspaper)
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- ISBN 978-1-925890-48-8. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
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Notes
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Further reading
- Australian Department of Defence (2009). Defence Annual Report 2008–09. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Defence Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-642-29714-3. Archivedfrom the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-19554-114-4.
- Terrett, Leslie; Taubert, Stephen (2015). Preserving our Proud Heritage: The Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 9781925275544.