Australian commandos
The name commando has been applied to a variety of Australian special forces and light infantry units that have been formed since 1941–42. The first Australian "commando" units were formed during the Second World War, where they mainly performed reconnaissance and long-range patrol roles during Australia's campaigns in New Guinea and Borneo, although other units such as M and Z Special Units performed more clandestine roles. These units were disbanded following the end of the war; however, in the 1950s it was realised that there was a need for such units again in the Australian forces. Today, the Australian Army possesses a number of units that perform more conventional direct-action type commando roles, as well as counter-terrorism response, long-range patrolling, and clandestine deep-penetration operations.
History
Second World War (1939–1945)
During the Second World War, the Australian Army raised a number of units that were designated as carrying out commando-type operations. The first of these units were the independent companies, which were raised over a period of twelve months between 1941 and 1942. These units would go on to carry out various roles during the campaigns in New Guinea and Borneo and their members would serve with considerable distinction. Later, following a reorganisation, they would be designated as fully-fledged "Commando" squadrons. Other units were raised, such as the special units, whose tasks would be somewhat more clandestine. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) also raised commando units during the war, employing them mainly in the role of beach parties and underwater clearance teams.[1]
Independent companies
At the beginning of the Second World War, the Australian Army did not possess any "special forces" units. Late in 1940, the British government sent a military mission to Australia, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel J.C Mawhood, to investigate the possibility of establishing a number of such units within the Australian Army.[2] The British proposed the establishment of independent companies that would receive special training in order to take part in combined operations and various other tasks, including "...raids, demolitions, sabotage, subversion and organising civil resistance".[2] This was a very broad notion of the role that the independent companies would play, and there was considerable confusion over how these units would be used; for a while, this uncertainty threatened the very existence of the independent company concept.[3]
Acting on British advice, the Australian Army began raising and training the
These first units were:
- 1st Independent Company (raised May/June 1941)
- 2nd Independent Company (raised Oct 1941)
- 3rd Independent Company (raised Oct 1941)
- 4th Independent Company(raised December 1941)
- New Guinea Air Warning Wireless (Independent) Company (raised January 1942)
- 2/5 Independent Company(raised March 1942)
- 2/6 Independent Company(raised March 1942)
- 2/7th Independent Company(raised March 1942)
- 2/8th Independent Company(raised May 1942)
Initially the independent companies were raised to serve alongside the Second Australian Imperial Force (Second AIF) in the Middle East; however, as the threat from Japan developed it was decided to use them in the Pacific theatre, in the islands to the north of Australia where it was necessary to establish outposts to warn of the approach of Japanese forces. Their mission would then be to remain behind and harass the invading Japanese forces.[6]
The first Australian commando unit to see action was the 1st Independent Company. Many of its members were killed or captured[6] in defending the island of New Ireland (part of the Australian territory of New Guinea), from Japanese marines in early 1942. Other detachments of the company served on Bougainville, Manus Island, and Tulagi. A composite platoon was later sent to Wau in March 1942, eventually becoming part of Kanga Force.[7]
The 2nd Independent Company performed with considerable success during the
Other companies/squadrons served in other parts of New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies, also serving with considerable distinction, mainly performing roles such as long range reconnaissance, intelligence gathering and flank protection, but also occasionally being called upon to perform more traditional infantry roles. Indeed, the 2/6th Independent Company arguably fought one of the most remarkable small-unit actions of the war when it captured and held the village of Kaiapit and after the Battle of Buna–Gona where it served alongside the Americans, it was singled out for rare praise from General Douglas MacArthur.[Note 2]
Re-organisation 1943
In mid-1943, the Australian Army re-organised its six front-line divisions as
As a part of this re-organisation, the following regiments were formed:
- Australian 6th Division)
- Australian 7th Division)
- Australian 9th Division)
In the last year of the war, the eleven[Note 3] commando squadrons fought in Borneo, New Guinea and Bougainville.[11] During these campaigns they were largely used in more traditional infantry roles, mainly performing tasks that could arguably have been successfully undertaken by normal infantry units. Although they undoubtedly performed these roles with considerable distinction, there were those within the Australian Army high command that felt that this proved the traditional argument against irregular warfare type units,[Note 4] and arguably this led to further ambivalence—even resistance—in the Australian Army high command towards so-called "special forces" which was later to hinder the formation of other such units after the war.[12]
M & Z Special Units
With the outbreak of war in the
M Special Unit was used primarily to provide intelligence on Japanese naval and troop movements around New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, with personnel being inserted along the coast behind enemy lines where they would observe enemy movements and report back to the AIB via radio.[11] This was invisible, unglamorous work, but there were considerable dangers involved for those involved and a number of M Special Unit members were captured by the Japanese and executed. Z Special Unit's role was perhaps a little more glamorous and certainly since the war it has received a considerable amount of publicity. Members of the unit distinguished themselves in a number of daring clandestine raiding operations often using Australian built Folding kayaks (Folboats) to penetrate enemy areas. Some of these met with limited success or failed completely. During Operation Jaywick, members of the unit posed as an Asian fishing boat crew in order to infiltrate Singapore Harbour, where it successfully mined and destroyed seven Japanese ships, amounting to 35,000 tons, in September 1943.[14] However, in 1944 the similar but larger Operation Rimau, which also targeted shipping at Singapore Harbour, resulted in the loss of all 23 personnel involved.[14]
RAN Beach Commandos
Later in the war, the
Post-Second World War
After the war, the existing commando units were disbanded as the focus of Australian defence planning returned to the old concept of supplying troops under Commonwealth defence arrangements.[16]
In 1955, following a liaison visit to Malaya by Lieutenant-General Sir
Some members of these companies went on to assist and/or join the new
In February 1981, it was decided to unite the two commando companies under a single headquarters unit. As a result,
A regular
2 Cdo Regt
Current organisation
The commando units currently active in the Australian Army are:[25]
Australian commandos have recently been employed on operations in a number of theatres, including Bougainville, East Timor, Iraq, Afghanistan and the Solomon Islands.[27]
Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ The other unit to remain independent was 2/8th Commando Squadron.
- ^ MacArthur praised the unit for its contribution to the campaign in his 9 January 1943, Order of the Day. See Trigellis-Smith 1992, p. 118 and 144.
- ^ The nine units listed above (2/3, 2/4, 2/5, 2/6, 2/7. 2/9, 2/10, 2/11 and 2/12), plus the 2/2 and 2/8 which remained independent until the end of the war. The twelfth commando unit, 1st Independent Company, was not re-raised after most of its members were either killed or captured during fighting on New Ireland in 1942.
- ^ Largely that they drain manpower and materiel resources from the Army as a whole for arguably little benefit.
- ^ The name of the CMF was changed to Australian Army Reserve in 1980.
- Citations
- ^ Lord & Tennant 2000, pp. 14–19.
- ^ a b Horner 1989, p. 21.
- ^ a b c Horner 1989, p. 22.
- ^ McCarthy 1959, p. 85.
- ^ "New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
- ^ a b c Horner 1989, p. 23.
- ^ McCarthy 1959, pp. 86–87
- ^ Dennis 1995, p. 308.
- ^ Grant 2005.
- ^ Palazzo 2003.
- ^ a b c Horner 1989, p. 26.
- ^ Horner 1989, pp. 26–35.
- ^ Horner 1989, pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b Dennis 1995, pp. 324–325.
- ^ Mallet 2007, pp. 118–132.
- ^ Horner 1989, p. 27.
- ^ a b c Horner 1989, p. 32.
- ^ Horner 1989, p. 19 & pp. 27–32.
- ^ Horner 1989, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Horner 1989, p.45.
- ^ "History 4 RAR (Commando): Part 8 – Unlinking 2 RAR and 4 RAR". 4 RAR Museum. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "2nd Commando Regiment". 2commando.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- ^ Unknown author, Army News, Edition 1059, 11 September 2002.
- ^ Burton, Army News, Edition 1073, 8 May 2003.
- ^ Blaxland 2014, p. 328.
- ^ "New Name for Sydney Commandos" (Press release). Department of Defence. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ Collins pp. 243–262
References
- ISBN 9781107043657.
- Burton, Sean (8 May 2003). "New Command in Action". Army News (1073 ed.). Retrieved 22 February 2009.
- Collins, Peter (2005). Strike Swiftly: The Australian Commando Story. Sydney: The Watermark Press. ISBN 9780949284709.
- Dennis, Peter; ISBN 0-19-553227-9.
- Grant, Mac (2005). "Reserve Commandos inherit a remarkable legacy". In Rawlings, Bill (ed.). Defence Reserves Yearbook 2004–2005. Melbourne: Executive Media. pp. 24–30.
- ISBN 0-04-520006-8.
- Mallett, Ross (2007). "Together Again for the First Time: The Army, RAN and Amphibious Warfare 1942–45". In Stevens, David; Reeve, John (eds.). Sea Power Ashore and in the Air. ISBN 978-1-920831-45-5.
- Lord, Cliff; Tennant, Julian (2000). Anzac Elite: The Airborne and Special Forces Insignia of Australia and New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: IPL Books. ISBN 978-0-90887-610-5.
- McCarthy, Dudley (1959). South–West Pacific Area – First Year: Kokoda to Wau. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Volume V. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3134247.
- Palazzo, Albert (2003). "Organising for Jungle Warfare". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.). The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944 (PDF). Canberra: Army History Unit. ISBN 978-0-646-43590-9.
- Trigellis-Smith, Syd (1992). Purple Devils: History of 2/6 Australian Commando Squadron. Melbourne: 2/6 Commando Squadron Association. ISBN 0-646-07125-4.
- Unknown Author (11 September 2002). "Tagged for Action". Army News (1059 ed.). Retrieved 22 February 2009.
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Further reading
- James, Karl (2016). Double Diamonds: Australian Commandos in the Pacific War 1941–45. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. OL 48217263M.
- Hoehn, John (2011). Commando Kayak: The Role of Australian Folboats in the Pacific War. Zürich: Hirsch Publishing. ISBN 978-3-033-01717-7.
External links
- Australian Commando Association Victoria Website Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- 2/6 Cavalry Commando Regiment Association (Vic.) Website
- 1st Commando Regt Official Site
- Russell Parkin. (2002). "A Capability of First Resort: Amphibious Operations and Australian Defence Policy, 1901–2001" (Australian Army)
- AusSpecialForces.com, "SF and Defence Community and news".