Australian rules football
1956 Melbourne Olympics |
Australian rules football, also called Australian football or Aussie rules,
During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball. The primary methods are
The
Australian football has the highest spectator attendance and television viewership of all sports in Australia,
Name
Australian rules football is known by several nicknames, including Aussie rules, football and footy.[9] In some regions, where other codes of Football are more popular. The sport is known informally as AFL after the Australian Football League, while the league itself also uses this name for local competitions in some areas.[10]
History
Origins
Primitive forms of football were played sporadically in the Australian colonies in the first half of the 19th century. Compared to
On 10 July 1858, the Melbourne-based
Since the 1920s, it has been suggested that Australian football may have been derived from the Irish sport of Gaelic football.[20] However, there is no archival evidence in favour of a Gaelic influence, and the style of play shared between the two modern codes appeared in Australia long before the Irish game evolved in a similar direction.[21][22] Another theory, first proposed in 1983, posits that Wills, having grown up amongst Aboriginals in Victoria, may have seen or played the Aboriginal ball game of Marn Grook, and incorporated some of its features into early Australian football. There is only circumstantial evidence that he knew of the game, and according to biographer Greg de Moore's research, Wills was "almost solely influenced by his experience at Rugby School".[23]
First rules
A loosely organised Melbourne side, captained by Wills, played against other football enthusiasts in the winter and spring of 1858.
Early competition in Victoria
Following Melbourne's lead,
The game around this time was defensive and low-scoring, played low to the ground in congested rugby-style scrimmages. The typical match was a 20-per-side affair, played with a ball that was roughly spherical, and lasted until a team scored two goals.[27] The shape of the playing field was not standardised; matches often took place in rough, tree-spotted public parks, most notably the Richmond Paddock (Yarra Park), known colloquially as the Melbourne Football Ground.[38] Wills argued that the turf of cricket fields would benefit from being trampled upon by footballers in winter,[39] and, as early as 1859, football was allowed on the MCG.[40] However, cricket authorities frequently prohibited football on their grounds until the 1870s, when they saw an opportunity to capitalise on the sport's growing popularity. Football gradually adapted to an oval-shaped field, and most grounds in Victoria expanded to accommodate the dual purpose—a situation that continues to this day.[40]
Spread to other colonies
Football became organised in
Clubs began touring the colonies in the late 1870s, and in 1879 the first
Australian rules football reached Queensland and New South Wales as early as 1866;[47] the sport experienced a period of dominance in the former,[48] and in the latter, several regions remain strongholds of Australian rules, such as the Riverina. However, by the late 1880s, rugby football had become the dominant code in both colonies, as well as in New Zealand. This shift was largely due to rugby's spread with British migration, regional rivalries and the lack of strong local governing bodies. In the case of Sydney, denial of access to grounds, the influence of university headmasters from Britain who favoured rugby, and the loss of players to other codes inhibited the game's growth.[49]
Emergence of the VFL
In 1896, delegates from six of the wealthiest VFA clubs—
Interstate football and the World Wars
The time around the
The game was also established early on in the new territories. In the new national capital Canberra both soccer and rugby had a head start, but following the first matches in 1911, Australian rules football in the Australian Capital Territory became a major participation sport. By 1981 it had become much neglected and quickly lagged behind the other football codes. Australian rules football in the Northern Territory began shortly after the outbreak of the war in 1916 with the first match in Darwin. The game went on to become the most popular sport in the Territory and build the highest participation rate for the sport nationally.
Both World War I and World War II had a devastating effect on Australian football and on Australian sport in general. While scratch matches were played by Australian "diggers" in remote locations around the world, the game lost many of its great players to wartime service. Some clubs and competitions never fully recovered. Between 1914 and 1915, a proposed hybrid code of Australian football and rugby league, the predominant code of football in New South Wales and Queensland, was trialled without success.[53][54] In Queensland, the state league went into recess for the duration of the war. VFL club University left the league and went into recess due to severe casualties. The WAFL lost two clubs and the SANFL was suspended for one year in 1916 due to heavy club losses. The Anzac Day match, the annual game between Essendon and Collingwood on Anzac Day, is one example of how the war continues to be remembered in the football community.
The role of the Australian National Football Council (ANFC) was primarily to govern the game at a national level and to facilitate interstate representative and club competition. In 1968, the ANFC revived the Championship of Australia, a competition first held in 1888 between the premiers of the VFA and SAFA. Although clubs from other states were at times invited, the final was almost always between the premiers from the two strongest state competitions of the time—South Australia and Victoria—with Adelaide hosting most of the matches at the request of the SAFA/SANFL. The last match took place in 1976, with North Adelaide being the last non-Victorian winner in 1972. Between 1976 and 1987, the ANFC, and later the Australian Football Championships (AFC) ran a night series, which invited clubs and representative sides from around the country to participate in a knock-out tournament parallel to the premiership seasons, which Victorian sides still dominated.
With the lack of international competition, state representative matches were regarded with great importance. Due in part to the VFL poaching talent from other states, Victoria dominated interstate matches for three-quarters of a century.
Towards a national league
The term "Barassi Line", named after VFL star Ron Barassi, was coined by scholar Ian Turner in 1978 to describe the "fictitious geographical barrier" separating the rugby-following parts of New South Wales and Queensland from the rest of the country, where Australian football reigned.[56] It became a reference point for the expansion of Australian football and for establishing a national league.[57]
The way the game was played had changed dramatically due to innovative coaching tactics, with the phasing out of many of the game's kicking styles and the increasing use of handball; while presentation was influenced by television.[58]
In 1982, in a move that heralded big changes within the sport, one of the original VFL clubs, South Melbourne, relocated to Sydney and became known as the
The VFL changed its name to the
In the 2010s, the AFL signalled further attempts at expanding into markets outside Australian football's traditional heartlands by hosting home-and-away matches in New Zealand,[62] followed by China.[63] After several failed bids since the early 1990s for a Tasmania-based AFL team, the Tasmania Football Club secured the 19th AFL license in 2023, and is set to compete by 2028.[64]
Laws of the game
Players and equipment
In a standard match, a team may consist of anywhere between 14 and 18 players who may be permitted on the playing surface at any given time. Each team may have up to four interchange (reserve) players who may be swapped for those on the field at any time during the game.[65] Although some leagues in less populated areas may utilise as few as 12 players.[66] In addition, some leagues notably including the AFL, have each team designate one additional player as a substitute who can be used to make a single permanent exchange of players during a game for either medical or tactical reasons.[67]
Players on the playing surface can be swapped with those on the interchange bench at any time. They must though pass through a designated "Interchange Area".[68] In the event a player fails to pass through this area correctly, or if too many players from one team are found to be on the ground at a time, a free kick will be awarded to the opposing side.[68][69]
While there is no set uniform, the basic equipment for Australian football consists of a guernsey, shorts, socks and boots, with additional pieces of apparel such as headbands and gloves additionally being permitted.[70] Players may wear certain pieces of protective equipment, such as helmets or arm guards, if approved by the relevant controlling body.[71] Mouthguards are strongly recommended for all players.[72][73]
Players are not permitted to wear jewellery, or other materials which the field umpire has deemed to be either potentially dangerous or increase the risk of injury to other players.[71]
Ball
Australian rules football is played with an ellipsoid ball, between 72 and 73 cm (28 and 29 in) in long circumference, and 54.5 and 55.5 cm (21.5 and 21.9 in) in short circumference.[75] For women's competitions, a smaller ball size of 69 and 53 cm (27 and 21 in) is used.[76] The ball must be inflated to a pressure of 69 kilopascals (10.0 pounds per square inch).[75] There are no defined laws regarding what material a ball must be made from, but standard AFL match-used balls are produced by Sherrin using cowhide leather.[77]
While there is no standard colour of the ball, red and yellow are most common and the only colours used at AFL level. Yellow is used for games beginning after 3pm or in an enclosed stadium, due to its greater visibility, and to assist score reviews.[78][75]
Field
Unlike other forms of football which are played on rectangular fields, Australian rules football playing fields are oval-shaped, and are between 135 and 185 metres (148 and 202 yd) long and 110 and 155 metres (120 and 170 yd) wide.[79]
At either end of the field, two sets of posts are erected in a straight line to indicate the scoring areas on the field, each with two kinds of posts, named the goal posts and the behind posts respectively. The goal posts are placed first, located 6.4 metres (7.0 yd) apart from each other, with a behind post being placed a further 6.4 metres to the side of each goal post. The name for the field line between two goal posts is known as the Goal Line.[79]
Around the perimeter of the field, two white lines are drawn between the set of behind posts in an arc-shape, marking the field of play.[79]
Other field markings include:[79]
- An arc drawn 50 metres (55 yd) from either end of the playing surface, known as the fifty metre arc.
- A 50 by 50 metres (55 yd × 55 yd) square located in the centre of the playing surface, known as the centre square.
- A 10 by 10 metres (11 yd × 11 yd) circle located in the centre of the playing surface, known as the centre circle
- A square drawn at either end of the ground, measuring 9 metres (9.8 yd) out from each pair of goal posts. This is known as the Goal Square.
The 50m arcs, centre square, centre circle and goal square are utilised at the beginning of each quarter or after each goal. With each team permitted a maximum of 6 players in each 50m arc, with 1 in the goal square and 4 players in the centre square with 1 in the centre circle. If this is breached, a free kick is awarded.[80]
Match duration
A game lasts for 80 minutes, split into four quarters consisting of 20 minutes playing time, with the clock being stopped for stoppages in play such as scores, or at the umpire's discretion, e.g. for serious injury.[81] Leagues may choose to employ shorter quarters of play at their discretion, such as the AFLW using 17 minutes per quarter.[82]
For any given match, two timekeepers are appointed to officiate the duration. The timekeepers record all relevant match for the match, such as total quarter duration and score by each team. Additionally timekeepers are required to sound a siren prior to and at the conclusion of each quarter until such time they are acknowledged by the field umpires. In order to stop and recommence the clock, the field umpires are required to signal to the timekeepers to indicate when the clock should be stopped or restarted.[81]
Between each quarter, a break is observed to allow players a rest period. Two 6 minute breaks are observed between the first and second quarters, and the third and fourth quarters. A longer 20 minute break is observed between the second and third quarter, commonly known as half-time.[81][83]
Officiation
Each game is officiated by at least five match officials, known as an umpire.[84] These match officials are placed into three categories based upon their roles and responsibilities, with varying minimum numbers of Umpires required depending on position:
- Field umpire: Field umpires are positioned within the playing area contained within the Boundary Lines, and are the primary match officials.[84] A minimum of one field umpire is required to officiate the match, though it is common practice to employ more to reduce physical demand on individual umpires, and improve officiation quality.[84][85]
- Boundary umpires: Boundary umpires are positioned along the two boundary lines upon either side of the field. Their primary duties include determining when the football is deemed to be outside of the field of play, and to throw the football back into play when directed. A minimum of two boundary umpires are required for a match.[84]
- Goal umpires: Goal umpires are positioned at either end of the ground, with one stationed at either set of goal posts on the field. Their primary duties include judging what scores made by players, signalling scores, and recording scores made by each team during a match. A minimum of two goal umpires are required for a match.[84]
At AFL level, a video score review system is utilised. Only umpires are permitted to request a review, and only scoring shots are permitted to be reviewed.[86]
Game skills
Ball movement
An Australian rules football may only be propelled forward in a select few ways as defined by the Laws of Australian Football, published by the AFL. The ball can be propelled in any direction by way of a kick or a clenched fist (called a handball)—deemed a correct disposal.[87] Failure to dispose of the ball in one of these two methods will result in a free kick to the opposing team.[88] If the ball is not currently in possession of a player, it can be moved legally through the usage of other means, such as punching.[87] While in possession of the ball, players may run with the ball, but are required to either bounce or touch the ball on the ground at least once every 15 metres (16 yd).[88]
Tackling
Tackling is a technique employed by players used to force opposition players to dispose of the ball when they are in possession. Failure to dispose of the ball when legally tackled may see the player penalised for 'holding the ball', except if the umpire deems there was a lack of prior opportunity to do so.[89]
The ball carrier may only be tackled between the shoulders and knees from the front or side.[87] If the player forcefully contacts the opposing in the back while performing a tackle, the opposition player will be penalised for a push in the back. If the opposition tackles the player with possession below the knees (a low tackle or a trip) or above the shoulders (a high tackle), the team with possession of the football gets a free kick.[90] Furthermore, tackles deemed to be dangerous by the umpire and those conducted from front-on whilst an opposition player has their head over the football are deemed to be prohibited contact, and will incur a free kick against the offending player.[90][91]
Additionally, players may perform a technique known shepherding when the ball is within 5 metres (5.5 yd) of an opposition player. Shepherding involves the use of a player's body to push, bump or otherwise block an opposition player, providing they do not have possession of the ball.[87]
Marking
If a player takes possession of the ball that has travelled more than 15 metres (16 yd) from another player's kick, by way of a catch within the field of play, it is deemed as a
Once the player has disposed of the ball, or "play on" is called, normal play resumes.[93]
Misconduct
In the event a player breaks a rule, a free kick is awarded to the opposing team, from the location that the misconduct occurred, or the ball's current location—whichever is closer to the team's scoring zone.[94] As when a mark is taken, this location is called "the mark", and the same protections regarding the space apply.[93]
In the event a player engages in unsportsmanlike conduct after a free kick has been awarded or a mark has been paid to the opposing team, the umpire may instead award a 50 metre penalty. When imposed, the field umpire will advance "the mark" an additional 50 metres (55 yd) down the field or to the goal line, whichever is closer. Additional 50 metre penalties may be awarded if the behaviour continues after the initial penalty.[95]
The laws of the game allow umpires to send off players for egregious foul play, although this law does not apply to the AFL and is largely only utilised at the local level.[96]
Scoring
There are two types of scoring shots in Australian football: goals and behinds. A goal is worth 6 points, and is scored when the football is propelled between the goal posts and across the goal line at any height by way of a kick from the attacking team. It may touch the ground, but must not have been touched by any player from either team or a goalpost prior to crossing the goal line.[97]
A behind is worth 1 point and is scored when:[97]
- The ball passes between a goal post and a behind post at any height.
- If the ball hits a goal post.
- If any player sends the ball across the goal or behind line by touching it with any part of the body other than a foot or lower leg.
A behind is also awarded to the team if the ball touches any part of an opposition player, including a foot, before passing across their goal or behind line.[97] A free kick is awarded against any player who is deemed to have deliberately rushes a behind.[98][99]
The team that has scored the most points at the end of play wins the game. If the scores are level on points at the end of play, then the game is a draw; extra time applies only during finals matches in some competitions.[100][101]
As an example of a score report, consider a match between Sydney and Geelong with the former as the home team. Sydney's score of 17 goals and 5 behinds equates to 107 points. Geelong's score of 10 goals and 17 behinds equates to a 77-point tally. Sydney wins the match by a margin of 30 points. Such a result would be written as:
- "Sydney 17.5 (107) defeated Geelong 10.17 (77).
And spoken as:
- "Sydney, seventeen-five, one hundred and seven, defeated Geelong, ten-seventeen, seventy-seven".
Additionally, it can be said that:
- "Sydney defeated Geelong by 30 points".
The home team is typically listed first and the visiting side is listed second.
A draw would be written as:
- "Greater Western Sydney 10.8 (68) drew with Geelong 10.8 (68)".[102]
Structure and competitions
The football season proper is from March to August (early autumn to late winter in Australia) with finals being held in September and October.[103] In the tropics, the game is sometimes played in the wet season (October to March).[104]
The AFL is recognised by the Australian Sports Commission as being the National Sporting Organisation for Australian football.[105] There are also seven state/territory-based organisations in Australia, all of which are affiliated with the AFL.[106] These state leagues hold annual semi-professional club competitions, with some also overseeing more than one league. Local semi-professional or amateur organisations and competitions are often affiliated to their state organisations.[107]
In 2002, the AFL became the
For almost all Australian football club competitions, the aim is to win the Premiership. The premiership is typically decided by a finals series. The teams that occupy the highest positions on the ladder after the home-and-away season play off in a "semi-knockout" finals series, culminating in a single
Some metropolitan leagues have several tiered divisions, with promotion of the lower division premiers and relegation of the upper division's last placed team at the end of each year.[113]
Women and Australian football
The high level of interest shown by women in Australian football is considered unique among the world's football codes.
In terms of participation, there are occasional 19th-century references to women playing the sport, but it was not until the 1910s that the first organised women's teams and competitions appeared.
Many related games have emerged from Australian football, mainly with variations of contact to encourage greater participation. These include
International rules football
The similarities between Australian football and the Irish sport of
Global reach
During the colonial period, Australian rules was sometimes referred to as Australasian rules, reflecting its popularity in
Today, the sport is played at an amateur level in various countries throughout the world. 23 countries have participated in the International Cup, the highest level of international competition, held triennially in Australia since 2002. 9 countries have also participated in the AFL Europe Championship with both competitions prohibiting Australian players. A fan of the sport since attending school in Victoria, King Charles is the Patron of AFL Europe. In 2013, participation across AFL Europe's 21 member nations was more than 5,000 players, the majority of which are European nationals rather than Australian expats.[126] The sport also has a growing presence in India.[127] Over 20 countries have either affiliation or working agreements with the AFL.[128]
Most present-day international amateur clubs and leagues are based in
Although Australian rules football is not an Olympic sport, it was showcased at the MCG as part of the 1956 Summer Olympics, held in Melbourne. In addition, when Brisbane hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games, an exhibition match was held at the Gabba.[130]
Cultural impact and popularity
Australian football has attracted more overall interest among Australians than any other football code,[131] and, when compared with all sports throughout the nation, has consistently ranked first in the winter reports, and third behind cricket and swimming in summer.[132] Over 1,057,572 fans were paying members of AFL clubs in 2019.[133] The 2021 AFL Grand Final was the year's most-watched television broadcast in Australia, with an in-home audience of up to 4.11 million.[134][135]
In 2019, there were 1,716,276 registered participants in Australia[133] including 586,422 females (34 per cent of the overall total) and more than 177,000 registered outside Australia including 79,000 females (45 per cent of the overall total).[133]
In the arts and popular culture
Australian football has inspired many literary works,
In 1889,
Dance sequences based on Australian football feature heavily in
Australian Football Hall of Fame
For the centenary of the VFL/AFL in 1996, the Australian Football Hall of Fame was established. That year, 136 significant figures across the various competitions were inducted into the Hall of Fame. An additional 115 inductees have been added since the creation of the Hall of Fame, resulting in a total number of 251 inductees.[148]
In addition to the Hall of Fame, select members are chosen to receive the elite Legend status. Due to restrictions limiting the number of Legend status players to 10% of the total number of Hall of Fame inductees, there are currently 25 players with the status in the Hall of Fame.[148]
See also
- Australian rules football attendance records
- Australian rules football positions
- List of Australian rules football clubs
- List of Australian rules football rivalries
- List of Australian rules football terms
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- Hess, Rob; Lenkic, Brunette (2016). Play On! The Hidden History of Women's Australian Rules Football. Bonnier Zaffre. ISBN 9781760063160.
- de Moore, Greg; Hess, Rob; Nicholson, Matthew; Stewart, Bob (2021). Australia's Game: The History of Australian Football. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 9781-74379-657-3.
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- Hibbins, Gillian (2008). "Men of Purpose". In Weston, James (ed.). The Australian Game of Football: Since 1858. Geoff Slattery Publishing. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-0-9803466-6-4.
- Hibbins, Gillian (2013). "The Cambridge Connection: The English Origins of Australian Football". In Mangan, J. A. (ed.). The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire, Society. Routledge. pp. 108–127. ISBN 9781135024376.
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- Williamson, John (2003). Bucknell, Mar (ed.). Football's Forgotten Tour: The Story of the British Australian Rules Venture of 1888. Applegate. ISBN 9780958101806.
Journal and conference articles
- Hibbins, Gillian; Ruddell, Trevor (2009). ""A Code of Our Own": Celebrating 150 Years of the Rules of Australian Football" (PDF). The Yorker (39). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
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- Mewett, Peter; Toffoletti, Kim (2008). The Strength of Strong Ties: How Women Become Supporters of Australian Rules Football. ISBN 9780734039842.
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External links
- Australian Football League (AFL) official website
- Australian Football: Celebrating The History of the Great Australian Game
- 2020 Laws of Australian Football
- Australian Football explained in 31 languages – a publication from AFL.com.au
- Reading Australian Rules Football – The Definitive Guide to the Game
- State Library of Victoria Research Guide to Australian Football