Australian rules football in New South Wales

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Australian rules football in New South Wales is a team sport played and observed in the Australian state. It dates back to the colonial era in 1866, with organised competitions being continuous since the 1880s. Today, it is popular in several regions of the state, including areas near the Victorian and South Australian borders—Riverina, Broken Hill, and South Coast. These areas form part of an Australian cultural divide described as the Barassi Line. To the east of the line, it is known as "AFL", named after the elite Australian Football League competition. AFL NSW/ACT is the main development body, and includes the Australian Capital Territory.

Two teams currently compete in the professional Australian Football League (AFL): the Sydney Swans and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. The Swans in 1982 became the first professional Australian sporting team to move interstate. The Giants debuted in the 2012 AFL season and compete against the Swans in the Sydney Derby (also known as "The Battle of the Bridge").

The representative team, nicknamed the Blues, played Interstate matches against other Australian states and Territories between 1881 and 1988. Its long standing rivalry with Queensland saw them evenly matched since their first meeting in 1880. The Blues defeated

Two leading pioneers of the sport, cousins Tom Wills and H. C. A. Harrison, were born in New South Wales. Hundreds of New South Welshmen have competed in the AFL, with notable players being Haydn Bunton Sr. and Jock McHale, now Legends in the Australian Football Hall of Fame. Current player Tom Hawkins holds the AFL record for playing the most games and scoring the most goals for a born and raised male with 332 games and 741 goals. Sophie Casey and Zarlie Goldsworthy hold the record for the most games (63) and most goals (16) respectively for a born and raised female.

History

Sydney

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First clubs and matches (1865–1867)

On 26 May 1865, calls were put out to form a

At its first annual meeting, the Sydney Football Club announced that it had formally adopted the Victorian football rules and encouraged Victorian clubs to travel north for intercolonial matches.[7] On 26 May 1866, the rules were published in Bells Life in Sydney.^[7] The Australian Club formally adopted the code shortly after.^[6]

During the 1860s, Sydney had a smaller number of clubs, compared to Melbourne's 12, playing in organised competitions.^[8] Sydney, like Brisbane, could not recruit enough football players for organised football matches. As a result, the late 1860s had few clubs playing, and without intercolonial competition, newcomer clubs soon disbanded.^[9] Newcastle revised the Rules of Football (the Victorian Rules), and was published in the press in that city.^[7]

One of the first Sydney schools to adopt the code was

In the 1870s, rugby was integrated into schools, later producing organised competitions between clubs. Soon after, rugby spread throughout the colony. The cause of the code's disappearance in New South Wales was that the newly formed New South Wales Rugby Union in 1874 banned member clubs from playing matches under Victorian rules.

Intercolonial competition and NSWFA era (1877–1893)

In June 1877, Sydney's Waratah Rugby Football Club (now defunct) accepted a challenge from Victoria's Carlton Football Club to reciprocal matches in their respective codes. The first match, hosted by Waratah, was played at the Albert Ground under rugby rules in front of 3,000 spectators—then the largest ever football crowd in Sydney—was won by Waratah 2–0. Defunct newspaper publication The Argus noted that the Victorians were not lacking in skills, just their knowledge of the game.^[14] The second match was played in front of a smaller crowd of about 1,500 at the Albert Ground with the result being Carlton 6–0. Among the best players were George Coulthard, who showed a particular prowess in both codes despite having never played rugby. When Waratah toured Victoria in July 1878, a crowd of 8,000 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground witnessed Carlton and Waratah draw scores in rugby, while a smaller crowd of 6,000 witnessed a surprise victory against Carlton by 2 goals in Victorian rules.^[15]

By 1880, Waratah and other Sydney clubs began initiating changes to rugby rules.^[16] Rugby interests, however, repeatedly rejected suggestions to switch codes or even play intercolonial matches under alternating rules against Victoria.^{[citation needed]} In response, the proponents of the Australian game formed the New South Wales Football Association (NSWFA) in 1880. In 1881, the first Australian rules game between NSW and Victoria was played in Sydney.^[17] The NSWFA only had a few clubs, including Waratah which switched codes in 1882. Until 1889, competition wasn't present when clubs competed for the Flanagan Cup. Despite this, the Sydney Rugby Football Union, seeing the new competition as a threat, enforced a strict ban on every one of its member clubs playing Victorian rules.^[18]

South Melbourne was the second club to visit New South Wales in 1883, defeating Sydney by just a single goal in front of a large crowd at the Sydney Cricket Ground,^[19] and in a goal in front of 600 spectators during a game against East Sydney Football Club.^[20] Waratah played against South Australia in 1884 at Moore Park.^[21]

New South Wales competed against

The NSWFA had trouble gaining access to enclosed grounds and gate receipts. With its two clubs divided, it collapsed in 1893.^[24]

Post-Federation, NSW Football League era: 1903–1917

With the Federation of Australia, the Australian code was revived. The NSW Football League, later the NSW Australian Football League (NSWAFL), was formed on 12 February 1903 at a meeting held in the YMCA Hall in George St. The NSWAFL promoted the game in schools and lobbied for VFL exhibition matches in Sydney to promote the code.

The first Victorian Football League match played in Sydney was with Fitzroy Football Club 7–10, defeating the Collingwood Football Club 6–9 at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 24 May 1903.^[25] The large attendance of 20,000 saw the exhibition hailed as a success and inspired the league to continue scheduling more matches in Sydney. However, follow-up matches quickly began to attract cynicism from the Sydney football public, as a VFL push when Geelong Football Club 8.7 (55) defeated Carlton Football Club 6.9 (45) at the SCG a few months later. The matches were seen by the Sydney media as an attempt to force-feed the Victorian game to Sydneysiders who had plenty of rugby to attract their ongoing interest. The crowd of 5,000 was much smaller than those of rugby games in the city.^[26] In 1904, Melbourne Football Club 9–17 (71) defeated Essendon Football Club 6–3 (39) in front of 6,000 people.^[27] Without any interest, top-level VFL disappeared from Sydney for decades.

In contrast to the reception of the game at professional level, the grassroots level was having enormous success, growing the game in the schools with 48 in Sydney, including all the Roman Catholic schools playing Australian Football, by 1905.^[28]

In 1907, New South Wales defeated South Australian powerhouse Port Adelaide Football Club 8–9 to 5–14 in front of 4,000 spectators at Sydney Showground.^[29] Another South Australian club, Norwood Football Club, toured with Victorian club Carlton, playing a match in front of 7,000 at the Showgrounds.^[30] North Adelaide Football Club also toured in 1910 to play against New South Wales at Erskineville Oval, which attracted 2,000 spectators.^[31] In 1911, Geelong toured and played a combined Sydney side at Alexandria in front of 6,000 spectators.^[32] Dally Messenger contributed to the paid football code of rugby league; as a result, rugby established itself into the culture of Sydney in 1908.

Although Australian football remained popular, the NSWAFL was still denied access to enclosed grounds, and the new professional code of rugby league further lured players from Australian rules. By 1911, however, Australian rules were supported more than the rugby union, according to The Referee.^[33]

Interwar popularity surge, interstate success, and proposed Rugby League amalgamation: 1918–1939

Popularity peaked in 1921 when attendances at the Sydney competition grew from hundreds to thousands.^[34] While increased gate takings were funding an increase in playing standard and junior development, the local league had exclusive access only to Erskineville Oval and Hampden Oval, relatively small grounds, and had difficulty scheduling matches used by the rugby authorities.^[34]

During the 1920s, funded by a NSWAFL in Sydney and a thriving schoolboys competition, NSW defeated Victorian sides on several occasions at home, notably Melbourne Football Club on 28 July 1923,^[35] the VFL at the SCG in 1923, and again at Erskineville Oval by one point on 15 August 1925.^[36]

The Australian National Football carnival of 1933 was held at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Several matches drew large crowds, particularly those involving New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and West Australia.

Following the successful interstate football carnival in 1933, a proposal by the

Three of the original NSWAFL clubs are still in existence and currently play in the

World War II proved a massive setback for the code in Sydney; the government insisted that the league cease operations. Struggling Sydney clubs were propped up by visiting servicemen from traditional Australian rules states. Despite this, between 1953 and 1957, the game survived in parts of Sydney, Newcastle, and Wollongong. Several junior clubs and leagues were established.^[37] The St. George and Sutherland Shire Junior Australian Football Association was established in southern Sydney and consisted of Penshurst Junior Australian Football Club (JAFC) Panthers, Miranda JAFC Bombers, St. Patrick's Ramsgate (later Ramsgate JAFC Rams), Heathcote JAFC Hawks, Cronulla JAFC Sharks, Peakhurst, Como-Jannali, Boys' Town, Cronulla Blues, and St. Patrick's Sutherland.

Top level VFL returned to the SCG on 14 June 1952 when Collingwood 10–12 (72) defeated Richmond 5–6 (36) in front of 24,174 spectators. However, the league would not return for another few decades.

Sydney Swans era: 1981–present

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In 1979, the VFL scheduled 2 premiership matches for the

The first professional VFL or AFL players were from Sydney, and the Sydney AFL did not begin to emerge until the 1980s. Russell Morris was one of the earliest players, followed by Sanford Wheeler, Mark Roberts, Greg Stafford, Nick Davis and Lenny Hayes. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in AFL players coming from the Sydney region, and in 2007, a total of 11 AFL players identified themselves as coming from this region.^[41]

Riverina

Australian Football was introduced to the Riverina region of New South Wales in Wagga Wagga in 1881, with a match between sides from the Wagga Wagga Football Club and Albury Football Club.^[42] Subsequently, a local competition formed in 1884 around Wagga Wagga. The league went through many incarnations including the:

• Wagga Football Association (1888^[43]–1889).
• Wagga United Football Association (1890^[44]–1897).
• Murrumbidgee District Football Association (1897).
• Wagga United Football Association (1898–1921).
• Riverina Mainline Football Association (1922).
• Wagga United Football Association (1923,^[45] 1924,^[46] 1925^[47]).
• The Rock and District Association (1926–1927),^[48] district towns based teams competition.^[49]
• Wagga and District Association (1926–1927), Wagga based teams competition.^[50][51]
• Wagga Football Association (1928–1957).

The South West Football League (New South Wales) was founded in 1894.

In 1905, the Wagga Football Association representative side lost a close match against the Fitzroy Football Club at Wagga.^[52]

In these early days, the

In 1944, rugby authorities from Sydney began a campaign to oust Australian rules from the Riverina, successfully campaigning for it to be banned from public schools in Albury, Wagga, and Junee to be replaced by Rugby League in an effort to expand the code into Victoria.[53]

The Farrer Football League superseded the Albury & District Football League in 1957.

During the 1970s, the region had famous footballer family the Danihers: Terry Daniher, Neale Daniher, Anthony Daniher, and Chris Daniher.

In 1982, at the instigation of the

Clubs also formed in the smaller towns around the mid to late 1890s and early 1900s and played ad hoc fixtures against each other, as well as organising formal competitions during the first half of the 1900s in Southern Riverina and Central Riverina, such as the:

• Federal District Football Association 1897–1902
• Deniliquin Football Association: 1900–1932
• McLaurin Football Competition: 1901
• Southern Riverina Football Association: 1905–1931
• Greengunyah Football Association: 1906
• Corowa & District Football Association: 1906–1907
• Central Riverina Football League: 1907^[54]
• Lockhart Football Association: 1908–1909, 1911–1914, 1921, 1925
• Coreen & District Football Association: 1909–1930
• The Rock Football Association: 1910–1911, 1914
• Culcairn & District Football Association 1910–1913, 1919–1921
• Barellan & District Football Association: 1912^[55]
• Walbundrie Football Association: 1914
• Milbrulong Football Association: 1914–1915
• Walla Walla Football Association: 1915–1916, 1919–1921
• Urangeline Football Association: 1919–1926
• Faithful & District Football Association: 1920–1939
• Borree Creek Football Association: 1922
• Hume Football Association: 1922–1926
• Lockhart Oaklands Line Football Association: 1923–1924
• Riverina Football Association: 1924–1929
• Osborne & District Football Association: 1927–1928
• Lockhart & District Lines Football Association: 1929
• Central Hume Football Association: 1929–1934
• Albury & District Football League: 1930–1957
• Corowa & District Football Association: 1931–1935
• Coreen & District Football League: 1936–2007

At the conclusion of the 2007 season, the Coreen league was disbanded with most of its clubs joining the Hume league for the 2008 season.

In the modern era, the Riverina had many players for the VFL/AFL, including champions such as Wayne Carey, Paul Kelly, Dennis Carroll, John Longmire, Leo Barry, Shane Crawford, and Brett Kirk. Some other players from the region to have played AFL level football include Isaac Smith, Luke Breust, Zac Williams, Dean Terlich, and Sam Rowe.

Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Albury, but is behind rugby league as the largest sport in Wagga Wagga and Griffith.^{[citation needed]}

Western New South Wales

Australian football was first played in

Australian football was introduced to Newcastle, New South Wales, in 1883 when the Wallsend and Plattsburg Football Club was formed by miners from Ballarat.^[57]

In 1888, the

In 1883, a touring South Melbourne Football Club defeated a combined Northern District team by only one goal. In 1888, a touring defeated Wallsend by 10–5. The following year, Wallsend defeated Fitzroy. Isaac Heeney was drafted by the Sydney Swans in 2014, making him the first Newcastle-born footballer to play in the AFL.

South Coast

The game was first played at a senior level in 1969.^[63] There are eight teams that compete in the AFLSC senior's competition and 11 teams in the reserves. In terms of junior numbers, there has been a significant expansion since 1999.^[64] AFL players originating from the South Coast include Arthur Chilcott, Aidan Riley, and Ed Barlow.^[65]

North Coast

The game was first played in the

On 31 July 1985, Dr. Geoffrey Edelsten, through Powerplay Limited, bought the Sydney Swans for $2.9 million^{[clarification needed]} in cash with debt payments, funding and other payments spread over five years. Powerplay was floated and sold shares to supports and the public, but with only a licence for the team and debts, the uptake was poor. Within less than twelve months, Edelsten resigned as chairman, and by 1988, the licence was sold back to the VFL for just $10. The AFL appointed a board to operate the team in order to take control of the club's financial losses. Board members Mike Willesee and Craig Kimberley, together with Basil Sellers Peter Weinert as a consortium known as the Private Ownership Group, purchased the licence and operated the Sydney Swans until 1993, when the AFL again took over ownership of the team.

With substantial monetary and management support from the AFL, the Sydney Swans continued and with player draft concessions in the early 1990s, has fielded a competitive team throughout the decade. In 1996, the Swans lost the grand final to

The culmination of the recent success was the 2005 premiership against the West Coast Eagles, played in front of 91,898 at the MCG, taking the flag to Sydney for the first time and breaking a 72-year drought for the club from when it was based in South Melbourne. It also broke the longest premiership drought in the history of the competition.^[71] Another flag followed not long after, in 2012.^[72]

The AFL had eventually established the Swans in Sydney but the model of off-loading a debt-laden team to a new market had resulted in enormous cost to the AFL passed on to its other member clubs, and ultimately supporters. Despite the eventual success of the Swans, the former Melbourne based club had struggled for many years to gain support of the Sydney public, and the AFL and Australian rules football are still far behind rugby league in the Sydney market.

Establishment of a second AFL Team: Greater Western Sydney Giants

The Australian Football League expressed intentions to invest in junior development in the growing Sydney market, particularly in Sydney's west and compete head on with the established rugby football codes.

A second team in Sydney was founded in 1999, when Sydney became a target for the proposed relocation of the North Melbourne Football Club. However, poor attendance at the club's home matches, low television viewership, and strong opposition from the Sydney Swans saw an end to the initiative.^[73]

In 2005, the AFL went on a Sydney-centric recruitment drive, offering a NSW scholarships program and young apprentice scheme.^[74] By 2007, at least two of the NSW and ACT scholarship recipients had been officially promoted to AFL rookie lists, qualifying them for selection in the senior squad in the event of long-term injury to listed players.

In 2008, the AFL stated their intention to establish a second team in Sydney to be based in the western suburbs, as part of the expansion of the competition. This process was completed with the establishment of the Greater Western Sydney Giants, who played for a season in the North East Australian Football League prior to commencing competition in the Australian Football League in 2012. The Giants struggled in their early years, winning only three games in their first two seasons, but since then, made gradual progress up the ladder, culminating in a Grand Final appearance in 2019.^[75] Although the Giants have been somewhat successful on the field, despite more than $200 million in AFL investment, the club has made little impact in growing attendance, television viewership, or participation in the region.^[76][77]

AFL NSW/ACT Commission Limited

The AFL established the AFL NSW/ACT Commission Limited to

GWS was awarded a license for the inaugural AFL Women's season with the Sydney Swans, deciding not to bid for entry until later.[78]

Sydney was awarded a license in 2021 and made its debut in round 1 AFL Women's Season 7 match against St Kilda at the North Sydney Oval. It set a new record for a crowd in a stand-alone women's Australian rules football in New South Wales on 27 August 2022, with 8,264 in attendance.^[79]

Participation

Ausplay reported that there were 69,168 regular participants in Australian rules in New South Wales in 2019.^[80]
While lower than the AFL reported figure for 2011 of 131,829 (which included the ACT and 41,626 Auskick registrations), the state has now eclipsed rugby union participation in New South Wales.^[81]

In 2012, the figure was 148,230 people of which 48,965 were Auskick registrations.^[82] In 2013, the number of Australian football participants in NSW, and the ACT had jumped up to 177,949, of which 47,888 were Auskick participants.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics "Children's Participation in Cultural and Leisure Activities, Australia, Apr 2009" estimated 18,000 Australian rules football participants in NSW and 1,400 in the ACT.^[83] The ABS used a small sample size of 20,126 private dwelling in obtaining their data of participation numbers for the 2011/12 season.^[84]

In 2007, there were 7,225 senior players in NSW and the ACT and in 2006, a total of around 95,100 participants.^[85] Although Australian rules football was one of the fastest growing sports in the state, the overall participation per capita was only about one percent, the lowest in Australia.[1]^{[dead link]}

Registered players (Excluding Auskick registrations)

^[2]

Audiences

Attendance Record

• 72,393 (2003). AFL Sydney Swans v. Collingwood Football Club at Stadium Australia, Sydney.

Attendances

In 2006, the Sydney Swans averaged 41,205 people through the gate per home match. In 2013, the average had decreased to 29,104, with the suggestion that this was partly due to the redevelopment of the Bradman Stand at the SCG.^[86]

Major Australian rules football events in New South Wales

• ANZ Stadium
  starting in 2012)

Players

Past Greats and Hall of Fame members

A number of notable players have been born in New South Wales or played the majority of their junior careers in New South Wales; many of these players have been from the traditional Australian rules football areas of Broken Hill or the Riverina. Australian football pioneers Tom Wills and H. C. A. Harrison were born in New South Wales in the 1830s.

Notable players from the Riverina include:

• 
  Isaac Smith, Hawthorn and Geelong premiership player is from Cootamundra
• 
  Keiren Jack, former Sydney Swans captain is from Sydney. His father Garry Jack was an Australian

  representative rugby league footballer.
• 
  Matt Suckling, premiership player, is from Wagga
• 
  Jarrad McVeigh Sydney Swans premiership player is from Sydney
• 
  Wagga
• 
  Adam Schneider Sydney premiership player is from Osborne
• 
  Brett Kirk, Sydney Swans premiership player and coach is from Albury
• 
  Lewis Roberts-Thompson

  Sydney Swans premiership player is from Sydney
• 
  Lenny Hayes AFL Hall of Famer is from Sydney
• 
  John Longmire premiership player and coach is from Corowa
• 
  Neale Daniher is from West Wyalong
• 
  Wayne Carey North Melbourne premiership captain is from Wagga
• 
  Statue of Paul Kelly, Brownlow Medallist Sydney Swans captain and rugby league convert was from Wagga
• 
  Bill Mohr of Wagga kicked 735 league goals
• 
  Bruce McGregor was from Broken Hill
• 
  Haydn Bunton Sr. was from Albury
• 
  H. C. A. Harrison one of the fathers of Australian Rules Football was from Picton

Men's

Current players

• 
  Tom Hawkins, Geelong premiership player is from Finley
• 
  Taylor Walker, former Adelaide captain is from Broken Hill
• 
  Jarrod Witts is from Normanhurst in Sydney
• 
  Harry Cunningham is from Wagga Wagga
• 
  Luke Breust, Hawthorn premiership player is from Temora
• 
  Corowa
• 
  Narrandera
• 
  Dane Rampe is from Clovelly in Sydney
• 
  Dougal Howard is from Wagga Wagga
• 
  Gunnedah
• 
  Isaac Heeney is from Maitland
• 
  Culcairn
• 
  Jacob Hopper is from Leeton
• 
  Central Coast
• 
  Harrison Himmelberg is from Wagga Wagga
• 
  Collingullie
• 
  Callum Mills is from Northern Beaches in Sydney
• 
  Kieren Briggs is from Sydney
• 
  Collingullie
• 
  Esava Ratugolea is from Griffith
• 
  Charlie Spargo is from Albury
• 
  James Bell is from Shellharbour
• 
  Sam Wicks is from Manly in Sydney
• 
  Zach Sproule is from Albury
• 
  Jacob Koschitzke is from Albury
• 
  Samson Ryan is from Pambula
• 
  Jacob Bauer is from Wollondilly Shire in Greater Western Sydney

AFL players from NSW

This article is missing information about players. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (March 2023)

Women's

Current players

• 
  Corowa
• 
  Corowa
• 
  Chloe Dalton is from Sydney
• 
  Amanda Farrugia was recruited from Sydney
• 
  Brenna Tarrant is from Blaxland
• 
  Nicola Barr was schooled in Sydney
• 
  Ashleigh Brazill is from Wollondilly, New South Wales
• 
  Erin McKinnon All Australian was recruited from Sydney
• 
  Rebecca Beeson was recruited from Sydney
• 
  Sophie Casey is from Holbrook
• 
  Jodie Hicks is from Hay
• 
  Maddy Collier was recruited from Sydney
• 
  Gabrielle Colvin is from Wagga

ALFW players from NSW

Representative team

The New South Wales representative team, nicknamed the Blues, played Interstate matches against other Australian states and Territories. The team wore a blue uniform with a Waratah symbol badge and, until the 1970s, was the only representative team to buck the trend of sleeveless guernseys fit with the fashions in rugby. The Blues defeated the Victoria team in 1923 and again in 1990 under State of Origin rules at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Its final appearance was at the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival.

In 1993, the game's new governing body, the AFL Commission created a composite team with the Australian Capital Territory, the NSW/ACT Rams. Notable New South Welshmen in this team included Wayne Carey and Brownlow Medalist Shane Crawford. Senior players have not represented the state since.

NSW was an inaugural participant in the

Principal venues

The following venues are the largest that meet AFL Standard criteria and have been used to host AFL (National Standard) or AFLW level matches (Regional Standard) and have hosted such matches in the last decade:^[89]

Sydney	Sydney	Sydney
Stadium Australia	Sydney Cricket Ground	Sydney Showground Stadium
Capacity: 82,500	Capacity: 48,000	Capacity: 25,500
Sydney	Sydney	Wagga Wagga
Henson Park	North Sydney Oval	Robertson Oval
Capacity: 30,000	Capacity: 16,000	Capacity: 10,000
Western Sydney	Sydney	Western Sydney
Blacktown ISP Oval	Drummoyne Oval	Tom Wills Oval
Capacity: 10,000	Capacity: 6,000	Capacity: 3,000

Sydney

• Sydney Cricket Ground
• Stadium Australia, Sydney Olympic Park
• Sydney Showground Stadium, Sydney Olympic Park
• North Sydney Oval
• Blacktown ISP Oval, Rooty Hill
• Bruce Purser Reserve, Kellyville
• Ern Holmes Oval, Pennant Hills
• Henson Park, Marrickville
• Picken Oval, Croydon Park
• Trumper Park Oval, Paddington
• Monarch Oval, Macquarie Fields
• Village Green, University of New South Wales, Kensington
• Drummoyne Oval
• Gore Hill Oval
• Olds Park, Penshurst
• University Oval, University of Sydney
• Jubilee Oval, Carlton^{[citation needed]}

Regional NSW

• Lavington Sports Ground, Hamilton Valley, Albury
• Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground, Newcastle
• Coffs Harbour International Stadium, Coffs Harbour
• Narrandera Sports Ground, Narrandera
• North Dalton Park, Towradgi, Wollongong
• Robertson Oval, Wagga Wagga

Books

1. de Moore, Greg; Hess, Rob; Nicholson, Matthew; Stewart, Bob (2021). Australia's Game: The History of Australian Football. Hardie Grant Books.
   ISBN 9781-74379-657-3
   .
2. Blake, Martin (2013). The rise of the Swans : a decade of success : 2003-12. Melbourne, Vic.: Penguin Group (Australia).
   OCLC 829056262
   .

• Representative matches in Australian rules football

References