Austropotamobius torrentium

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Austropotamobius torrentium

Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Astacidae
Genus: Austropotamobius
Species:
A. torrentium
Binomial name
Austropotamobius torrentium
(Schrank, 1803)
Subspecies[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Cancer torrentium Schrank, 1803
  • Astacus saxatilis Koch, 1835
  • Astacus tristis Koch, 1835
  • Astacus longicornis Lereboullet, 1852

Austropotamobius torrentium, also called the stone crayfish, is a

Balkan Peninsula
.

Description

A. torrentium grows to a length of around 10 centimetres (4 in), and has a smooth brown

eggs.[4]

Distribution

A steep-sided valley through deciduous woodland. On one side, a footpath has been cut; 5 hikers are using it.
This forest stream on the slopes of Medvednica, Croatia, is typical habitat for Austropotamobius torrentium.

The distribution of A. torrentium is centred on the

Olt River in Romania upstream to Germany and Switzerland and into parts of the Rhine and Elbe basins. It is widespread in southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia.[5] Contrary to some previous records, A. torrentium does not appear to occur in Luxembourg, Poland or Ukraine.[6]

In

Lorraine.[6] The Czech Republic and Slovakia are at the north-eastern periphery of the natural range of A. torrentium, with only four and six known populations, respectively, all those in Slovakia being in the Male Karpaty hills (Lesser Carpathians).[7] The northernmost point inhabited by A. torrentium is near the city of Dresden in the German federal state of Saxony.[8]

foothills to the southwest, overlapping slightly with the distribution of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus.[4]

The populations in the west of the species' range are genetically depauperate, while populations from the upper

Western Balkans.[10]

Ecology

The red fox, Vulpes vulpes, is an important predator of adult crayfish.

The preferred habitat of A. torrentium is cold, fast-flowing streams, although some live in larger rivers and lakes. It digs burrows in the banks and hides under submerged roots or rocks, emerging at night to feed.[4]

Adult A. torrentium consume a variety of plant materials, including fallen leaves, while the juveniles chiefly feed on aquatic

predators of fully grown A. torrentium include foxes, bears, wolves, otters and badgers, while the young animals are targeted by fish.[4] The species is sensitive to low levels of dissolved oxygen, and to chemical pollution.[4]

Beside naturally occurring threats, A. torrentium has also suffered from the introduction of the crayfish plague, Asphanomyces astaci, carried by invasive crayfish species from North America, and from the release of detergents into streams while washing laundry.[4]

Life cycle

pleopods until the eggs are ready to hatch. Juveniles moult up to 4 or 5 times per year, but as they mature, this slows to once or twice a year, usually in May, June or July. Sexual maturity is reached after 3 to 5 years, by which time the animal has grown to a length of 35–50 millimetres (1.4–2.0 in). Adult males can reproduce every year, but females do not reproduce for at least one year after producing eggs.[4]

Conservation status

A. torrentium is one of the most threatened species in Europe:

Bern Convention,[11] and it is protected under the EU Habitats Directive.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b L. Füreder; F. Gherardi & C. Souty-Grosset (2010). "Austropotamobius torrentium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T2431A121724677. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  2. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/rux070
    .
  3. ^ James W. Fetzner Jr. (January 14, 2008). "Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803)". Crayfish Taxon Browser. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lucian Pârvulescu. "Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank 1803)". Crayfish of Romania. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  5. ^ Lucian Pârvulescu. "Distribution". Crayfish of Romania. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  6. ^
    doi:10.1051/kmae:2005010
    .
  7. doi:10.1051/kmae:2005014
    .
  8. ^ a b Peer Martin; Matthias Pfeifer & Gert Füllner (2008). "First record of the stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidae) from Saxony (Germany)" (PDF). Faunistische Abhandlungen. 26: 103–108.
  9. doi:10.1051/kmae:2007013
    .
  10. PMID 15579394
    .
  11. ^ "Appendix III. Protected fauna species". Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Council of Europe. November 19, 1979.
  12. ^ "Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora". European Union.
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