Autocephaly
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Autocephaly (
Overview of autocephaly
In the first centuries of the history of the
Autocephaly in Eastern Orthodoxy
Modern-era historical precedents
Following the
In May 1872, the Bulgarian Exarchate, set up by the Ottoman government two years prior, broke away from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, following the start of the people's struggle for national self-determination. The Bulgarian Church was recognized in 1945 as an autocephalous patriarchate, following the end of World War II and after decades of schism. By that time, Bulgaria was ruled by the Communist party and was behind the "Iron Curtain" of the Soviet Union.
Following the Congress of Berlin (1878), which established Serbia's political independence, full ecclesiastical independence for the Metropolitanate of Belgrade was negotiated and recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1879. Additionally, in the course of the 1848 revolution, following the proclamation of the Serbian Vojvodina (Serbian Duchy) within the Austrian Empire in May 1848, the autocephalous Patriarchate of Karlovci was instituted by the Austrian government. It was abolished in 1920, shortly after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 following the Great War. Vojvodina was then incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Patriarchate of Karlovci was merged into the newly united Serbian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Dimitrije residing in Belgrade, the capital of the new country that comprised all the Serb-populated lands.
The autocephalous status of the
In late March 1917, following the abdication of the Russian tsar Nicholas II earlier that month and the establishment of the Special Transcaucasian Committee, the bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church in Georgia, then within the Russian Empire, unilaterally proclaimed independence of the Georgian Orthodox Church. This was not recognized by the Moscow Patriarchate until 1943, nor by the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1990.[11][12][13]
In September 1922,
The independent
Autocephalous and autonomous Eastern Orthodox churches
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Honorary use of the term
Historically, within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, adjective autocephalous was sometimes also used as an honorary designation, without connotations to real autocephaly. Such uses occurred in very specific situations. If a diocesan bishop was exempt from jurisdiction of his metropolitan, and also transferred to the direct jurisdiction of the patriarchal throne, such bishop would be styled as an "autocephalous archbishop" (self-headed, just in terms of not having a metropolitan).[17]
Such honorary uses of the adjective autocephalous were recorded in various Notitiae Episcopatuum and other sources, mainly from the early medieval period. For example, until the end of the 8th century, bishop of Amorium was under the jurisdiction of metropolitan of Pessinus, but was later exempt and placed under direct patriarchal jurisdiction. On that occasion, he was given an honorary title of an autocephalous archbishop, but with no jurisdiction over other bishops, and thus no real autocephaly. Sometime later (c. 814), metropolitan province of Amorium was created, and local archbishop gained regional jurisdiction as a metropolitan, still having no autocephaly since his province was under supreme jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[18]
See also
- Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)
- Catholic particular churches
- Congregationalist polity
- Eastern Orthodox Church organization
- Episcopal polity
References
Footnotes
- ^ Avis 2016, p. 26; Gros, McManus & Riggs 1998, p. 176; Haselmayer 1948, p. 8; Lawrence 1963, p. 124.
- ^ "Pentarchy" 2001.
- JSTOR 985575.
- ^ Erickson 1991.
- ^ 1970 Letter from Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras on Autocephaly. / The letter of Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras of 24 June 1970 to Metropolitan Pimen, Locum Tenens of the Moscow Patriarchate, regarding the granting of autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in America.
- ^ Sanderson 2005, p. 144.
- ^ Jillions, John (7 April 2016). "The Tomos of Autocephaly: Forty-Six Years Later". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
- ^ Hovorun 2017, pp. 82, 126; Sanderson 2005, pp. 130, 144.
- ^ Karagiannēs 1997, p. 24.
- ^ Hitchins 1994, p. 92.
- ^ Grdzelidze 2010, p. 172; Grdzelidze 2012, p. 61.
- ^ "Автокефалия на волне революции: Грузинское православие в орбите Российской церкви". Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in Russian). 15 March 2017.
- ^ "Αἱ λοιπαί Αὐτοκέφαλοι Ἐκκλησίαι: Ἐκκλησία τῆς Γεωργίας" [Other Autocephalous Churches: Church of Georgia] (in Greek). Istanbul: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Ecumenical Patriarch Takes Moscow Down a Peg over Church Relations with Ukraine". LB.ua. Kiev: Gorshenin Institute. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: 'As the Mother Church, It Is Reasonable to Desire the Restoration of Unity for the Divided Ecclesiastical Body in Ukraine'" (Press release). Istanbul: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ Satter, Raphael (27 August 2018). "Russian Cyberspies Spent Years Targeting Orthodox Clergy". Bloomberg News. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ Chrysos 1969, pp. 263–286.
- ^ Komatina 2013, pp. 195–214.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-567-66463-1.
- Chrysos, Evangelos K. (1969). "Zur Entstehung der Institution der autokephalen Erzbistümer". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 62 (2): 263–286. S2CID 194081942.
- ISBN 978-0-88141-086-0.
- ISBN 978-0-19-995132-1.
- Grdzelidze, Tamara (2010). "The Orthodox Church of Georgia: Challenges Under Democracy and Freedom (1990–2009)". International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 10 (2–3): 160–175. S2CID 143474746.
- ——— (2012). "The Georgian Tradition". In Casiday, Augustine (ed.). The Orthodox Christian World. Abingdon, England: ISBN 978-0-415-45516-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8091-3794-7.
- Haselmayer, Louis A. (1948). Lambeth and Unity. New York: Morehouse-Gorham Co.
- Hitchins, Keith (1994). Rumania 1866–1947. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Hovorun, Cyril (2017). Scaffolds of the Church: Towards Poststructural Ecclesiology. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-0753-0.
- Karagiannēs, Giōrgos (1997). Ekklēsia kai kratos, 1833–1997: Historikē episkopēsē tōn scheseōn tous (in Greek). Athens. ISBN 978-960-8402-49-2.)
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Komatina, Predrag (2013). "Date of the Composition of the Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae nos. 4, 5 and 6" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 50 (1): 195–214.
- Lawrence, John (1963). "Anglicans and Orthodoxy". In Armstrong, A. H.; Fry, E. J. B. (eds.). Re-Discovering Eastern Christendom: Essays in Commemoration of Dom Bede Winslow. London: Darton Longman & Todd. pp. 119ff.
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- "Pentarchy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- Sanderson, Charles Wegener (2005). Autocephaly as a Function of Institutional Stability and Organizational Change in the Eastern Orthodox Church (PhD diss.). College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland, College Park. hdl:1903/2340.
- ISBN 978-1-56563-130-4.
Further reading
- Papakonstantinou, Christoporos (1999). "Autocephaly". In Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; ISBN 978-0-8028-2413-4.
- Shahan, Thomas J. (1907). . In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 142–143.
- Zhukovsky, Arkadii (1984). "Autocephaly". In ISBN 978-1-4426-3280-6.
- A. Schmemann, “A Meaningful Storm: Some Reflections on Autocephaly, Tradition, and Ecclesiology,” SVTQ 15 (1971) 3–27
- Philip Walters (2002) Notes on Autocephaly and Phyletism, 30:4, 357–364,
- Papakonstantinou. (2011). Autocephaly. In Encyclopedia of Christianity Online. Leiden, Koninklijke Brill NV
- Tudorie. (2020). The time has come : debates over the autocephaly of the OCA reflected in St Vladimir’s quarterly (Tudorie, Ed.). St Vladimir’s Seminary Press.
