Autodidacticism
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Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) or self-education (also self-learning, self-study and self-teaching) is the practice of education without the guidance of schoolmasters (i.e., teachers, professors, institutions).
Overview
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Autodidacts are self-taught
The self-learning curriculum is infinite. One may seek out alternative pathways in education and use these to gain competency; self-study may meet some prerequisite-curricula criteria for experiential education or apprenticeship.
Self-education
Etymology
The term has its roots in the Ancient Greek words αὐτός (autós, lit. 'self') and διδακτικός (didaktikos, lit. 'teaching'). The related term didacticism defines an artistic philosophy of education.
Terminology
Various terms are used to describe self-education. One such is heutagogy, coined in 2000 by Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon of Southern Cross University in Australia; others are self-directed learning and self-determined learning. In the heutagogy paradigm, a learner should be at the centre of their own learning.[6] A truly self-determined learning approach also sees the heutagogic learner exploring different approaches to knowledge in order to learn; there is an element of experimentation underpinned by a personal curiosity.[7]
Andragogy "strive[s] for autonomy and self-direction in learning", while Heutagogy "identif[ies] the potential to learn from novel experiences as a matter of course [...] manage their own learning".
Modern era
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Autodidacticism is sometimes a complement of modern formal education.[11] As a complement to formal education, students would be encouraged to do more independent work.[12] The Industrial Revolution created a new situation for self-directed learners.
Before the twentieth century, only a small minority of people received an advanced academic education. As stated by
Collegiate teaching was based on the classics (Latin, philosophy, ancient history, theology) until the early nineteenth century. There were few if any institutions of higher learning offering studies in engineering or science before 1800. Institutions such as the Royal Society did much to promote scientific learning, including public lectures. In England, there were also itinerant lecturers offering their service, typically for a fee.[14]
Prior to the nineteenth century, there were many important inventors working as millwrights or mechanics who, typically, had received an elementary education and served an apprenticeship.
Years of schooling in the United States began to increase sharply in the early twentieth century. This phenomenon was seemingly related to increasing mechanization displacing
One of the most recent trends in education is that the classroom environment should cater towards students' individual needs, goals, and interests. This model adopts the idea of inquiry-based learning where students are presented with scenarios to identify their own research, questions and knowledge regarding the area. As a form of discovery learning, students in today's classrooms are being provided with more opportunity to "experience and interact" with knowledge, which has its roots in autodidacticism.
Successful self-teaching can require self-discipline and reflective capability. Some research suggests that the ability to regulate one's own learning may need to be modeled to some students so that they become active learners, while others learn dynamically via a process outside conscious control.
In his book Deschooling Society, philosopher Ivan Illich strongly criticized 20th-century educational culture and the institutionalization of knowledge and learning - arguing that institutional schooling as such is an irretrievably flawed model of education - advocating instead ad-hoc co-operative networks through which autodidacts could find others interested in teaching themselves a given skill or about a given topic, supporting one another by pooling resources, materials, and knowledge.[20]
Secular and modern societies have given foundations for new systems of education and new kinds of autodidacts. As Internet access has become more widespread the World Wide Web (explored using search engines such as Google) in general, and websites such as Wikipedia (including parts of it that were included in a book or referenced in a reading list), YouTube, Udemy, Udacity and Khan Academy in particular, have developed as learning centers for many people to actively and freely learn together. Organizations like The Alliance for Self-Directed Education (ASDE) have been formed to publicize and provide guidance for self-directed education.[21]
History
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The first philosophical claim supporting an autodidactic program to the study of nature and God was in the
Commonly translated as "The Self-Taught Philosopher" or "The Improvement of Human Reason", Ibn-Tufayl's story Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan inspired debates about autodidacticism in a range of historical fields from classical Islamic philosophy through Renaissance humanism and the European Enlightenment. In his book Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: a Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism, Avner Ben-Zaken showed how the text traveled from late medieval Andalusia to early modern Europe and demonstrated the intricate ways in which autodidacticism was contested in and adapted to diverse cultural settings.[22]
Autodidacticism apparently intertwined with struggles over
In the story of Black American self-education,
In architecture
Many successful and influential
There are very few countries allowing autodidacticism in architecture today. The practice of architecture or the use of the title "architect", are now protected in most countries.
Self-taught architects have generally studied and qualified in other fields such as
When a
However, other
Theoretical research such as Architecture of Change, Sustainability and Humanity in the Built Environment
Self-taught architects such as Eileen Gray, Luis Barragán, and many others, created a system where working is also learning, where self-education is associated with creativity and productivity within a working environment.
While he was primarily interested in
Predictors
Openness is the largest predictory of self-directed learning out of the Big Five personality traits though in a study personality only explained 10% of the variance in self-directed learning.[33]: 642
Future role
The role of self-directed learning continues to be investigated in learning approaches, along with other important goals of education, such as content knowledge, epistemic practices and collaboration.
A 2016
Notable individuals
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The most notable individuals are those autodidacts who face real consequences for learning forbidden information: slaves and former slaves.
Some notable autodidacts can be broadly grouped in the following interdisciplinary areas:
- Artists and authors
- Actors, musicians, and other artists
- Architects
- Engineers and inventors
- Scientists, historians, and educators
Educational materials availability
Most governments have compulsory education that may deny the right to education on the basis of discrimination; state school teachers may unwittingly indoctrinate students into the ideology of the oppressive community and government via a hidden curriculum.
See also
- Academic conference
- Analytical skill
- Anti-intellectualism
- Body of knowledge
- Critical thinking
- Criticism of schooling
- Course (education)
- Cryptanalysis
- Curriculum studies
- Democratic education
- Democratization of knowledge
- Do it yourself
- Distance education
- Extracurricular activity
- Handbibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens
- Hermeneutics of suspicion
- Independent study
- Individualism
- Informal learning
- Intellectual need
- Intelligence
- Learner autonomy
- Learning
- Liberation psychology
- Lifelong learning
- List of self-managed social centers
- Metacognition
- Open-source curriculum
- Pedagogy
- Personal development
- Polymath
- Procedural knowledge
- Reading (process)
- Rhizome (philosophy)
- Scholar
- Self awareness
- Self-experimentation
- Subject (documents)
- Tutorial
- Unschooling
References
- ^ "autodidact". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
a self-taught person
- ^ "autodidact". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
a person who has learned a subject without the benefit of a teacher or formal education; a self-taught person.
- ^ "Autodidact". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press & Assessment. 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
a person who teaches himself or herself, rather than being taught by a teacher
- ^ "self-educated". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press & Assessment. 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
A self-educated person has obtained knowledge or skills by themselves rather than being taught by other people
- ^ "self-educated". The Britannica Dictionary. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
educated by your own efforts (such as by reading books) rather than in a school
- ISBN 9780787971472.
- ^ Hase Stewart and Chris Kenyon. Self-Determined Learning : Heutagogy in Action. Bloomsbury Academic 2015.
- ^ "Pedagogy, Andragogy, & Heutagogy". Center for Online Learning, Research and Service. University of Illinois Springfield. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- JSTOR 45198556. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
[T]he essence of ubuntugogy is that it is imperative and urgent for African educators to be concerned about broader education as well as training and to be concerned about approaches to learning and teaching which are undergirded by humanity or fellow feeling toward others.
- JSTOR 45194719. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
Ubuntu rejects this modernistic and atomistic individualism since it overemphasizes the seemingly solitary aspects of human existence at the expense of the communal aspects and interests. It also rejects Western-style collectivism which views society as a collection of separately existing and detached individuals or small groups. Ubuntu views the individual in terms of his or her relationship with others; individuals only exist only in and through their relationships and bonds with others.
- ISBN 1-86335-510-3
- ^ J. Scott Armstrong (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0.
- ISBN 9780802016379.
- ^ Robinson, Eric; McKie, Doublas. Partners in Science: Letters of James Watt and Joseph Black. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 4.
- ISBN 978-0-313-39862-9. Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
- ^ Two Centuries of American Macroeconomic Growth From Exploration of Resource Abundance to Knowledge Driven Development, pp 44 Archived 23 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 143153340.
- from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ Illich, Ivan (1995) [1971]. Deschooling Society. London: Marion Boyars Publishers.
- ^ "About the Alliance". Alliance for Self-Directed Education. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8018-9739-9. Archivedfrom the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ISBN 9780807829202.
- ^ Architects (Registration) Act 1931 Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine (UK)
- ^ Loi n°77-2 du 3 janvier 1977 sur l'architecture Archived 25 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Architects Act in France)
- ^ Loi du 20 fevrier 1939 Archived 26 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (Architects Act in Belgium)
- ^ legge 24 June 1923 No. 1395 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Architects Act in Italy)
- ^ Refer to document on the Dutch Registration System drafted after a meeting between the General Secretary and Dr. Hans Groenevald, Director of the Stichting Bureau Architectenreglster, (SBA) in the Hague on 1 October 1993. 1 October 1993 is a significant date because on that day the protection of the title "architect" came into force in the Netherlands.
- ^ Refer to the example of the Republic of Ireland, where hundreds of professionally trained architects oppose new legislation that would prevent them from practicing. See Parliamentary records for more information.
- ^ You can access more information from AAoI website Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ For more information, you can access the full text from the Irish Building Control Act 2007 Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-3-89955-211-9.
- ISSN 1877-0428.
- S2CID 1360735.
- S2CID 17614349.
- ^ "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2016". Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-4391-0908-3.
- Blaschke, L. M. (2012). "Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning". The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 13 (1): 56–71. .
- Brown, Resa Steindel (28 January 2007). The Call to Brilliance: A True Story to Inspire Parents and Educators. Fredric Pr. ISBN 978-0-9778369-0-1.
- Cameron, Brent (4 November 2005). SelfDesign: Nurturing Genius Through Natural Learning. Sentient Publications. ISBN 978-1-59181-044-5.
- Eberle, Jane; Childress, Marcus (2005). "Using Heutagogy to Address the Needs of Online Learners". Encyclopedia of Distance Learning. better source needed]
- ISBN 978-0440550136.
- Hase, Stewart; Kenyon, Chris (January 2000). "From Andragogy to Heutagogy". Original UltiBASE Publication. Southern Cross University. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- Hase, Stewart; Kenyon, Chris (2019) [July 2007]. "Heutagogy: A Child of Complexity Theory". Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education. 4 (1): 111–118. . Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ISBN 978-0962959196.
- McAuliffe, M.; Hargreaves, D.; Winter, A.; Chadwick, G. (11 November 2015) [2009]. "Does Pedagogy Still Rule?". Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. 15 (1): 13–18. . Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- "Open Syllabus: Mapping the college curriculum across 20.9 million syllabi". Open Syllabus. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
Non-profit archive [...] provides top-down views of the curriculum across thousands of schools to support curricular innovation, lifelong learning, and student success.
- ISBN 978-0804719698.
- ISBN 978-0140801699.
- Solomon, Joan (28 August 2003). The Passion to Learn: An Inquiry into Autodidactism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415304184.
- Stark, Kio (10 April 2013). Don't Go Back to School: A Handbook for Learning Anything. Kio Stark. ]
External links
- Quotations related to Autodidacticism at Wikiquote