Automotive industry in South Korea

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Assembly line at Hyundai Motor Company car factory in Ulsan, South Korea

The automotive industry in South Korea is the fifth-largest in the world as measured by automobile unit production and also the sixth-largest by automobile export volume.

While its initial operations were merely the assembling of parts imported from foreign companies, South Korea is today among the most advanced

automobile
-producing countries in the world. Annual domestic output first exceeded one million units in 1988. In the 1990s, the industry manufactured numerous in-house models, demonstrating not only its capabilities in terms of design, performance, and technology, but also signalling its coming of age.

Major South Korean automobile manufacturers include GM Korea, Hyundai Motor Group and its affiliate, Kia Corporation along with Renault Korea Motors.

Domestic brands

General Motors Korea (formerly Daewoo Motors)

Hyundai Motor Group

Kia Corporation

KG Mobility (formerly Ssangyong Motors)

Renault Korea Motors (formerly Renault Samsung)

History

Origins

The history of the Korean automotive industry began in August 1955, when Choi Mu-seong, a Korean businessman, and two of his brothers (Choi Hae-seong and Choi Soon-seong), mounted a modified and localized jeep engine on a US military jeep-style car body made with the sheet metal from a junk oil drum can and military junk Jeep parts to manufacture its first car, called the Sibal (car). Sibal translates as new go or new start.

To develop the automobile industry, the

SsangYong Motor Company
) in 1963; and Saenara Automobile, established with the technical cooperation of
Asia Motors Company was established in 1965, and the Hyundai Motor Company in 1968 with the technical cooperation of the Ford Motor Company
. However, all these companies were then merely automotive assemblers, importing parts from overseas partners.

1970 to 1990

In 1970, Toyota began to show hesitation in continuing its relationship with Shinjin Automobiles. After Toyota's withdrawal in 1972, Shinjin entered into a joint venture with

, South Korea.

The

British Leyland Motor Corporation
as vice-president. The final result was a collaborative effort, comprising:

Hyundai chalked up another first when it exported the Pony to South America, in countries like Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador between 1976 and 1982, making it the first Korean-developed car to be exported. In 1977, Motores Tecno in Costa Rica, became the first Hyundai distributor in Central America, where the Hyundai Pony pickup were sold.

In 1982, the

1979 energy crisis, and the consequent local recession
. The government took action to resolve this difficult situation in 1982 by implementing the "Automobile Industry Rationalization Policy", the objective of which was to prevent excessive competition between the four major domestic automakers: Hyundai Motors, Kia Industry, General Motors Korea, and Asia Motors. Additionally, the government postponed its import liberalization of automobiles.

Shinjin Jeep Motors, which was a subsidiary of Shinjin Motors, changed its name to Geohwa Co. in 1981, and was taken over by Dong-A Motor Co. (formerly Ha Dong-hwan Automobile Industry Co.) in 1985. In 1986, the company was renamed the SsangYong Motor Company.

While localization of auto parts was the major concern during the 1970s, developing

sedan
. The Sonata, nevertheless, still featured many Mitsubishi designs and parts.

1990 to present

Hyundai's cumulative exports to the U.S. exceeded one million in 1990. In 1992 its ScoupeTurbo won at the

Avante also won the Asia-Pacific
Rally that year. Yet, amidst all the successes, trouble was brewing for Hyundai. However this was not it.

The Excel, although initially well received, gave Hyundai a bad image, as over time its faults became apparent. Also, in efforts to bring the costs down, its quality and reliability suffered. As time caught up with the poor reputation of Hyundai in the United States, sales dropped drastically, and car dealerships started abandoning their franchises.

Rather than drop out of the world's largest automotive market, Hyundai began investing heavily in the quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles in 1998, and added a ten-year or 100,000-mile

J.D. Power and Associates
.

Towards the end of the 20th century, however, the industry began to face tremendous pressures at home, with the domestic market growing at under five percent, and greater competition, both locally and abroad. With energy waste, air pollution, and

vehicle excise duty
on automobiles and gasoline among the major automobile-producing countries. In 1985, the number of vehicles registered in Korea was one million, but by 1995 the total had increased to eight million. In response to these pressures, Korean automakers have become more aggressive in terms of pricing and quality, and begun developing larger cars, and broadening their product ranges to meet diverse customer preferences.

Internal pressures at home have also forced Korean automobile manufacturers to venture aggressively into

SUV
specialist, SsangYong, in 1998, but ran into financial trouble in 1999.

Kia Motors Company
(the new name for Kia Industry, changed in 1990) in 1999. Kia Motors had financial trouble in 1997, and helped push South Korea into the Asian financial crisis. Kia was subsequently acquired by Hyundai Motors in 1998.

Renault Samsung Motors. Samsung also ventured into the heavy vehicle market, founding Samsung Commercial Vehicles in 1996,[1][2][3][4] although this second company filed for bankruptcy in 2000,[4][5][6][7] ending the liquidation in 2002.[2]

The purchase of

in 2005, are two major developments that will further drive the Korean automobile industry to focus on North America, its largest export market. The move to the U.S. makes Hyundai the sixth Asian automaker to build a U.S. factory, the third foreign maker to pick Alabama, and the sixth automaker to locate in the Southeastern United States since 1990. Now opening in 2009 is another U.S. factory that will be a twin to the Alabama factory. It is located in West Point, Ga and will build KIA cars.

As the world leader in rechargeable battery production, South Korean manufacturers rely on imports for more than 60% of battery material, most of which comes from China. This leaves South Korea vulnerable to trade tensions and geopolitical shocks with China and other countries in the region.[8]

Timeline

1950s

  • 1955: Choi Mu-seong, a Korean businessman and two of his brothers mounted an engine on a modified US Army Jeep body and chassis to manufacture the historic model, called "Sibal";

1960s

  • 1960: UNKRA funds $200,000 to Shinjin Industrial (LTD.) to build Busan Plant[9]
  • 1961: Government established "Industrial Standardization Act" and announced "Transportation Business Act and Road Traffic Act".
  • 1962: Government established "5-Year Automobile Industry Plan", and announced the "Automobile Industry Protection Act";
    • Saenara Automobiles founded, in technical cooperation with Nissan Motor Co.;
    • Ha Dong-hwan Automobile Industry Co. founded;
    • Kyeongseong Precision Industry changed its name to
      Kia Industry
      .
  • 1963: Shinjin Sinsungho launched.[9]
  • 1964: Government announced the "Automobile Industry Comprehensive Promotion Plan";
    • Kia Industry produced Mazda models under licensing;
    • Kia T-600 Triple Truck launched.
  • 1965: Government announced "3-Year Automobile Localization Plan", with a goal to achieve 90% local content by 1967;
    • Asia Motors Co. established;
    • Shinjin Automobiles took over Saenara Automobiles and Shinjin Corona launched with 20% local content assmebled.[9]
  • 1967: Shinjin Crown,[9] Sinjin Truck, and Sinjin Ace launched.
  • 1967: Government announced the "Automobile Plant Permission Standards".
  • 1968: Hyundai Motor Co. founded, and established licensing agreement with Ford Motor Company;
    • Hyundai Cortina, Hyundai Ford 20M, Hyundai Ford D-series, and Hyundai Ford DK-Series launched.
    • Shinjin Publica first produced.[9]
  • 1969: Government announced "Basic Plan for Automobile Industry Promotion".

1970s

1980s

1990s

  • 1990: Hyundai's cumulative exports to the U.S. surpassed 1 million in 1990;
  • 1991: Hyundai Sonata (new model) launched;
  • 1992: Hyundai Scoupe (new model) launched; ScoupeTurbo won at the "Pikes Peak Hill Climb Rally";
    • Kia Potentia
      launched.
  • 1993: Hyundai Elantra (new model launched), and was selected "Best Car of 1993" in Australia;
    • Kia named "Official Car" for
      Expo
      .
  • 1994: Samsung Motors founded.
    • The Kia brand launched in the United States
  • 1995: Number of vehicles registered in South Korea exceeded eight million;
    • Hyundai's Accent earned "Canadian Best Buy Award", and also won the "Asia-Pacific" Rally;
    • First Seoul International Motor Show.
    • Daewoo begins importing cars to Britain, aided by a revolutionary sales package where cars are sold directly to customers from the manufacturer rather than through a traditional dealer network.
  • 1997: Kia Motors went into financial trouble, and helped push South Korea into the Asian financial crisis.
  • 1998: Hyundai began investing heavily in quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research, and added a 10-year or 100,000-mile warranty to its vehicles in the United States;
    • Samsung Motors started selling cars;
    • 51% of Kia Motors acquired by Hyundai Motor;
    • Daewoo Motors took over the troubled SUV specialist, SsangYong
  • 1999: Asia Motors completely merged with Kia Motors Company.

2000s

  • 2000: Samsung sold a 70% stake in Samsung Motors to
    Renault Samsung Motors
    .
    • Daewoo Motors divests of SsangYong Motor Company
  • 2002: Major assets of Daewoo Motors acquired by General Motors. The new company was named
    GM Daewoo
    .
  • 2004: Hyundai tied with Honda for initial brand quality, second in the industry behind Toyota, in a survey conducted by J.D. Power and Associates.
    • SsangYong Motor Company
      .
  • 2005: Hyundai completed construction of its $1 billion assembly plant in Montgomery, Alabama;
    • GM Daewoo vehicles were exported under various GM brands (and Suzuki), but mostly as Chevrolets

2010s

  • 2011: GM Daewoo renamed itself to GM Korea, and in March, all GM Daewoo products are sold in South Korea as Chevrolets.
  • 2011: After the renaming of GM Korea, the Daewoo Damas and Daewoo Labo has not worn any marque.
  • 2011: GM Korea developed a new Luxury brand called GM Alpheon.
  • 2015: Hyundai launched new luxury brand called
    Genesis
  • 2017: EES acquired TGM, formerly known as bus manufacturing department of Hanguk Fiber. And established Edison Motors.

2020s

Automobile manufacturers and products

Hyundai Motor Company

Genesis

Ioniq

  • Ioniq 5
  • Ioniq 6

Passenger cars

SUVs and vans

Commercial vehicles

Kia Corporation

Passenger cars

SUVs and vans

EV Lineup

Commercial vehicles

General Motors Korea (formerly Shinjin Motors/Saehan Motors/Daewoo Motors)

Alpheon

KG Mobility

SUVs and vans

Pickup trucks

Renault Korea Motors

Tata Daewoo

KGM Commercial (former Edison Motors)

discontinued

Asia Motors

Proto Motors

Imports

Most importers and distributors of foreign automotive marques in the South Korean market are members of the Korea Automobile Importers & Distributors Association (KAIDA). As of 2024, marques represented by the members of KAIDA are the following:

The following commercial vehicle brands are also represented by members of KAIDA in South Korea:

There are also imported vehicles whose official distributors are not members of KAIDA. As of 2024, the marques are:

Historically, the following makes were officially represented in South Korea:

References

  1. ^ "History". Samsung. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  2. ^ a b 삼성상용차 24일 파산 신청 [Samsung Commercial Vehicles for bankruptcy in 24 days]. article.joins.com (in Korean). JoongAng Ilbo. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  3. .
  4. ^ a b <기업구조조정> 삼성상용차, 자산은 매각·인력은 계열사 수용 ["Corporate restructuring:" Samsung commercial vehicles, sale of assets and personnel transfer to subsidiaries] (in Korean). Labortoday.com. 3 November 2000. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  5. ^ 대구 옛 삼성상용차터에 간판 기업들 잇단 입주 [Samsung agrees to move companies on the old Busan's Samsung Commercial Vehicles' lot]. hankooki.com (in Korean). 15 November 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  6. ^ "Samsung Commercial Vehicle Applies for Bankruptcy". The Chosun Ilbo. 24 November 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  7. .
  8. ^ Jung-a, Song (6 October 2021). "South Korea's global battery dominance raises supply chain risks". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f 회사소개 > 기업연혁 > 신진자동차 Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Company > History > Shinjin Motors)
  10. ^ 회사소개 > 기업연혁 > G.M코리아 Archived 5 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Company > History > GM Korea)
  11. ^ a b 회사소개 > 기업연혁 > 새한자동차 Archived 9 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Company > History > Saehan Motors)
  12. ^ a b 회사소개 > 기업연혁 > 대우자동차 Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Company > History > Daewoo)

External links