Auxiliaries

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Auxiliary (disambiguation).

A military auxiliary radio system operator at Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany in Albany, Georgia in 1983

Auxiliaries are

training or ranking structure as regular soldiers, and it may or may not be integrated into a fighting force. Some auxiliaries, however, are militias
composed of former active duty military personnel and actually have better training and combat experience than their regular counterparts.

The designation "auxiliary" has also been given to foreign or allied troops in the service of a nation at war. The term originated with the Latin

irregulars
were often described as auxiliaries.

Historical usage

Roman auxiliaries

Balearic slingers and Cretan archers), cavalry (recruited among peoples such as the Numidians, and the Thracians), or light infantry. Auxiliaries were not paid at the same rate as legionaries, but could earn Roman citizenship after a fixed term of service.[2]

By the 2nd century AD the auxiliaries had been organised into permanent units, broadly grouped as

Cohors equitata (infantry with a cavalry element). Both cavalry alae and infantry cohors numbered between 480 and 600 men each. The mixed cohors equitata usually consisted of 6 centuries of foot soldiers and six squadrons of horsemen.[3] Specialist units of slingers, scouts, archers and camel mounted detachments continued in existence as separate units with a regional recruitment basis.

A member of the Khyber Rifles
c. 1948.

United Kingdom and the British Empire

At the start of the 18th century, the English (from 1707, British) military (as distinct from naval) consisted of several regular and reserve military forces. The regular forces included district garrison artillery establishments that maintained forts and batteries, as well as field artillery, ready for war, with the batteries brought up to strength in war time by drafts from other military or naval forces, and field artillery trains formed during wartime, all of which would be absorbed into the Royal Artillery on or after its 1716 formation, and the Royal Engineers (an officer-only corps responsible for planning naval and military works in garrisons and on expedition), both of which, with the civilian-staffed stores, transport, Commissariat, and other departments were all parts of the Board of Ordnance, and the English Army (after 1707, the British Army), composed primarily of cavalry and infantry. The Horse and Foot Guards were considered parts of the British Army, though falling under the Royal Household there were differences in their command and administration.[4] There were also other minor forces of little military significance, such as the Yeomen of the Guard.[5]

The reserve military forces included the

Lords Lieutenant of counties until 1871, when the British Government took direct control.[7]

In the British colonies, which refers to those administered from 1782 to 1801 by the

British India, which was administered by the East India Company until 1858, and thereafter by the India Office, the Governors were generally appointed also as Captains-General or Commanders-in-Chief with similar powers to Lords-Lieutenant (in some colonies, notably Imperial fortresses such as Bermuda, the Governor was always a senior naval or military officer who also had control of units of the regular forces).[9][10]

The Reserve Forces were originally for local service, embodied for home defence in times of war or emergency. During the latter half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century, these various military forces would be increasingly integrated with the regular force, as the

Royal Sappers and Miners), as well as the commissariat, ordnance stores, transport, and barracks departments, were absorbed into the British Army in 1855. During the same period, the British Army Regular Reserve was created (in 1859 by Secretary of State for War Sidney Herbert, and re-organised under the Reserve Force Act, 1867) and, to prevent confusion, the Reserve Forces were increasingly referred to instead as the Auxiliary Forces or the Local Forces.[11][12]

Officers of the Reserve or Auxiliary Forces took precedence below British Army officers of the same rank (officers of the Yeomanry force and of the Volunteer Force similarly took precedence below officers of the Militia Force). When auxiliary units worked with Regular Forces, overall command was held by the highest-ranking officer of the Regular Forces, providing he held the same rank (or higher) as the highest-ranking officer of the Auxiliary unit.[13] The personnel of the Auxiliary Forces were not originally subject to the Army Act, or the earlier Mutiny Acts, though by the end of the 19th century they had become subject to the Act while embodied for training with regular forces or for active service.

Although remaining nominally separate forces from the British Army, the units of these forces in the British Isles became numbered sub-units (squadrons, battalions, or companies) or regular British Army corps or regiments, and ultimately were funded by the War Office, making them technically parts of the British Army. The Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force merged under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act, 1907 in 1908 to become the Territorial Force. Although still meant to be local service, this force sent drafts of volunteers to regular battalions, and then entire units, overseas during the First World War. The potential to serve overseas in wartime became a permanent part of its role after the war when it was re-maned the Territorial Army, remaining nominally a separate force (or army) from the British Army until 2014 when it became the British Army Reserve.[14] The Militia in the British Isles was replaced with the Special Reserve in 1908, which sent drafts of replacements to regular units in wartime. After the First World War, this force was allowed to lapse. In British colonies, a number of militia and volunteer units continued to exist after 1908, generally being re-organised eventually on Territorial lines (though not administered as parts of the Territorial Army, and remaining local service). Most of these units continued to be viewed as auxiliary to the British Army, rather than parts of it (as this was no longer true of such units in the British Isles, this has led to the misconception in recent decades that these units are not part of the British military as the uninformed presume British military to connote British Army, although the Combined Cadet Force and the Army Cadet Force in the United Kingdom also remain separate forces).[15]

Today, the territorial units of the two old

Turks and Caicos Regiment are technically auxiliaries (this is an archaic distinction, and makes no difference to the ways they are administered or deployed).[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

British in Spain

The

Auxiliary Legion was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War
.

Boer War

During the Second Boer War Boer auxiliaries were employed by the British Army under the designation of "National Scouts". Recruited in significant numbers towards the end of the war from Afrikaner prisoners and defectors, they were known as hensoppers ("hands-uppers" i.e. collaborators) by their fellow Boers.[23]

North-West Frontier

Khussadars were tribal auxiliaries employed by the British administration in regions of the North West Frontier of India. Distinguished only by armbands they provided convoy escorts as a substitute for regular troops and units of the para-military Frontier Corps.[24]

Volunteers, Militia and Yeomanry

Prior to the creation of the

Regular Army (UK).[25]

Ireland

The Auxiliary Division was a British paramilitary police unit raised during the Irish War of Independence 1919–21. Recruited from former officers of the British Army who had served during World War I, the Auxiliary Division was a motorized mobile force nominally forming part of the Royal Irish Constabulary.

Cumann na mBan was the preceding organisation of the Women's Arm of the Irish Volunteers that acted as an auxiliary in the Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence.

World War II

Two Ordnance Wrens in Liverpool reassemble a section of a pom-pom gun during World War II

In 1941, the British government created an organization of Auxiliary Units in southern England, capable of waging a guerilla war against occupying forces should Britain be invaded by the Nazis. Since the invasion never came, they were ultimately never used in combat. The Auxiliary Units were meant to carry out assaults on German units, along with damaging train lines and aircraft if necessary.

While working as full-time, active duty personnel, the women's services of World War II were titled as or seen as auxiliaries to the male services. These services were:

The Royal Auxiliary Air Force was originally an auxiliary of the Royal Air Force, when it was first conceived and formed in 1924. Today the RAuxAF acts as a military reserve; this is reflected in its more common name 'RAF Reserve'.

Pattern 1914 or M1917 Enfield
rifle

Other former British military or governmental auxiliary organizations included:

Dominion organisations

Auxiliary organizations of

Dominions
of the British Empire:

Corporal Jarratt, a WAAAF telegraphist operating Medium Frequency Direction/Finding (MFD/F) equipment at VAOC Headquarters at Victoria Barracks.

Denmark

East Germany

In East Germany the FH for Freiwilliger Helfer der Volkspolizei (English: "Voluntary Auxiliary of the People´s Police") was an auxiliary police service from 1952 to 1990.

French Africa

France made extensive use of tribal allies (

Harkis) were employed in support of regular French forces.[27]

Germany

The

small arms. This auxiliary force was shut down in 2002[28]

Italian Social Republic

Italian colonies

Between 1924 and 1941 the Italian

Italian Somalia
.

Japan

Honghuzi during the Battle of Mukden

During the Russo-Japanese War, Japan made use of Manchurian honghuzi as auxiliaries against Russian forces.[29]

Nazi Germany

German

SS) and disbanded the same year due to international protests.[30][31][32] Certain German auxiliary units, such as the Reserve Police Battalion 101, committed horrendous massacres of Jewish, Romani, and other targeted ethnic groups while serving with the Wehrmacht and Einstazgruppen in Eastern Europe. The example of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 came to exemplify both civilian participation in the Holocaust, as well as the active knowledge of how immoral their actions were among perpetrators of the Holocaust. Throughout their service on the Eastern Front, when ordered to execute civilians en masse, members of the Battalion were frequently given the opportunity to reject participation in the events in lieu of standing guard at the perimeter or other less violent tasks. Battalion members were frequently rotated to avoid war fatigue and their veritable psychological destruction, and when participating in the atrocities they often tried to shoot away from infants, mothers, and minors, preferring to try to shoot the elderly or the ill to ease their conscious. They would frequently turn to heavy drinking to try to quell the mental anguish caused by participation in these acts.[33] While a minority was generally able to escape participation in the acts, most were willing volunteers, succumbing to social pressures pushed by an atmosphere of shared guilt and fervent hypermasculine nationalism.[34]

With an increase in the amount of troops needed to serve on the frontline, women were allowed to serve as auxiliaries to the Wehrmacht, known as

machine guns, and hand grenades throughout the war.[36]

Hiwis were auxiliary forces recruited from the indigenous populations in the areas of Eastern Europe first annexed by the Soviet Union and then occupied by Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler reluctantly agreed to allow recruitment of Soviet citizens in the Rear Areas during Operation Barbarossa.[37] In a short period of time, many of them were moved to combat units.

Finland

Generaloberst von Falkenhorst with the sisters of the Lotta Svärd, a Finnish voluntary auxiliary paramilitary organisation for women, in the summer of 1941 during the Continuation War

Poland

Rhodesia

United States

Auxiliary military units in the United States have largely stemmed from the era of the Second World War, finding a place in assisting the United States Military with resupply, surveillance, aid transportation, and military intelligence. Most historical units were dissolved around the end of the war in 1944–1945, with many integrating into the command of their formerly male counterpart units.

Current military or governmental auxiliaries

Australia

Bangladesh

Canada

Canadian Rangers with Lee–Enfield Rifle No. 4 rifles, 2011.

Germany

The Freiwilliger Polizeidienst are auxiliary state police services in Germany under different denominations (for example Sicherheitswacht in Bavaria and Saxony and Freiwilliger Polizeidienst in Baden-Württemberg or Hesse), operated by non-professional forces. In most states, the forces are composed of trained volunteers, acting as an assisting and reserve force to the regular police force. Due to the fact, that the voluntary police services are state-run institutions, the equipment, training and tasks differ. Through patrols, it is supposed to ensure public order and safety.

Hong Kong

India

Ireland

Iran

  • Iranian army

Israel

Malaysia

Morocco

Norway

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Sweden

Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization with Finnish war children during World War II.

Thailand

United Kingdom

United States

Federal Government

State Government

The Texas State Guard Medical Brigade deployed in Galveston, Texas.

Local Government

See also

References

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  5. ^ Castelow, Ellen. "The Yeomen of the Guard". Historic UK. Historic UK Ltd. Retrieved 2 September 2021. The Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard, to give them their full title, was created by Henry VII in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth and is the oldest military corps in existence in Britain.
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  7. ^ Dodd, Tom (19 March 1996). "The Reserve Forces Bill (House of Lords) (Bill 75 of 1995/96), Research Paper 96/40 (PDF direct link)" (PDF). House of Commons Library of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
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  12. ^ Somerset, George. "Imperial Yeomanry And Volunteers—Temporary Army Rank—Relative Rank With Militia Officers. Volume 79: debated on Monday 19 February 1900". George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 September 2021. the Auxiliary forces as compared with the Army...All officers in the Regular Army are senior to officers in the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers...
  13. ^ Somerset, George. "Imperial Yeomanry And Volunteers—Temporary Army Rank—Relative Rank With Militia Officers. Volume 79: debated on Monday 19 February 1900". George Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2 September 2021. I am sure I shall be anticipating what the noble Marquess will say when I state that the question of relative rank amongst the Auxiliary forces as compared with the Army is one of extreme difficulty. All officers in the Regular Army are senior to officers in the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers of the same rank. Officers of Militia are senior, in the same way, to officers in the Yeomanry and Volunteers, and officers in the Yeomanry are senior to Volunteer officers of the same rank.
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  15. ^ "Guidance The Ministry of Defence cadet forces". British Government Website. Ministry of Defence, British Government. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021. The cadet forces are based on the traditions, values and standards of their parent Service but they are not part of the Armed Forces. The cadet forces comprise the: *Sea Cadet Corps *Volunteer Cadet Corps *Combined Cadet Force *Army Cadet Force
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  17. ^ "THE MILITIA". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 4 May 1855. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  18. ^ "THE MILITIA—QUESTION". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 11 July 1856. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  19. ^ "ARMY—AUXILIARY FORCES—THE MILITIA.—OBSERVATIONS". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 13 June 1878. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  20. ^ HART'S ANNUAL ARMY LIST, SPECIAL RESERVE LIST, AND TERRITORIAL FORCE LIST, FOR 1911: (BEING THE SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL VOLUME,) CONTAINING DATES OF COMMISSIONS, AND A SUMMARY OF THE WAR SERVICES OF NEARLY EVERY OFFICER IN THE ARMY, SUPPLY &c. DEPARTMENTS, MARINES, AND INDIAN ARMY, AND INDIAN LOCAL FORCES. WITH AN INDEX. BY THE LATE LIEUTENANT GENERAL H. G. HART. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. 1911
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  54. ^ About the Arlington County Police Department Auxiliary
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  63. ^ About the New York City Police Department Auxiliary
  64. ^ "About Old Bridge Township Auxiliary Police".
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