Global spread of H5N1
This article needs to be updated.(November 2022) |
This article is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period. |
Highly pathogenic H5N1 | |
---|---|
Countries that have reported deaths of poultry or wild birds linked to highly pathogenic H5N1 infection as of March 2023. | |
Countries that have reported human cases of highly pathogenic H5N1 infection. |
The global spread of H5N1
Tens of millions of birds have died of
Highly pathogenic H5N1 has been found in birds in the wild in numerous other countries:
H5N1 has low pathogenic varieties
According to
The epicenters of both the
Guangdong Province, China, in 1996, when it killed some geese, but it received little attention until it spread through live-poultry markets in Hong Kong to humans in May 1997, killing 6 of 18 infected people. [...] From 1997 to May 2005, H5N1 viruses were largely confined to Southeast Asia, but after they had infected wild birds in Qinghai Lake, China, they rapidly spread westward. [...] The intermittent spread to humans will continue, and the virus will continue to evolve.Map[4]
On July 25, 2008, the
Human cases
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 5 | 62.5% | 8 | 5 | 62.5% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 8 | 1 | 12.5% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 4 | 100% | 2 | 2 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 8 | 8 | 100% | 3 | 3 | 100% | 26 | 14 | 53.8% | 9 | 4 | 44.4% | 6 | 4 | 66.7% | 5 | 1 | 20.0% | 67 | 42 | 62.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1[6] | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 100% | 8 | 5 | 62.5% | 13 | 8 | 61.5% | 5 | 3 | 60.0% | 4 | 4 | 100% | 7 | 4 | 57.1% | 2 | 1 | 50.0% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 2 | 1 | 50.0% | 2 | 2 | 100% | 2 | 0 | 0% | 6 | 1 | 16.7% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 55 | 32 | 58.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 10 | 55.6% | 25 | 9 | 36.0% | 8 | 4 | 50.0% | 39 | 4 | 10.3% | 29 | 13 | 44.8% | 39 | 15 | 38.5% | 11 | 5 | 45.5% | 4 | 3 | 75.0% | 37 | 14 | 37.8% | 136 | 39 | 28.7% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | 3 | 1 | 33.3% | 359 | 120 | 33.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 13 | 65.0% | 55 | 45 | 81.8% | 42 | 37 | 88.1% | 24 | 20 | 83.3% | 21 | 19 | 90.5% | 9 | 7 | 77.8% | 12 | 10 | 83.3% | 9 | 9 | 100% | 3 | 3 | 100% | 2 | 2 | 100% | 2 | 2 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 200 | 168 | 84.0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 2 | 66.6% | 3 | 2 | 66.6% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 2 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 3 | 2 | 66.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 1 | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 1 | 33.3% | 3 | 1 | 33.3% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 12 | 70.6% | 5 | 2 | 40.0% | 3 | 3 | 100% | 25 | 17 | 68.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 4 | 33.3% | 12 | 4 | 33.3% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 4 | 0 | 0% | 5 | 0 | 0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | 100% | 29 | 20 | 69.0% | 61 | 19 | 31.1% | 8 | 5 | 62.5% | 6 | 5 | 83.3% | 5 | 5 | 100% | 7 | 2 | 28.6% | 4 | 2 | 50.0% | 2 | 1 | 50.0% | 2 | 2 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 129 | 65 | 50.0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 4 | 100% | 46 | 32 | 69.6% | 98 | 43 | 43.9% | 115 | 79 | 68.7% | 88 | 59 | 67.0% | 44 | 33 | 75.0% | 73 | 32 | 43.8% | 48 | 24 | 50.0% | 62 | 34 | 54.8% | 32 | 20 | 62.5% | 39 | 25 | 64.1% | 52 | 22 | 42.3% | 145 | 42 | 29.0% | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | 4 | 2 | 50.0% | 0 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1 | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0% | 2 | 1 | 50.0% | 6 | 1 | 16.7% | 12 | 4 | 33.3% | 6 | 2 | 33.3% | 888 | 463 | 52.1% |
Timeline
This section is in prose. is available. (December 2019) |
1959–1997
- A highly pathogenic strain of flu outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses in 1959 in Scotland in chickens and in 1991 in England in turkeys.[7] These strains were somewhat similar to the current pathogenic strain of H5N1 in two of its ten genes, the gene that causes it to be type H5 and the gene that causes it to be N1. The other genes can and have been reassorted from other subtypes of the bird flu species (their ease at exchanging genes is part of what makes them all one species). Evolutionby reassortment of H5N1 from 1999 to 2002 created the Z genotype which became the dominant strain of highly pathogenic H5N1 in 2004 and is now spreading across the entire world in both wild and domestic birds.
- "The precursor of the H5N1 influenza virus that spread to geese and attracted very little attention."[8]
- In 1997, in Hong Kong, 18 humans were infected and 6 died in the first known case of H5N1 infecting humans.[9]
- On December 28 to 29, 1997, 1.3 million chickens were killed by the government of Hong Kong. The government also suspended the import of chickens from mainland China.[10]
2003
- In 2003 the first cases in humans since 1997 were diagnosed. Three people in one family were infected after visiting Fujian province in mainland China and 2 died.[11]
- By midyear of 2003 outbreaks of poultry disease caused by H5N1 occurred in Asia, but were not recognized as such. That December animals in a Republic of Korea.[12]
- H5N1 in China in this and later periods is less than fully reported. Blogs have described many discrepancies between official Mainland Chinese government announcements concerning H5N1 and what people in Mainland China see with their own eyes. Many reports of total H5N1 cases exclude Mainland China due to widespread disbelief in Mainland China's official numbers.[9][13][14][15][16]
2004
In January 2004 a major new outbreak of
2005
In January 2005 an outbreak of avian influenza affected thirty three out of sixty four cities and provinces in Vietnam, leading to the forced killing of nearly 1.2 million poultry. Up to 140 million birds are believed to have died or been killed because of the outbreak. In April 2005 there begins an unprecedented die-off of over 6,000 migratory birds at Qinghai Lake in central China over three months. This strain of H5N1 is the same strain as is spread west by migratory birds over at least the next ten months. In August 2005 H5N1 spread to Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia. On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill 5 to 150 million people. David Nabarro later stated that as the virus had spread to migratory birds, an outbreak could start in Africa or the Middle East. Later in 2005 H5N1 spread to Turkey, Romania, Croatia and Kuwait.
2006
- In the first two months of 2006 H5N1 spread to other .
- By April 2006 scientists had concluded that containment had failed due to the role of wild birds in transmitting the virus and were now emphasizing far more comprehensive risk mitigation and management measures.[17]
- In June 2006 WHO predicted an upsurge in human deaths due to H5N1 during late 2006 or early 2007 following a summer/fall lull in most countries, as H5N1 appears to be somewhat seasonal in nature. In July and August 2006 significantly increased numbers of bird deaths due to H5N1 were recorded in Cambodia, China, Laos, Nigeria, and Thailand while continuing unabated a rate unparalleled in Indonesia.
- In June, there was a human outbreak in Indonesia when 8 members of a family in Sumatra became infected and 7 died. The WHO reported that this may have been the first recorded instance of human-to-human transmission.[18]
- In September, Egypt and Sudan joined the list of nations seeing a resurgence of bird deaths due to H5N1.
- In November and December, South Korea and Vietnam joined the list of nations seeing a resurgence of bird deaths due to H5N1.
2007
In January,
In March
As H5N1 continued killing many birds and a few people throughout the spring in countries where it is now endemic, in June
In July France and India also saw a resurgence of bird deaths due to H5N1.
2008
January
- January 24, 2008: China's health ministry has confirmed a 22-year-old man has died from H5N1 in central Hunan province.[19]
February
- February 26, 2008: H5N1 killed a school teacher from northern Vietnam in the country's 51st death from the disease, and health officials fretted that the virus would spread further.[20]
- February 28, 2008: There are no indications that H5N1 is becoming a bigger problem in China despite the deaths of three people from the disease this year, the World Health Organisation said Wednesday.[21]
March
- March 4, 2008: H5N1 virus confirmed as the cause of death for a 25-year-old female from Sennoris District, Fayum Governorate, Egypt.[22]
June
- June 7, 2008: HK$50,000 and six months imprisonment.[25]
July
As of the July 25, 2008
2009
January
- January 16, 2009: H5N1 hits Nepal for first time. In a January 16 report to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), government officials in Nepal said the virus struck backyard poultry in a village in Jhapa district in the southeastern corner of Nepal.Jhapa district. Over 150 chickens died in the Indian border town, 35 km southwest of Kankarbhitta. The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives declared the area surrounding Sharanamati a "bird-flu affected area" and increased surveillance along the border. A Rapid Response Team (RRT) was dispatched to control the virus. The government also banned the transportation of poultry products throughout the country. The first outbreak was confirmed in Kankarbhitta on January 16. 28,000 chickens were killed in the area to control the virus. Earlier, Agriculture Minister Jayprakash Gupta asked the international community and donor agencies to provide help to Nepal fight the disease. The Indo-Nepal border was in heightened alert because of the disease.[27]
February
- February 21, 2009: H5N1 killed a 23-year-old woman named Lý Tài Múi from Nà Cáng, Quảng An, Đầm hà,
- February 25, 2009: H5N1 virus confirmed as the cause of death for a 32-year-old man from Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.[29]
March
- March 19, 2009: H5N1 virus confirmed as the cause of death for a 3-year-old boy from
- March 21, 2009: State media reported H5N1 might be the cause of a death of a female in Bạc Liêu, Vietnam.[31]
April
- April 24, 2009: H5N1 virus confirmed as the cause of death for a 23-year-old woman from Thanh Hóa, Vietnam.[32]
June
- July 1, 2009: Three cases of H5N1 were confirmed in Egypt, all three of whom recovered.[33]
2010
February
- February 22, 2010: First case of H5N1 in birds confirmed in Bhutan in the district of Chhukha.[34][35]
2011
June
December
- December 20, 2011: Details of research on H5N1 on mutations which enable its transmission to
2012
February
- February 7, 2012: H5N1 is discovered again in crows in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.[39]
- February 17, 2012: WHO decides in a two-day meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland that additional analysis of public health and security risks is needed to determine whether research on man-made H5N1 virus capable of aerosol transmission between mammals (ferrets) should be released in full.[40]
May
- May 26, 2012: A 10-year-old girl is to said to have died in the southwestern Kampong Speu province, WHO in a joint statement with the Cambodian health ministry, the girl had developed shortness of breath and a fever on May 20 and died on Sunday May 27.[41]
2014
January
- January 3, 2014: An Alberta, Canada resident dies of H5N1 after returning from Beijing, China and feeling unwell on a return flight from Beijing to Vancouver (Air Canada 030) and Vancouver to Edmonton (Air Canada 244)[42] on December 27, 2013 and hospitalized on January 1, 2014;[43] this is the first case in Canada and North America.[44][45]
2022
January
- January 2022: The first cases of H5N1 in birds were detected in farms in Central Luzon in the Philippines.[46][47]
Suidae (pigs)
Avian influenza virus
In 2005, it was discovered that
Felidae (cats)
In Bangkok,
The spread to species and populations of birds, and the ability of
October 2004
Variants have been found in a number of domestic cats,
February 28, 2006
A dead cat infected with the
March 6, 2006
Hans Seitinger, the top agriculture official in the southern state of Styria, Austria announced that several still living cats in Styria have tested positive for H5N1:[56]
August 2006
It was announced in the August 2006 CDC EID journal that while literature describing HPAI H5N1 infection in cats had been limited to a subset of clade I viruses; a Qinghai-like virus (they are genetically distinct from other clade II viruses) killed up to five cats and 51 chickens from February 3 to 5, 2006 in Grd Jotyar (~10 km north of
- "An influenza A H5 virus was present in multiple organs in all species from the outbreak site in Grd Jotyar (Table). cDNA for sequencing was amplified directly from RNA extracts from pathologic materials without virus isolation. On the basis of sequence analysis of the full HA1 gene and 219 amino acids of the HA2 gene, the viruses from the goose and 1 cat from Grd Jotyar and from the person who died from Sarcapcarn (sequence derived from PCR amplification from first-passage egg material) are >99% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid levels (GenBank nos. DQ435200–02). Thus, no indication of virus adaptation to cats was found. The viruses from Iraq are most closely related to currently circulating Qinghai-like viruses, but when compared with A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/65/2005 (H5N1) (GenBank no. DQ095622), they share only 97.4% identity at the nucleic acid level with 3 amino acid substitutions of unknown significance. On the other hand, the virus from the cat is only 93.4% identical to A/tiger/Thailand/CU-T4/2004(H5N1) (GenBank no. AY972539). These results are not surprising, given that these strains are representative of different clades (8,9). Sequencing of 1,349 bp of the N gene from cat 1 and the goose (to be submitted to GenBank) show identity at the amino acid level, and that the N genes of viruses infecting the cat and goose are >99% identical to that of A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/65/2005(H5N1). These findings support the notion that cats may be broadly susceptible to circulating H5N1 viruses and thus may play a role in reassortment, antigenic drift, and transmission."[57]
January 24, 2007
"Chairul Anwar Nidom of
June 26, 2023
On 20 and 21 June in Poland multiple reports of cats dying from unknown causes with neurological and respiratory symptoms that matched H5N1 to some degree. Some viral alerts have risen, mostly posted on Facebook by veterinary clinics alerting their clients. At that time most of the data was anecdotal. [58] On 26 June it was confirmed by Polands Chief Veterinary Officer Paweł Niemczuk, who stated that in 9 of 11 tested cases it is indeed H5N1:
"The results of subsequently tested samples taken from cats from Lublin and Poznań are available. Until June 26 at 11:00 11 samples were tested at the National Veterinary Institute in Puławy, of which 9 gave a positive result for H5N1 influenza. Positive samples come from Poznań, Tri-City, and Lublin. Further detailed studies of the genetic material of viruses are underway. Preliminary research excludes the origin of the influenza virus that has been causing gulls to become ill in recent weeks. Today, a sanitary and epizootic meeting was held, where a plan for further action was discussed."[59]
Mammals in general
H5N1 was transmitted in the wild to three civet cats in Vietnam in August 2005 and a stone marten in Germany in March 2006.[61]
The BBC reported that a stray dog in Azerbaijan died from the disease on March 15, 2006.[62]
People living in areas where the A(H5N1) virus has infected birds are advised to keep their cats indoors. "Cats can be infected through the respiratory tract. Cats can also be infected when they ingest the virus, which is a novel route for influenza transmission in mammals. But cats excrete only one-thousandth the amount of virus that chickens do [...] The concern is that if large numbers of felines and other carnivores become infected, the virus might mutate in a series of events that could lead to an epidemic among humans. Dogs, foxes, seals, and other carnivores may be vulnerable to A(H5N1) virus infection, Dr. Osterhaus said. Tests in Thailand have shown that the virus has infected dogs without causing apparent symptoms."[63]
H5N1 has the potential to infect
See also
- Fujian flu
- Disease surveillance
- Human security
- 2002–2004 SARS outbreak
- Dog flu
- Horse flu
- Bird flu
- Yarding
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