Avicennia marina
Avicennia marina | |
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Avicennia marina at Lake Lago Malai, East Timor | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Acanthaceae |
Genus: | Avicennia |
Species: | A. marina
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Binomial name | |
Avicennia marina | |
Subspecies and varieties | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove or white mangrove, is a species of
Description
Grey mangroves grow as a shrub or tree to a height of 3 to 10 m (9.8 to 32.8 ft), or up to 14 metres (46 ft) in tropical regions. The habit is a gnarled arrangement of multiple branches. It has smooth light-grey bark made up of thin, stiff, brittle flakes. This may be whitish, a characteristic described in the common name. The leaves are thick, 5 to 8 cm (2.0 to 3.1 in) long, a bright, glossy green on the upper surface, and silvery-white, or grey, with very small matted hairs on the surface below. As with other Avicennia species, it has aerial roots (pneumatophores); these grow to a height of about 20 centimetres (7.9 in), and a diameter of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). These allow the plant to absorb oxygen, which is deficient in its habitat. These roots also anchor the plant during the frequent inundation of seawater in the soft substrate of tidal systems. The flowers range from white to a golden yellow colour, are less than 1 centimetre (0.39 in) across, and occur in clusters of three to five. The fruit contains large cotyledons that surround the new stem of a seedling. This produces a large, fleshy seed, often germinating on the tree and falling as a seedling.[3] The grey mangrove can experience stunted growth in water conditions that are too saline, but thrive to their full height in waters where both salt and fresh water are present. The species can tolerate high salinity by excreting salts through its leaves.[4]
The grey mangrove is a highly variable tree, with a number of ecotypes, and in forms closely resembling other species. It has been reported to tolerate extreme weather conditions, high winds, and various pests and diseases. It is a pioneer in muddy soil conditions with a pH value of 6.5 to 8.0, but is intolerant of shade.[citation needed]
Subdivision
A number of botanists have proposed division of the species, but currently three subspecies and one variety are recognised:[5]
- A. m. subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
- A. m. subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
- A. m. subsp. marina
- A. m. var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh., syn. Avicennia lanata Ridl., Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.
Distribution
It is distributed along
Australia
In Australia it occurs in every mainland
New Zealand
In New Zealand, Avicennia marina is the only mangrove species. It grows in the top half of the North Island, between 34 and 38 degrees south. Avicennia marina was known in New Zealand as Avicennia resinifera until recently; its Māori name is mānawa.[19]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ "Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 May 2016 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ ISBN 0-646-44313-5.
- ^ ISBN 1-920694-05-6.
- ^ "Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ "Mangrove_Fisheries". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009.
- ^ "Mangrove Conservation Programme" (PDF).
- ^ "Critical Habitats Assessment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Mangrove_Arabian Wildlife". Archived from the original on 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Mangrove_World Resource Institute" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2008.
- ^ "KFUPM ePrints".[dead link]
- ^ "Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh._PROTA". Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.
- ^ "FAO Corporate Document Repository_Sudan".
- ISBN 978-0-9563961-0-5. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ^ "Harra Protected Area". UNESCO » Culture » World Heritage Centre » The List » Global Strategy » Tentative Lists. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ^ Naidoo, Gonasageran (2016). "The mangroves of South Africa: An ecophysiological review". South African Journal of Botany, Volume 107, November 2016, Pages 101-113
- ]
- ISBN 978-1849776608.
- ^ Mangroves Northland Regional Council. Accessed: 2 October 2021.
Further reading
- "Avicennia marina". Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- Boland, D. J.; et al. (1984). Forest Trees of Australia (4th ed.). CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-05423-5..
- Duke, N.C. (1991). "A Systematic Revision of the Mangrove Genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia". Australian Systematic Botany. 4 (2): 299–324. .
External links
- Media related to Avicennia marina at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Avicennia marina at Wikispecies
- "Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh". Australasian Virtual Herbarium.