Avroman

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the village in Iran, see
Avroman, Iran
.
Avroman
Hawraman
Kurdish: هه‌ورامان, romanized: Hewraman
Persian: اورامان
Region
A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan Province, Iran, 2015
A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan Province, Iran, 2015
Country Iran
 Iraq
Uramanat
LocationA part of the Hawraman region in Iran
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(v)
Reference1647
Inscription2021 (44th Session)

Avroman or Hawraman,

Uramanat were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".[6][7]

The word hawraman is formed of two parts ‘Hawra’ means ‘Ahoora’ and ‘Man’ means ‘house, position’. Hawraman is the region of Ahooramzda. ‘howr’ in Avesta means sun, in this case Hawraman would be translated as ‘Territory of Sun’.

“Avroman Takht” village is located in the center of Oraman district in the southwest of Kurdistan province and "Pir Shaliar" ceremony is held there every year. According to the people belief, Hawraman has been a large city and had a prominent centrality, because of that it has been called the throne or the center of government, and the ancient Iranian religions are in the historical memory of the ancestors of the people of this region and are preserved; and still the historical memories of people arising from the ancestors bear the historical rituals and it is strongly revered. Language, culture, and conventions of people express this ancient history. In this region, Zartoshti religion used to be taught before Islamic era. The language was derived from Sasanid Pahlavi .[8]>

Avroman has many springs and rivers that most their water mainly flows into

The Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Program
that led to discovery of many archaeological sites before flooding of the reservoir.

Archaeology and history

Prehistoric periods

The earliest archaeological evidence shows that the region was inhabited by humans since

Hajij village and between Naw and Asparez villages in the Sirwan valley. These earliest finds include stone tools that made by Neanderthals or Early Modern Humans.[11] Evidence for Late Paleolithic occupation discovered in a cave site called Kenacheh in the Perdi Mala valley.[12]
These archaeological finds were unearthed during Darian Dam Archaeological Salvage Program that conducted several seasons of archaeological surveys and excavations within the area of the reservoir that led to the discovery of a number of important Paleolithic and more later sites. The Main excavated sites were Dārāi Rockshelter (Middle Paleolithic), Kenācheh Cave (Upper Paleolithic), Ruwār tomb (Iron Age), Sar Cham (Chalcolithic and Iron Age), and Barda Mār (19th century). Except for Ruwar sites, all other excavated sites were flooded in 2015-2016.[13] Several Paleolithic sites have been recorded in the south of Hawraman where Paleolithic hunters used two rock shelters for seasonal or short-term habitation near the villages of Shamshir and Zardui during a period that archaeologists call Middle Paleolithic.(Arkeonews)

Historic periods

The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var pass near the village of Tang-i Var, indicates that the region was occupied by Assyrians during their military campaigns into Zagros. This Royal Inscription belongs to Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC).[14]

The

Seleucid and Parthian eras, were found in the region in 1909. They were discovered in a cave on Kuh-e Salan Mountain, near the village of Shar Hawraman, and subsequently sent to London. The documents date from 88/87 BC to 33 AD, with two written in Greek and one in Parthian. They document the sale of a vineyard and another land, and include the names of Pātaspak, son of Tīrēn and Awīl, son of Baænīn.[15]

Ancient religions are also practiced throughout Avroman and the region is home to the ancient holy places of the

Zoroastrians prior to the advent of Islam.[17] One of the oldest Islamic period evidence is Negel quran. A leather-bound Quran written in the Kufic script with gilded page borders, dates to 4th century AH (913 CE – 1009 CE) which is kept in a mosque in the Negel
village.

Iran-Iraq war

At the start of the

Sipay Rizgari, an anti-government militant group backed by Iraq. In September–October 1981, the city of Avroman Takht and surrounding settlements were retaken by Iranian forces.[18]

Culture

The inhabitants of Avroman are

Hawrami dialect of the Gorani language.[23]
Traditional clothing for women includes either a vest or long-sleeved jacket or long overcoat worn over a gown. An under dress and puffy pants is worn beneath the gown. Traditionally women wore Kurdish hats ornamented with valued coloured stones, beads and gold pieces. Usually younger women and young girls wear brightly coloured dresses adorned with many beads and sequins and the older women wear darker colours and white head-cover. Hawrami men generally wear a shirt; a vest with an open neck; and baggy trousers fitted at the ankles. A cotton sash 3–4 m long is folded in half lengthwise and wrapped tightly around the torso on waist. Men also wore traditional brown felt jackets with pointed shoulders called Kolabal.

Hewrami
. It is performed without the use of any instruments, with the exception of the occasional use of a Kurdish hand-drum or Daff. Today, the Siya Cheman style is used mostly for storytelling and entertainment.

Wildlife

Hawraman is home to divers fauna, including the

Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), brown bear (Ursus arctos), mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis), wolf (Canis lupus), and Wild goat (Capra aegrarus) that can be found throughout the region. Buzin and Markhil Protected Area (Kurdish: بوزین و مارخێڵ) is located at the southwest of Hawraman in Paveh and Javanrud
counties of Kermanshah province. Hunting and shooting is prohibited and in 1999, it was registered as a protected area.

Cultural Landscape of Uramanat

Cultural Landscape of Hawraman or

Kermanshah along the western border of Iran.[24]

The Uramanat Villages are located in the mountainous

Kurdistan Provinces of Iran and Halabja Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan. The villages are unique in terms of architecture, lifestyle, and agricultural methodology. Villages are integrated with nature by incorporating steep-slope agriculture.[25] The 12 villages included in the property illustrate the Hawrami people's evolving responses to the scarcity of productive land in their mountainous environment through the millennia.[24]
On July 28, 2021,

This site was first added to the

World Heritage Tentative List on August 9, 2007.[25] On July 27, 2021, it along with part of the Hawraman region were officially inscribed on the World Heritage List as a cultural site under the name "Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat".[6][7]

Hawraman Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran at the 44th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

References

  1. ^ D. N. MacKenzie, Avroman, Encyclopædia Iranica
  2. ^ "ڕاپۆرتی کوردستانی". Peyserpress (in Kurdish). 12 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  3. ^ Kemaloğlu, Nasır (2 March 2016). "Zaravayên Kurdî". zazaki.net (in Kurdish). Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  4. ^ حسين علي, رزم‌آرا (2008). عملىات اورامان (in Persian). پردىس دانش.
  5. ^ "Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  6. ^ a b ""Hawraman" rural landscape inscribed in World Heritage List". Mehr News Agency. 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  7. ^ a b UNESCO (2021-07-27). "Cultural sites in Africa, Arab Region, Asia, Europe, and Latin America inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  8. ^ Hewraman Taxt: A memorial of Ancients A heritage to posteritie. Tehran, Sharif. 1386.
  9. ^ "Kani Bil:Iranian TV; Kurdistan province". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26.
  10. ^ "Rudaw:Kani Bil is in crisis". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  11. ^ "Digs hint 40,000 yrs. of man life in Hawraman". 23 June 2015.
  12. ^ Biglari, F and S. Shidrang (2019) Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros, Near Eastern Archaeology 82 (4): 226-235.https://doi.org/10.1086/706536
  13. ^ Biglari, F., (2021) Construction de barrage et archéologie de sauvetage dans le Zagros, ARCHÉOLOGIA 595: 10-11.
  14. ^ Frame, G. (1999). The inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var. Orientalia, 68(1), 31-57.
  15. ^ Edmonds, C. J. (1952). "The Place Names of the Avroman Parchments". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3): 478–82. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00088455. ISSN 0041-977X
  16. ^ Nyberg, H.S. (1923), The Pahlavi documents of Avroman, Le Monde Oriental, XVII, p.189. This is very interesting for those interested in investigating the survival of Parthian usage of Zoroastrian terminology among the local Kurds of modern-day Hawraman (Avroman).
  17. ^ CHN | Tourism and Travel Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "عملیات اورامان تخت و پایان عمر سیاسی گروهک رزگاری" [The Owraman Takht operation and the end of the political life of Rizgari group]. Šabake-ye Ettelāresāni-ye Rāh-e Dānā (in Persian). 13 February 2017.
  19. ^ Edmonds, Cecil. Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: politics, travel, and research in northeastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press, 1957.
  20. ^ home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pd
  21. ^ "KURDISH TRIBES – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  22. ^ The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development by Wadie Jwaideh page 307
  23. ^ "KurdishAcademy". kurdishacademy.org.
  24. ^ a b Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  25. ^ a b The Cultural Landscape of Uramanat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Gallery

  • A Hawrami child in Kurdish clothing.
    A Hawrami child in Kurdish clothing.
  • Kurdish_dance_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan.
    Kurdish dance at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
  • A_typical_landscape_of_the_Hawraman_region,_Kurdistan.
    A typical landscape of the Hawraman region, Kurdistan.
  • Kurdish_cloth_from_Hawraman.
    Kurdish cloth from Hawraman.
  • A_group_of_Kurdish_men_with_traditional_clothing_at_Hawraman,_Kurdistan.
    A group of Kurdish men mwith traditional clothing at Hawraman, Kurdistan.
  • Wedding_ceremony_at_a_Kurdish_village.
    Wedding ceremony at a Kurdish village.
  • A_Hawrami_man_with_traditional_clothing,_Kurdistan.
    A Hawrami man with traditional clothing, Kurdistan.
  • Kurdish_New_Year_ceremony_of_Nawroz,_Palangan_village,_Hawraman,Kurdistan.
    Kurdish New Year ceremony of
    Newroz
    , Palangan village, Hawraman,Kurdistan.

External links

  • Omid Sālehi, Customs of the Land of Stone and Wind (Ā'in-e Sar'zamin-e Sang va Bād), in Persian, Jadid Online, 5 May 2009, [1].
    Audio slideshow: [2] (5 min 39 sec).
    Note: The place shown in the above audio slideshow is Orāmān, to the North of Pāveh. As of today (May 2009), this place has a population of approximately 3500.

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