Avunculate marriage

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An avunculate marriage is a

Avunculate marriage is permitted in Norway, Chile, Argentina, Australia,^[1] Canada,^[2] Finland,^[3] Malaysia,^[4] The Netherlands,^[5] Macau,^[6] Germany and Russia.^[7] In the United States it is permitted in some circumstances in two states. In New York a marriage between a woman and her mother's half-brother was upheld by the New York Court of Appeals.^[8] In Rhode Island there is an exception to the general prohibition against "kindred marriages" for Jewish marriages allowed by that religion.^[9] It is not permitted in New Zealand,^[10] Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland, or the United Kingdom.^[11] In France, avunculate marriage is under permission only.

List of historical avunculate marriages

• Perictione and her uncle, Pyrilampes
• Nahor, son of Terah and his niece, Milcah
• Jochebed and her nephew, Amram
• Ahmose I and his half-niece, Ahmose-Sitkamose
• Thutmose I and his half-aunt, Mutnofret
• Smenkhkare and his niece, Meritaten
• Pepi II Neferkare and his aunt, Neith
• Pinedjem I and his half-aunt, Duathathor-Henuttawy
• Menkheperre and his niece, Istemkheb
• Shabaka and his aunt, Qalhata
• Leonidas, King of Sparta and his half-niece, Gorgo^[12]
• Arybbas of Epirus and his niece, Troas
• Alexander I of Epirus and his niece Cleopatra of Macedon
• Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and his brother Arruns Tarquinius respectively married sisters Tullia Major and Tullia Minor, who may have been their nieces. Superbus and Tullia Minor later disposed of their original spouses and married each other.
• Amytis of Media
• Herod the Great married an unnamed niece.
• Salome I and her uncle Joseph
• Antipater II and his half-niece, Mariamne III, who was possibly later married to another half-uncle Herod Archelaus.
• Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea and his half-niece Herodias. Herodias was previously married to her other half-uncle Herod II.
• Salome, the daughter of Herod II and Herodias, married Philip the Tetrarch, who was both her half-uncle and half-granduncle.
• Herod of Chalcis and his niece, Berenice
• Philip III of Macedon and his half-niece, Eurydice II of Macedon
• Mithridates III of Pontus and his grand-niece, Laodice
• Seleucus II Callinicus and his aunt Laodice II
• Antigonus II Gonatas and his niece Phila
• Demetrius II Aetolicus and his half-aunt Stratonice of Macedon
• Antiochus X Eusebes and his possible half-aunt Cleopatra Selene of Syria
• Cleopatra III of Egypt
• Berenice III of Egypt
• Ptolemy XII Auletes and his half-niece Cleopatra V
• Empress Zhang Yan
• Sun Xiu and his niece Empress Zhu
• Gwangjong of Goryeo and his half-niece Lady Gyeonghwa
• Injong of Goryeo and his aunt, Princess Yeondeok and Princess Bokchang
• Roman Emperor Claudius and his niece Agrippina the Younger
• Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes and his niece Vibullia Alcia Agrippina
• Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his niece Martina
• Emperor Kōan and his niece Oshihime
• Yamato Takeru and his aunt Futaji Irihime
• Emperor Kinmei and his half-niece, Ishi-Hime
• Emperor Jomei and his niece Empress Kōgyoku, and his aunt Princess Tame
• Emperor Kōtoku and his niece Princess Hashihito
• Emperor Tenmu and his nieces Empress Jitō, Princess Ōta, Princess Ōe, and Princess Niitabe
• Prince Kusakabe and his aunt Empress Genmei
• Emperor Shōmu and his aunt Empress Kōmyō
• Wali of Zaragoza and Governor of Upper March
  and his half-niece Assona Íñiguez
• Emperor Junna and his niece Princess Seishi
• Emperor Suzaku and his niece Princess Hiroko
• Emperor En'yū and his niece Princess Sonshi
• Emperor Go-Ichijō and his aunt Fujiwara no Ishi
• Emperor Go-Suzaku and his aunt Fujiwara no Yoshiko
• Emperor Go-Suzaku and his niece Fujiwara no Genshi
• Emperor Horikawa and his half aunt Princess Tokushi
• Emperor Nijō and his half aunt Princess Yoshiko
• Emperor Go-Fukakusa and his aunt Fujiwara no Kimiko
• Emperor Fushimi and his aunt Tōin Sueko
• Anjong of Goryeo and his half-niece Queen Heonjeong
• Amaury I, Lord of Craon and his half-grandniece, Jeanne des Roches, Dame of Sablé (1212)
• Alfonso X of Castile had a concubinage with his paternal half-aunt Maria Alfonso de Leon
• Rupert I, Elector Palatine and his great-grandniece Beatrix of Berg (1385)
• John, Constable of Portugal and his half-niece, Isabel of Barcelos (1424)
• Afonso V of Portugal and his niece, Joanna of Castile (1475)
• Marie of Luxembourg, Countess of Vendôme
  (1484)
• Joanna of Naples and her half-nephew, King Ferdinand II of Naples (1496)
• Ferdinand II of Aragon and his half-grandniece, Germaine of Foix (1505)
• Anna of Austria
  (1570)
• Maria Anna of Bavaria
  (1571)
• Anne Juliana Gonzaga
  (1582)
• Chiefess Kapohauola and her nephew, Chief Kakaʻe
• Fernando de Borja y Aragón and his niece, María Francisca de Borja y Aragón
• John III of Rietberg and his niece, Sabina Catharina of East Frisia (1601)
• Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
  (1635)
• Prince Maurice of Savoy and his niece, Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy (1642)
• Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein and his niece, Johanna Beatrix of Dietrichstein (1644)
• Philip IV of Spain and his niece, Mariana of Austria (1646)
• Borso d'Este and his niece, Ippolita d'Este (1647)
• de Rohan-Montbazon
  (1661)
• Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and his niece, Margaret Theresa of Austria (1666).
• Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and his half-grandniece Princess Johanna of Saxe-Gotha (1702)
• Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), lived in concubinage with his niece, Marie Louise Mignot Denis.^[13]
• Christian, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried-Rheinfels and his niece Countess Maria Franziska of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (1731)
• Ferdinand Bonaventura II von Harrach and his niece Maria Rosa von Harrach-Rohrau (1740)
• Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt
  (1755)
• Peter III of Portugal and his niece Maria I of Portugal (1760)
• Frederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt-Pless and his niece Countess Louise Ferdinande zu Stolberg-Wernigerode (1766)
• Princess Maria Ana of Savoy
  (1775)
• Infanta Benedita and her nephew, José, Prince of Brazil
  (1777)
• Prince Eugene of Saxe-Hildburghausen and his niece, Caroline of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1778)
• Harman Blennerhassett and his niece, Margaret Agnew (1794)
• Infanta Maria Amalie of Spain
  (1795)
• King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaiʻi and his half-niece, Queen Keōpūolani (c. 1796)
• Jorge Tadeo Lozano, President of Cundinamarca (Colombia), and his niece María Tadea Lozano e Isasi (m. 1797)
• Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, Prime Minister of Naples and his niece Marianna Acton (1799)
• Francis IV, Duke of Modena, and his niece, Maria Beatrice of Savoy (titular queen of England and Scotland according to the Jacobite succession) (1812)
• Ernest Constantine, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal, and his niece, Caroline of Hesse-Philippsthal (1812).
• Irineu Evangelista de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá, Brazilian entrepreneur, industrialist, banker and politician, and his niece Maria Joaquina "May" de Sousa Machado (1841).^[14]
• Leopold, Prince of Salerno and his niece, Archduchess Clementina of Austria (1816).
• Maria Teresa of Portugal
  (1838)
• Kalani Pauahi
• Maria Isabel of Portugal (1816), and later his niece Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
  (1829).
• Gustav, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg and his niece, Princess Louise of Anhalt-Dessau (1818).
• Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden and his half-grandniece Princess Sophie of Sweden (1819).
• Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his niece Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies (1819).
• Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his niece Duchess Marie of Württemberg (1832).
• James Mayer de Rothschild, founder of the French branch of the Rothschild banking family, and his niece Betty Salomon von Rothschild (c. 1825).
• Prince Francis, Count of Trapani and his niece Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria (1850).
• Mongkut and his half-grandniece Somanass Waddhanawathy (1851), and his half-grandniece Debsirindra (1851), and later his half-grandniece Phannarai (1851).
• Svasti Sobhana and his half-niece Abha Barni, and later his half-niece Chavi Vilaya Gagananga.
• Richard von Metternich (son of the famous Austrian Chancellor) and his niece, Pauline von Metternich (1856).
• Ignacy Łukasiewicz and his niece, Honorata Stacherska (1857).
• Porfirio Díaz, 33rd President of Mexico, and his niece, Delfina Ortega Díaz (1867).
• Duke Nicholas of Württemberg and his half-niece Duchess Wilhelmine of Württemberg (1868).
• Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld and his half-niece Princess Juliane of Bentheim and Steinfurt (1873), and later his half-niece Princess Adelaide of Bentheim and Steinfurt (1879).
• Maria Letizia Bonaparte
  (1888).
• Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist, and his niece, Maria Babska (1904).
• Alois Hitler and his niece Klara Hitler, parents of Adolf Hitler. After they were married, Klara still called her husband "uncle".(1885)^[15][16] Adolf himself declared that his own half-niece Geli Raubal was the only woman he ever loved.^[17]
• Zachariah Fugate and his aunt Mary Smith (1890s)
• Arturo Grullón, Dominican Republic painter and doctor, and his niece Filomena Grullón (1909).
• Anton Mussert and his aunt Maria Witlam (1917).
• Norodom Sihanouk and his half-aunt Sisowath Pongsanmoni (1945), and later his half-aunt Sisowath Monikessan.
• Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia, and his niece, Nydia Quintero Turbay (1948).

History

Ancient world

Avunculate marriage was a preferred type of union in some pre-modern societies. Marriages between such close relatives were frequent in Ancient Egypt, at least among members of ruling dynasties.

Abrahamic faiths

In societies adhering to

In Islam, such unions are discarded based on Qur'an 4:23, where among the prohibited marriages we find "your paternal and maternal aunts, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters."

Medieval European royals

Avunculate marriages were prominent in the House of Habsburg. For example, Charles II of Spain was the son of an uncle and niece, Philip IV and Mariana of Austria; in turn, both of Philip's parents (and therefore both of Mariana's maternal grandparents) were the children of uncle-niece marriages, one of which also produced Mariana's paternal grandfather. As a result, instead of Charles' parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and great-great-grandparents adding up to 30 different individuals, they numbered only 23.

South India's Hindus

Avunculate marriage was common among South India's Hindus. Currently, it is mostly practiced in rural and small to medium cities. The most common form is where the elder daughter is married away to her youngest maternal uncle.^[19] The wedding is usually called Maman Kalyanam (Thai Maman Kalyanam in Tamil Nadu). It was culturally preferred for at least one daughter to be married to an uncle. This is extensively featured as a plot device in many south Indian movies, such as Thaamirabharani (2007)^[20] and Thai Maaman (1994).^[21]

See also

• Consanguine marriage
• Consanguinity
• Cousin marriage
• List of coupled cousins
• Sibling marriage

References