Aydın
Aydın | |
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UTC+3 (TRT) | |
Website | www.aydin-bld.gov.tr |
Aydın (
At the crossroads of a busy transport network of several types, a six-lane motorway connects Aydın to
The province of Aydın is also where a number of internationally known historic sites and centers of tourism are concentrated.
Etymology
After the first capture of the city by the Turks under the emirate (
In ancient Greek sources, the name of the city is given as Anthea (Ανθέα) and Euanthia (Ευανθία). During the
Nevertheless, the name Güzelhisar was used throughout the early centuries of the Ottoman administration as well, often recorded in adjectival form, as "Güzelhisar of Aydın (lands)", but the name Aydın was increasingly preferred. This previous Turkish name also found its way into the international trade vocabulary until at least the end of the 18th century and its modified forms Joselassar and even Joseph Lasat were used to describe a fine type of cotton produced in this same region and much sought after.[5]
History
Antiquity
According to
Tralles was a
Strabo describes the city as a prosperous trading center, listing famous residents of the city, including
Christianity and Byzantine era
An early
After the
By the 13th century, the city lay in ruins. In 1278, Andronikos II Palaiologos decided to rebuild and repopulate it, now to be renamed Andronikopolis or Palaiologopolis, with the aim of forming a bulwark against Turkish encroachment in the area. The megas domestikos Michael Tarchaneiotes was given the task: he rebuilt the walls and settled 36,000 people from the surrounding regions. 13th century Byzantine settlement policy along the Meander Valley notably involved the Turkic Cumans.[7] Nevertheless, Turkish attacks resumed soon after. The city was besieged and, lacking sufficient supplies and access to water, captured by the beylik of Menteshe in 1284. The city suffered extensive destruction and part of its inhabitants were massacred.[8] Moreover, over 20,000 inhabitants were sold off as slaves.[9][10]
Turkic and Ottoman era
Under the rule of Menteshe, whose lands extended towards the south, the city was renamed as Güzelhisar ("beautiful castle"). The city was later taken over by the Aydinids, who made it one of their principal settlements, but not the capital.
The Beylik of
Aydın became part of
In the 19th century Aydın continued to benefit from its location at the center of the fertile Menderes valley, and its population grew.[12] At that time, besides figs and olive oil, which were the traditional crops of the region, cotton also grew in importance, with many European investors seeking alternative sources of cotton at the time of the American Civil War.
Construction of İzmir-Aydın railway
The first railroad commenced in the Ottoman Empire and the first finished within the present-day territory of Turkey[13] was built by the British Levant Company connecting Aydın to Smyrna (now İzmir). The 130 km (81 mi) line was started in 1856 and finished in ten years.[14] The line fundamentally changed Aydın region's economy. The railway station built at the time remains an impressive structure in the city of Aydın.
The Greek Occupation of Aydın
During the
The "efe" resistance
Aydın remained in ruins until it was re-captured by the Turkish army on 7 September 1922. Resistance warriors such as the
Music
Climate
Aydın has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under both the Köppen and Trewartha classification. Summers are very hot and dry, with highs above 35°C most summer days. Spring and fall are warm and variable, while winters are mild and quite rainy.
Climate data for Aydın (1991–2020, extremes 1941–2021) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.4 (95.7) |
42.6 (108.7) |
44.4 (111.9) |
44.8 (112.6) |
45.1 (113.2) |
43.3 (109.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
25.9 (78.6) |
45.1 (113.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.5 (56.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
28.9 (84.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 111.3 (4.38) |
87.4 (3.44) |
70.8 (2.79) |
53.4 (2.10) |
43.8 (1.72) |
14.3 (0.56) |
6.0 (0.24) |
6.1 (0.24) |
18.4 (0.72) |
45.2 (1.78) |
86.5 (3.41) |
110.3 (4.34) |
653.5 (25.73) |
Average precipitation days | 11.13 | 10.53 | 9.53 | 8.80 | 7.33 | 2.90 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 2.57 | 5.90 | 7.93 | 11.97 | 80.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 111.6 | 113.0 | 161.2 | 183.0 | 229.4 | 264.0 | 291.4 | 272.8 | 231.0 | 179.8 | 126.0 | 99.2 | 2,262.4 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.6 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 6.2 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[17][18] |
Economy
In the 1920s, Aydın was noted for its cotton and grain production. There are many olive trees located in Aydın. Some citizens usually produce olive oil but there are also many small-scale firms which export olive oil to different countries.[19]
Modern Aydın
Recent decades have seen Aydın going beyond its traditional role as a hub for agricultural products, and developing a diversified economy increasingly based on services. One event in this process was the opening in 1992 of
But still the city has a quiet country market town feel to it and its dominance, within both the Turkish market and abroad, in the production of a number of agricultural products, particularly figs, still identifies Aydın Province, and most of this trade is managed and handled from Aydın itself.
Aydın city centre is still relatively small but growing, centred on one palm-lined avenue of shops and cafes, and a maze of narrow side streets, dotted with orange trees. The people more family-oriented, so there is little night life, or cultural amenities for young people, although presumably now they have a university this will change. There are a number of mosques, high schools, dersane (private courses cramming students for the university entrance exams) and other public buildings. Like all Turkish cities Aydın is now spreading as the middle-classes are leaving their flats in the city for smarter apartments or houses slightly out of town.
Transport
The construction of the six-lane
Sports
At the end of the 2018–2019 season, no sports clubs in Aydın were promoted or relegated to the next league. Aydın's only super league team, Aydın Büyükşehir Belediyespor Women's Volleyball team, played in the final in the Challenge Cup in Europe and ranked second. In football, Nazilli Belediyespor ranked 10th in the 2nd League at the end of the play-off matches. Aydın PTT SK placed 9th in the Handball Men's 1st League. Other clubs are in the 2nd, 3rd and regional leagues.
Places of interest
- The Ottoman period mosques of Ramazan Paşa, Süleyman Paşa and Cihanoğlu
- The Byzantine tower and fortifications above the town
- Roman era ruins (of Tralles) including a gymnasium and a theatre
- The statue of efewithout a moustache.
- Aydın Museum - archaeology, coinage and ethnographic collection
- Recreational resorts Pınarbaşı and Aytepe, which are connected by the Aydın Pınarbaşı-Aytepe Gondola.
- Altinkum Plaji, Didim Aydin. A vast beach stretching over coastline that has some factors of interest
Notable people
Greco-Roman period
- Crates of Tralles (4th century BC) - an orator
- Sosiades (3rd century BC) - Victor of the Olympic games at the boys wrestling[20]
- Apollonius (2nd century BC) - Greek sculptor
- Herodotos (2nd century BC) - Victor of the Pythian Games at the boys stadion[21]
- Timotheus (2nd century BC) - Victor of the 163 Ancient Olympic Games at stadion[22]
- Archimedes (date uncertain) - Greek grammarian
- Menecrates (1st century BC) - Greek physician
- Pythodorida of Pontus
- Pollio Asinius of Tralles (Πωλίων Ἀσίνιος) (1st century BC), a Greek sophist and philosopher[23]
- Tauriscus of Tralles, a Greek sculptor[24]
- Aphrodisius of Tralles, a Greek sculptor[24]
- Menodorus (1st century BC), priest of Zeus Larisaeus at Tralles, was killed by Domitius Ahenobarbus on the charge of attempting a revolt on his fleet[25]
- Jason (1st century BC) - Tragic actor[26][27]
- Thryphosa, Hedea and Dionysia (1st century AD) - Young female champions and daughters of Hermesianax. Their father erected a monument at Delphi for his daughters.[28]
- Dionysocles, Greek orator[29]
- Damasus Scombrus, Greek orator[29]
- Artemidorus of Tralles (1st century AD) - Victor of the Olympic games at the Pankration and wrestling.[30]
- Thessalus (1st century AD) - physician and early adherent to the Methodic school of medicine.
- Phlegon (2nd century AD) - Greek historian under Hadrian
- Munatius (2nd century AD) - Greek orator and teacher of Herodes Atticus[31]
- Haghia Sophia
- Amphiclea (4th century) - wife of Prohaeresius[32]
- Alexander - (6th century) - physician
- Asclepius - (6th century) - student of Ammonius Hermiae, writer and philosopher
Aydinid-Ottoman period
- Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe(1780–1830), a Zeybek, who led a local revolt against Ottoman authority
- Yörük Ali Efe (1895 - 1951), warlord in the Ottoman Empire, and a militia officer in the Turkish Army during the Turkish War of Independence
- Chrysostomos II (1880-1968), archbishop of Athens
- Eftichia Papagianopoulou(1893–1972), Greek lyricist
- Dido Sotiriou (1909–2004), Greek novelist, journalist and playwright
Turkish Republic
- Yeşim Büber (born 1977), actress
- Rıdvan Dilmen, football player
- Sadık Giz (1911-1979), politician
- Ulaş Güler (born 1980), football player
- Gökhan Kırdar (born 1970), musician and film score composer
- Adnan Menderes (1899–1961), Turkish Prime Minister
- Ahmet İlhan Özek (born 1988), football player
- Osman Özköylü (born 1971), football player
- Evren Özyiğit (born 1986), football player
Twin towns – sister cities
- Bugulma, Russia
- Montereau-Fault-Yonne, France
See also
- Efeler
- Efe (zeibek)
- Camel wrestling
- Battle of Aydın
References
- ^ a b "Aydın". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ Hazlitt, William (1851). The Classical Gazetteer. p. 353.
- ^ Edward Smedley; Hugh James Rose; Henry John Rose, eds. (1845). Encyclopædia Metropolitana. Vol. XXI. London. p. 624. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
- ^ Mary Ann Dwight (1849). Grecian and Roman Mythology (2nd ed.). New York: George P. Putnam. p. 443. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
- ^ Encyclopédie Méthodique. Vol. 15. Charles-Joseph Panckoucke. 1783. p. 732.
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 995
- ISBN 978-0-8122-1620-2
- ^ Speros Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (University of California Press, 1971), p. 251
- ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6
- ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
- ^ John Van Antwerp Fine Jr (1991). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 292.
- Menderes River valley to be entirely Turk.(full text) Report on Smyrna by George Rolleston for the Secretary of State for War. Section on Aydın, p. 104-108
- ^ A short line built in Dobruja was started later but finished earlier than İzmir-Aydın railway.
- ^ Mustafa Cavusoglu (May 2006). "Fast lines take priority in Turkish investment". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved 2006-05-29.
- ^ Erhan, Çağrı (April 1999). "Greek Occupation of İzmir and Adjoining Territories - Report of the Inter-allied Commission of Inquiry (May–September 1919)" (PDF). SAM Papers No. 2/99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-29.
- ^ Günver, Güneş (2005). "An essay on Aydın's Jewish community from Tanzimat period until the Republic". Culture and Identity Symposium, Istanbul (in Turkish). Association for Researches on Culture - Koç University. Archived from the original on 2007-05-04.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ "17234: Aydin (Turkey)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
- ^ Phlegon, Olympiades
- ^ Asklepieion Inscription
- ^ Eusebius: Chronicle, pages 191-247
- ^ Suda, pi, 2165
- ^ a b Pliny the Elder, Natural History
- ^ Strabo, Geography, book 14, chapter 1.42
- ^ Plutarch, Crassus, chapter 33
- ^ Polyaenus, Strategems, 7.41.1
- ^ Inscriptions IAG 63
- ^ a b Strabo, Geography, book 14, chapter 1
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.14.2 - 6.14.3
- ^ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists
- ^ Eunapius, Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists, 511
Sources
- Günter Dinhobl; Ralf Roth (2008). Across the Borders: Financing the World's Railways in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. ISBN 978-0-7546-6029-3.
- Blue Guide, Turkey, The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts (ISBN 978-0-393-30489-3), pp. 353–54.
- ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 61.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. .