Azekah
עזקה | |
Shfela | |
Coordinates | 31°42′01″N 34°56′09″E / 31.70028°N 34.93583°E |
---|---|
Grid position | 144123 PAL |
Type | settlement |
Part of | Kingdom of Judah |
Azekah (
The current tell (ruin) by that name, also known as Tel Azeka (Hebrew: תל עזקה, ʿtel azēqā) or Tell Zakariya, has been identified with the biblical Azekah,[1] dating back to the Canaanite period. Today, the site lies on the purlieu of Britannia Park.[2]
According to Epiphanius of Salamis, the name meant "white" in Hebrew.[3] The tell is pear shaped with the tip pointing northward. Due to its location in the Elah Valley it functioned as one of the main Judahite border cities, sitting on the boundary between the lower and higher Shfela.[4] [dubious ] Although listed in Joshua 15:35 as being a city in the plain, it is actually partly in the hill country, partly in the plain.
Biblical history
In the
Identification
Although the hill is now widely known as the Tel (ruin) of Azekah, in the early 19th-century the hilltop ruin was known locally by the name of Tell Zakariyeh.[4][6] J. Schwartz was the first to identify the hilltop ruin of Tell-Zakariyeh as the site of Azekah on the basis of written sources.[7] Schwartz's view was supported by archaeologist William F. Albright,[8] and by 1953, the Government Naming Committee in Israel had already decided upon giving the name "Tel Azekah" to Khirbet Tall Zakariya.[9]
In 1838, British-American explorer
"As for Azekah," Guérin writes, "it has not yet been found with certainty, this name appearing to have disappeared."
In the mosaic layout of the
Modern Israeli archaeologists have noted that, because of the existence of an adjacent ruin now known as
Non-Biblical mention
Azekah, known to have been built on a mountain ridge,[22] is mentioned in two sources outside of the Bible. A text from the Assyrian king Sennacherib describes Azekah and its destruction during his military campaign.
- (3) […Ashur, my lord, encourage]ed me and against the land of Ju[dah I marched. In] the course of my campaign, the tribute of the kings of Philistia? I received…
- (4) […with the mig]ht of Ashur, my lord, the province of [Hezek]iah of Judah like […
- (5) […] the city of Azekah, his stronghold, which is between my [bo]rder and the land of Judah […
- (6) [like the nest of the eagle? ] located on a mountain ridge, like pointed iron daggers without number reaching high to heaven […
- (7) [Its walls] were strong and rivaled the highest mountains, to the (mere) sight, as if from the sky [appears its head? …
- (8) [by means of beaten (earth) ra]mps, mighty? battering rams brought near, the work of […], with the attack by foot soldiers, [my] wa[rriors…
- (9) […] they had seen [the approach of my cav]alry and they had heard the roar of the mighty troops of the god Ashur and [their] he[arts] became afraid […
- (10) [The city Azekah I besieged,] I captured, I carried off its spoil, I destroyed, I devastated, [I burned] with fire…[23]
Azekah is also mentioned in one of the Lachish letters. Lachish Letter 4 suggests that Azekah was destroyed, as they were no longer visible to the exporter of the letter. Part of the otracon reads:
- "And inasmuch as my lord sent to me concerning the matter of Bet Harapid, there is no one there. And as for Semakyahu, Semayahu took him and brought him up to the city. And your servant is not sending him there any[more -], but when morning comes round [-]. And may (my lord) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given, because we cannot see Azeqah."[24]
Tell Zakariya
Archaeological findings
PEF researcher, C.W. Wilson, concluded in 1899 that Tell Zakariya was occupied at an early pre-Israelite period, and that it was probably deserted soon after the Roman occupation.[32] The wall which encircles the old ruin shows signs of having been several times rebuilt. In cut and design, the stones appear to have been of Maccabean construction.[32]
PEF surveyors,
Excavations by the English archaeologists Frederick J. Bliss and R. A. Stewart Macalister in the period 1897-1900 at Tel Azekah revealed a fortress, water systems, hideout caves used during Bar Kokhba revolt and other antiquities, such as LMLK seals. The principal areas of excavation were on the summit's southwestern extremity, where were found the foundations of three towers; the southeastern corner of the tell, where the fortress was located and built primarily of hewn stones; and at an experimental pit located in the center of the summit.[34] Azekah was one of the first sites excavated in the Holy Land and was excavated under the Palestine Exploration Fund for a period of 17 weeks over the course of three seasons.[4] At the close of their excavation Bliss and Macalister refilled all of their excavation trenches in order to preserve the site.[4] The site is located on the grounds of a Jewish National Fund park, Britannia Park.[35]
In 2008 and 2010, a survey of the site was conducted by
The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition, part of the regional
Further reading
- E. Stern, "Azekah," in: The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, E. Stern (ed.), Israel Exploration Society: Jerusalem 1993, pp. 123–124
- Vincent, H. (1899). "Notes archéologiques et nouvelles: Les fouilles anglaises a Tell Zakariya". JSTOR 44100447.
References
- OCLC 6250553. (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))
- ^ Tel Azeka and Google Map
- ^ Epiphanius (1935), s.v. Concerning Names of Places, section no. 64 Quote: "But it is now called in Syriac Hewarta, for the reading Azekah is Hebrew; and it is translated into Greek as "white."".
- ^ a b c d Gadot, et al. (2012), pp. 196–206
- ^ a b c d e Amit (n.d.), pp. 333–334
- ^ Zenger (2008), p. 721
- ^ Freedman (1992), p. 538 (s.v. Azekah)
- ^ Albright (1921–1922), p. 14
- ^ Government Naming Committee (1953), p. 638 ("Kh. Tall Zakariya = תל עזקה").
- ^ Robinson (1856), pp. 16, 21
- Beit-Sur, Guérin writes on page 318 (translated from the French): "Seventy stadia is almost thirteen kilometers from that which separates Beit-Zakaria from Beit-Sour (Beth-Tsour). But we know, from many other passages, that we should not ask Josephus for mathematical precision in terms of figures, and the interval he indicates between Beth Zacharias and the citadel of Bethsura (Beth-Tsour) is sufficiently accurate to allow us to conclude that the first of these two points cannot be placed anywhere other than the present village of Beit-Zakaria" (End Quote)
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities (Book xii, chapter ix, verse 4)
- Claude R. Conder (1878), p. 279
- ^ van de Velde (1858), p. 116 (note 1)
- ^ Guérin (1869), p. 333. Original French: "Quant à Azéca, en hébreu A’zekah, elle n’a pas encore été retrouvée d’une manière certaine, ce nom paraissant avoir disparu."
- ISBN 965-208-107-8.
- Conder (1900), p. 77
- ^ Donner (1995), s.v. Beth Zachar[ias] (Greek: ΒΕΘΖΑΧΑΡ[ΊΟΥ])
- ^ Epiphanius (1935), p. 72 (§ 64)
- Tell Livnin, which means the hill of bricks (livanim), and it is to this that Eusebius (who also wrote about Azekah) most probably referred. 'Azekah' is not 'white', either in Hebrew or in Aramaic. Le-azek in Hebrew means to remove stones, and then the soil appears a bit paler. It therefore appears that Epiphanius, who was born in Beit Zedek, near Eleutheropolis, identified Azekah with Tell el-Beida. Azekah is six kilometers from Eleutheropolis, and Tell Livnin is eight kilometers from there. Epiphanius adapted the new name to the identification by means of an etymological exegesis that has no linguistic basis. At any rate, no settlement existed on Tell Azekah in the Roman-Byzantine period. The early site moved from the high hill to the fields in the plain at the foot of the tell. It may possibly have moved as far as Kh. el-Beida, although this is difficult to accept."
- ^ Garfinkel, et al. (n.d.)
- ^ Rainey (1983), p. 15
- ^ Na'aman (1974), pp. 25-39
- ^ Ahituv (2008), p. 70 (s.v. Lachish letters)
- ^ Sozomen (1855), book ix, chapter 17, covering the years 408–425 CE
- Kitchener (1882), p. 418
- ^ Theodosius (1882), p. 17
- ^ Tsafrir (1986), p. 130 (note 9)
- ^ Tsafrir (1986), pp. 138, 141. Tsafrir points out on page 138 that in the Madaba Map is shown "the church next to the grave of the prophet Zechariah and near Beth-Zechariah (Βεθζαχάρ) is portrayed in all its splendor [a writing], standing for loco, ubi requiescit sanctus Zacharias (Fig. 7)" [= Lit. "The place where rests the holy Zachariah."]
- ^ Theodosius (1882), p. 17 (note 17). Cf. Klein (1915:168) who wrote: "The fact that the name Ṣaidan (ציידן) is not preceded by the word 'Beth' (בית) presents no difficulty in explaining the two names as being identical, since similar things are more common among Galilean names (e.g. Maon and Meron; Beth-Maon and Beth-Meron)." Similarly, Vilnay (1954:131) wrote concerning the word "Beit" prefixed to place names: "The name Beth-Geres –– Geres, recalls the biblical names: Beth-Nimrah –– Nimrah; Beth-Azmoth –– Azmoth; Beth-Gilgal –– Gilgal; Beth-Lebaoth –– Lebaoth, etc. These two forms of the same name are also found in talmudic literature: Beth-Haifa –– Haifa, Beth-Moron –– Meron, Beth-Maon –– Maon, etc." Romanoff (1935-1936:156 (note 7), writes similarly: "The term בית [= Beit] was also equivalent to כפר [= Kefar]: e.g. Beit Shearim = Kefar Shearim, etc."
- ^ Robinson, et al. (1856), p. 17
- ^ a b Wilson (1899), pp. 334–336
- Kitchener (1882), p. 441
- ^ Amit (n.d.), p. 334
- ^ Archaeological mounds
- ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008, Survey Permit # G-53; Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010, Survey Permit # S-159
Bibliography
- ISBN 9789652207081.
- JSTOR 3768450.
- Amit, David (n.d.). "Tell Azekah". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 9. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. OCLC 745203905.
- OCLC 874358311.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Conder, C.R. (1900). "Notes on the October 'Quarterly Statement'". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 32.
- OCLC 636083006.
- OCLC 123314338.
- Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 1, New York
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Gadot, Yuval; S2CID 163653449.
- Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa’ar (n.d.). "Horvat Qeiyafa: The Fortification of the Border of the Kingdom of Judah". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- Government Naming Committee (1953), "State of Israel Records", Collection of Publications, no. 277 (PDF) (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel
- Guérin, Victor (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- JSTOR 23080489.
- S2CID 163389832. (from Lipschitz, Tel Azekah 113)
- Notley, R.S.; OCLC 927381934.
- S2CID 163604987.
- OCLC 425957927.
- Romanoff, Paul (1935–1936). "Onomasticon of Palestine". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 7. American Academy for Jewish Research: 147–227. JSTOR 3622261.
- OCLC 78734887.
- Theodosius the archdeacon (1882). J. Gildemeister (ed.). Theodosius de situ Terrae sanctae im ächten Text und der Breviarius de Hierosolyma (Theodosius on places of the Holy Land). Bonn: Adolph Marcus. OCLC 401990911.
- JSTOR 1291534.
- van de Velde, C.W.M. (1858). Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Holy Land. Gotha: Justus Perthes.
- JSTOR 1452901.
- Wilson, Charles W. (1899). "A Visit to Tell Zakariya". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 31.
- ISBN 978-3-17-020695-3.
External links
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition- Current website
- The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition