Azerbaijan People's Government
Azerbaijan People's Government آذربایجان میللی حکومتی | |||||||||
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1945–1946 | |||||||||
Anthem: Anthem of the Azerbaijan People's Government | |||||||||
Marxist-Leninist one-party state | |||||||||
President | |||||||||
• 1945–46 | Ja'far Pishevari | ||||||||
Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
• Established | November 1945 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | December 1946 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Iran |
The Azerbaijan People's Government (
History
To supply the Soviet forces with war material through Iran, British and Soviet troops jointly
With the abdication of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet troops captured Tabriz and northwestern Iran for military and strategic reasons. By direct order of
The U.S. supported the Iranian complaint against Soviet actions lodged with the Security Council in Resolution 3 and Resolution 5; in mid December 1946, the U.S. supported the shah's government in sending the Iranian army to re-occupy Mahabad and Azerbaijan. The leaders of the Azerbaijan enclave in Iran fled to the Azerbaijan SSR, and the leaders of the Kurdish Republic were tried and sentenced to death. They were hanged in Chwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad in 1947.
1947's efforts centered on the issue of Soviet designs on Iran's northern oil resources. Following the election that year of a new Majlis, the newly elected deputies were reluctant to ratify the Soviet-Iranian oil agreement, which had been concluded under duress in March 1946 and had granted the Soviets 51% ownership and de facto control. On September 11, 1947, U.S. ambassador George V. Allen publicly decried intimidation and coercion used by foreign governments to secure commercial concessions in Iran, and promised full U.S. support for Iran to freely decide about its own natural resources. With this unequivocal encouragement, the Majlis refused to ratify the Soviet oil agreement on October 22, 1947; the vote was 102 to 2.[12]
Establishment
The Firqah-i Dimukrat, or
At the same time, the US was steadily increasing its military assistance to the Iranian government. Under pressure by the Western powers, the Soviet Union revoked its support of the newly created state and the Iranian military succeeded in re-establishing Iranian rule in November 1946. According to Tadeusz Swietochowski:
As it turned out, the Soviets had to recognize that their ideas on Iran were premature. The issue of Iranian Azerbaijan became one of the opening skirmishes of the Cold War, and, largely under the Western powers' pressure, Soviet forces withdrew in 1946. The autonomous republic collapsed soon afterward, and the members of the Democratic Party took refuge in the Soviet Union, fleeing Iranian revenge. In Tabriz, the crowds that had just recently applauded the autonomous republic were now greeting the returning Iranian troops, and Azerbaijani students publicly burned their native-language textbooks. The mass of the population was obviously not ready even for a regional self-government so long as it smacked of separatism.[19]
Soviet support
Declassified documents from the Cold War implicates the USSR in forming the government of Pishevari by the direct orders of Stalin.[9] The Soviet military supported the new autonomous entity and prevented the Iranian army from restoring governmental control over the area. After the Soviet withdrawal, Iranian troops entered the region in December 1946 and Pishevari and his cabinet fled to the Soviet Union.[20][21] According to Prof. Gary R. Hess:
On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the Peeshavari government quickly collapsed. The Soviet willingness to forego its influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from several factors, including the realization that the sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term Soviet Objective.[22]
Dissolution
On 13 June 1946, an agreement was reached between the Central Government in Tehran and the delegates from Azerbaijan, headed by Pishevari.[23] Under the agreement, Pishevari agreed to abandon the APG's autonomy, to relinquish its ministries and premiership, and to become once more part of Iran. Its parliament was to be transformed into a provincial council – a system recognized and provided for in the Iranian Constitution.[23]
By mid-December 1946, the Iranian army, backed by the United States and the British,
Many of the leaders took refuge in the Azerbaijan SSR. Ja'far Pishevari died in a car accident in Baku in 1947. Prime Minister Kordary was jailed for many years by the Shah and later released due to the efforts of his brother Kazem Kordary.
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 9781135203023,
As a result, the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kurdish People's Republic (the Republic of Mahabad), two short-lived Soviet puppet states, were set up late in 1945...
- ^ ISBN 978-1400857470.
In December the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, announced the establishment of an autonomous state of Azerbaijan, and at the same time the Russians set up another puppet state, the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, also in Azerbaijan.
- OCLC 16923212.
- OCLC 7975938.
- ^ Bonakdarian, Mansour (2022). "ḴIĀBĀNI, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- ISBN 978-0190869663.
- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ ISBN 978-0230758001.
- ^ a b "1945-46 Iranian Crisis". Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- ^ .
- ISBN 0-231-07068-3
- ^ George Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East, (1990), p. 7-13
- ISBN 0-595-41345-5, p19
- ^ S2CID 161572906.
- ^ Sepehr Zabih. The Communist Movement in Iran, Berkeley, 1966, p. 99
- ^ Ervand Abrahamian. Iran between Two Revolutions, Princeton, 1982, pp. 217-218
- ISBN 0-313-24308-5.
- ^ Fred H. Lawson. "The Iranian Crisis of 1945-1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Aug., 1989), p. 316
- ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz 1989. "Islam and the Growth of National Identity in Soviet Azerbaijan", Kappeler, Andreas, Gerhard Simon, Georg Brunner eds. Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspective on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 46-60.
- ^ Azerbaijan Crisis (1947-1948)
- ^ Iran in World War II Archived October 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gary. R. Hess Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1 (March., 1974) [1]
- ^ a b A. C. Edwards. "Persia Revisited", International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), Vol. 23, No. 1. (Jan., 1947), p. 58
- ISBN 9780812245011.
- ^ George Lenczowski. "United States' Support for Iran's Independence and Integrity, 1945-1959", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 401, America and the Middle East. (May, 1972), p. 49
- ^ Swietchowski:"Addressing the troops entering Azerbaijan, General ‘Ali Razmara proclaimed that they were restoring the soul of Iran to the nation, and henceforth the anniversary of the event would be celebrated by a military parade. By all accounts the population’s enthusiastic welcome of the Iranian army was genuine. Among the elated throngs were many who barely a year ago had also enthusiastically greeted the rise of the Pishevari government; the change of heart was due not only to disenchantment with the Democrats but also the uncontrollable violence being meted out at the sympathizers of the fallen regime. Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed, and scores were hanged. "( Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press, 1995. pg 154)
- ^ A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embassy’s report has been classified under Wash. Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547, 15 January 1947"( Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan, Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] (London: I.B.Tauris, 2000. pg 227).
- ISBN 978-1199639806.
External links
- "A response to pan-Turkist exaggerated claim and falsification of numbers regarding the downfall of Ferqeh". Mehrazar Suren.