Béla III of Hungary
Béla III | |
---|---|
Andrew II, King of Hungary | |
Dynasty | Árpád dynasty |
Father | Géza II of Hungary |
Mother | Euphrosyne of Kiev |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Béla III (
Stephen III died on 4 March 1172, and Béla decided to return to Hungary. Before his departure, he pledged that he would never make war against the Byzantine Empire. Although the Hungarian
Béla promoted the use of written records during his reign. Hungarian chronicles from the 14th century even state that he was responsible for the establishment of the Royal Chancery. The royal palace built in Esztergom during his reign was the first example of Gothic architecture in Central Europe. He was the wealthiest European monarch of his time, according to a list of his revenues, but the reliability of the list is questioned.
Early life
Childhood (c. 1148–1163)
Béla was the second son of Géza II of Hungary and Géza's wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev.[1][2] The date of his birth was not recorded.[1][2] Studies of his bones show that Béla died in 1196 at around 49 years old, so he must have been born around 1148.[2]
The contemporaneous
Géza II, who died on 31 May 1162, was succeeded by his first-born son,
In 1163, Emperor Manuel signed a peace treaty with Stephen III, in which he renounced his support of Stephen's opponents.[14][16] In exchange, Stephen III agreed to send Béla to Constantinople, and to allow the Byzantines to take possession of Béla's duchy.[8][10] The Emperor also promised that he would betroth his daughter, Maria, to Béla.[11][17]
"When [Emperor Manuel I] came [to Belgrade] and realized that it was then impossible for [Stephen IV] to rule the Hungarians' land (for already they had hastily installed [Stephen III] son of [Géza II] again), he turned to something else. As stated, he desired with all his might to lay claim to Hungary, which is situated in the midst of the western nations. He therefore intended to unite in marriage Béla, who was [Géza II]'s son after [Stephen III], to his own daughter Maria."
— John Kinnamos: Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus[18]
Despotes Alexios (1163–1169)
Emperor Manuel dispatched
Stephen III invaded Syrmium in the summer of 1164.[22][23] Emperor Manuel led his armies against Stephen, stating that he arrived "not to wage war on the Hungarians but to recover his land for Béla",[24] according to Kinnamos.[23] Béla-Alexios—along with his uncle, Stephen IV, and their distant relative, Stephanos Kalamanos—accompanied the emperor during the campaign.[25] Before long, a new peace treaty was signed, once again forcing Stephen III to renounce Béla's duchy.[11][26] A Byzantine army occupied Syrmium, which was organized into a Byzantine theme, or district.[27]
Stephen III launched a new invasion against Syrmium in the spring of 1165.
Emperor Manuel ceremoniously made his daughter and Béla-Alexios his heirs, and forced the Byzantine notables to swear an oath of fidelity to them in the autumn of 1165.
A new war broke out between Hungary and the Byzantine Empire in 1167, because Béla-Alexios "claimed the kingdom"[37] of his brother, according to the contemporaneous Rahewin.[38] Henry of Mügeln also wrote that many Hungarians joined and served the army of Béla-Alexios, stating that "the Kingdom of Hungary belonged to him [Béla-Alexios] by right".[39] On 8 July 1167, the Byzantine army annihilated the Hungarian troops in the Battle of Sirmium.[38][40] A peace treaty was signed, which put an end to the period of wars between Hungary and the Byzantine Empire, and confirmed the dominion of the Byzantine Empire over central Dalmatia, Bosnia and Syrmium.[40]
Kaisar Alexios (1169–1172)
Emperor Manuel's wife, Maria of Antioch, gave birth to a son named Alexios on 14 September 1169.[41][42] The emperor dissolved his daughter's betrothal to Béla-Alexios.[41] The emperor also removed Béla-Alexios's title of despotes, but granted him the inferior rank of kaisar.[41][43] In the spring of 1170, Béla-Alexios married the emperor's sister-in-law, Agnes of Antioch.[41][43] The couple went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[43] In Jerusalem, they donated 10,000 bezants to the Knights Hospitaller in compensation for their hospitality.[43][44] In the charter of grant, Béla-Alexios styled himself "Lord A., Duke of Hungary, Dalmatia and Croatia", ignoring the title that the emperor had recently bestowed upon him.[41]
Reign
Coronation (1172–1173)
Béla's brother, Stephen III, died on 4 March 1172.
Béla and his wife arrived in
Conflicts (1173–1178)
Archbishop Lucas fell out of favor with Béla, and was ignored by him in the first years of his reign.
Géza tried to persuade Soběslav II of Bohemia to help him meet
Expansion and reforms (1178–1194)
Béla's long-time favorite, Andrew, Archbishop of Kalocsa, insulted him around 1178.[68][69] Béla soon deprived him and his supporter, the Provost of Székesfehérvár Chapter, of their offices and seized the Archbishop's revenues.[69][68] Pope Alexander III punished Béla with ecclesiastic sanctions, but Béla reconciled with Archbishop Lucas of Esztergom, who absolved him and excommunicated Andrew of Kalocsa.[68] The conflict ended with a compromise mediated by the Holy See: Andrew asked Béla to pardon him, and Béla restored him to his position of archbishop.[69]
Upon Béla's invitation,
In the imperial court of Constantinople, Béla learnt the importance of a well-organized administration.
Emperor Manuel I died on 24 September 1180.
The details of the reconquest of Syrmium are also obscure.
Andronikos Komnenos murdered Emperor Alexios II in late 1183.[89] The contemporaneous Eustathius of Thessalonica writes that Andronikos's opponents sent letters to many monarchs, including Béla III, urging them to attack Andronikos.[90] According to Ansbert and other Western European chroniclers, Béla invaded the Byzantine Empire in early 1185.[90] After Andronikos I fell in September, Béla signed a peace treaty with the new emperor, Isaac II Angelos.[91] Isaac married Béla's daughter, Margaret, and Béla granted the region of Niš and Barancs to Isaac as his daughter's dowry.[92][93] The relics of Saint Ivan of Rila were also returned to Sardica on this occasion.[92] Béla married Margaret of France, a sister of Philip II of France, in the summer of 1186.[94]
In the summer of 1189, German
Vladimir Yaroslavich escaped from captivity in early 1189 or 1190.
Last years (1194–1196)
In 1194, Béla appointed his eldest son, Emeric, who had already been crowned as the future king, to administer Croatia and Dalmatia.[107][108] After a united Bulgarian, Cumanian and Vlach army defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Arcadiopolis in 1194, Béla was willing to assist the Byzantine Empire.[109][110] However, his campaign was cancelled, because Béla's son-in-law, Emperor Isaac II, was dethroned by Alexios III Angelos in April 1195.[111][112] Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, was planning to launch a campaign against the Byzantine Empire on behalf of the dethroned emperor, but Béla prohibited his subjects from joining Henry.[113]
Béla took the cross as a token of his desire to lead a crusade to the Holy Land.
Family
Béla's first wife, Agnes, was the daughter of Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch, and Raynald's wife, Constance of Antioch.[118] Agnes was born around 1149 and died around 1184.[43] At the time of her marriage in 1170, she was renamed Anna in Constantinople.[43][41]
Béla's and Agnes-Anna's first child,
The second son of Béla and Agnes-Anna, Andrew, was born around 1177.[125] His two younger brothers, Solomon and Stephen, did not survive infancy.[126] Their younger sister, Constance, married King Ottokar I of Bohemia in about 1198.[124] A third daughter of Béla and Agnes-Anna, whose name is unknown, died in infancy.[126]
After the death of Agnes-Anna, Béla proposed to Theodora, a granddaughter of Emperor Manuel I's sister, Theodora Komnene.
Ancestors of Béla III of Hungary Álmos, Duke of Croatia | | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17. Sophia | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Béla II of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
18. Sviatopolk II of Kiev | |||||||||||||||||||
9. Predslava of Kiev | |||||||||||||||||||
2. Géza II of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
10. Uroš I of Serbia | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Helena of Rascia | |||||||||||||||||||
1. Béla III of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
6. Mstislav I of Kiev | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Euphrosyne of Kiev | |||||||||||||||||||
Legacy
Béla was one of the most eminent medieval monarchs of Hungary.
In about 1190, after a fire destroyed Esztergom, Béla invited French masons to rebuild the royal palace and the cathedral.[69][135] The masons introduced new architectural forms; the new royal palace and cathedral were the earliest examples of Gothic architecture in Central Europe.[135][136] Coins depicting a two-barred cross, which was primarily used in the Church of the Byzantine Empire, were minted from around 1190, suggesting that the so-called "double cross" became part of the Hungarian royal heraldry under Béla III.[137]
Notes
- ^ a b Makk 1994, p. 91.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 204.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (5.5), p. 163.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 77, 123.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (5.17), p. 187.
- ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 77.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 198, 251.
- ^ a b c Magdalino 1993, p. 79.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 77, 155.
- ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 332.
- ^ a b c d e Treadgold 1997, p. 646.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 79.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (5.6), p. 165.
- ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 205.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 52.
- ^ Makk 1994, p. 86.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 240.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (5.5), p. 163.
- ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 86.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 206.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 251.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 90.
- ^ a b Stephenson 2000, p. 252.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (5.6), p. 165.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 68, 90.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 91.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 333.
- ^ a b c d e Makk 1989, p. 92.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 207.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 241.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 257.
- ^ O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates (4.137), p. 78.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 97.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 99.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 258.
- ^ The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (Appendix) p. 337.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 100.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 101.
- ^ a b c d Fine 1991, p. 242.
- ^ a b c d e f Makk 1989, p. 106.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 647.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 209.
- ^ Magdalino 1993, p. 81.
- ^ a b Bartl et al. 2002, p. 29.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 53.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 267–268.
- ^ a b c d e Makk 1989, p. 107.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (6.11), p. 214.
- ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (6.11), pp. 214–215.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 210.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 108.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 211.
- ^ a b Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 383.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, pp. 178, 202.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 108, 110.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 109.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, pp. 151–152.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 212.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1981, p. 63.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 108, 111.
- ^ a b c d e Makk 1989, p. 111.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 213.
- ^ Magdalino 1993, pp. 96, 98.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 113.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 112.
- ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 214.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 359.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 215.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 219.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1981, p. 86.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 217.
- ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 171.122), p. 139.
- ^ a b Rady 2000, p. 66.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 71.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 115.
- ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 289.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 281–282.
- ^ Magaš 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 22.), p. 131.
- ^ a b Stephenson 2000, p. 281.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 116.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 652–653.
- ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 117.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 334–335.
- ^ Life of John of Rila from the Stishen (Sofia) Prologue, p. 266.
- ^ a b Stephenson 2000, p. 282.
- ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 119.
- ^ a b c d e f Makk 1989, p. 120.
- ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 335.
- ^ a b c d e Stephenson 2000, p. 283.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 220.
- ^ a b Dimnik 2003, p. 191.
- ^ a b c d e f Engel 2001, p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 121.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 193.
- ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 122.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 294.
- ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 193–194.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 121.
- ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 123.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 192.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 347.
- ^ Rady 2000, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 222.
- ^ Magaš 2007, p. 58.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 659.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 303.
- ^ Makk 1989, pp. 123–124.
- ^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 303–304.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 124.
- ^ a b Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 234.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 30.
- PMID 32636469
- ^ Runciman 1952, p. 365, Appendix 3.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 209, Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 220, Appendix 4.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 660, 665–666.
- ^ Lock 1995, p. 37.
- ^ Lock 1995, p. 371.
- ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229, Appendix 4.
- ^ a b Makk 1994, p. 92.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 74.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 190, Appendices 2–3.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 122.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 220.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 61.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 46.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 70.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 287.
- ^ a b Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 209.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 72.
- ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, p. 317.
Sources
Primary sources
- Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. ISBN 963-7326-59-6.
- Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04080-6.
- "Life of John of Rila from the Stishen (Sofia) Prologue". In Petkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. pp. 265–268. ISBN 978-90-04-16831-2.
- O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1764-8.
- The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator, Rahewin (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (2004). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13419-3.
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- Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78156-5.
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- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 978-963-9165-37-3.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1981). III. Béla emlékezete [Remembering Béla III] (in Hungarian). Magyar Helikon.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 978-963-7930-97-3.
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- Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-5268-4.
- Makk, Ferenc (1994). "III. Béla". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-963-05-6722-0.
- Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66142-3.
- Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-80085-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
- Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02756-4.
- ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Further reading
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 662.