Béla IV of Hungary
Béla IV | |
---|---|
Duke of Styria | |
Reign | 1254–1258 |
Predecessor | Ottokar V |
Successor | Stephen |
Regent | Stephen I Gutkeled |
Born | 1206 |
Died | 3 May 1270 Rabbits' Island, near Buda | (aged 63–64)
Burial | Minorites' Church, Esztergom |
Spouse | |
Issue more... | |
Dynasty | Árpád dynasty |
Father | Andrew II of Hungary |
Mother | Gertrude of Merania |
Religion | Roman Catholic |
Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was
The Mongols invaded Hungary and annihilated Béla's army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. He escaped from the battlefield, but a Mongol detachment chased him from town to town as far as Trogir on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Although he survived the invasion, the Mongols devastated the country before their unexpected withdrawal in March 1242. Béla introduced radical reforms in order to prepare his kingdom for a second Mongol invasion. He allowed the barons and the prelates to erect stone fortresses and to set up their private armed forces. He promoted the development of fortified towns. During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring regions to settle in the depopulated lands. Béla's efforts to rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of "second founder of the state" (Hungarian: második honalapító).
He set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols, which included
Béla's relationship with his oldest son and heir, Stephen, became tense in the early 1260s, because the elderly king favored his daughter Anna and his youngest child, Béla, Duke of Slavonia. He was forced to cede the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary east of the river Danube to Stephen, which caused a civil war lasting until 1266. Nevertheless, Béla's family was famed for his piety: he died as a Franciscan tertiary, and the veneration of his three saintly daughters—Kunigunda, Yolanda, and Margaret—was confirmed by the Holy See.
Childhood (1206–20)
Béla was the oldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary by his first wife, Gertrude of Merania.[1][2] He was born in the second half of 1206.[1][3] Upon King Andrew's initiative, Pope Innocent III had already appealed to the Hungarian prelates and barons on 7 June to swear an oath of loyalty to the King's future son.[3][4]
Queen Gertrude showed blatant favoritism towards her German relatives and courtiers, causing widespread discontent among the
Andrew II betrothed Béla to an unnamed daughter of Tzar
Rex iunior
Duke of Slavonia (1220–26)
The senior king ceded the lands between the
Béla separated from his wife in the first half of 1222 upon his father's demand.
Duke of Transylvania (1226–35)
King Andrew transferred Béla from Slavonia to
Béla had long opposed his father's "useless and superfluous perpetual grants", because the distribution of royal estates destroyed the traditional basis of royal authority.[30] He started reclaiming King Andrew's land grants throughout the country in 1228.[31] The Pope supported Béla's efforts, but the King often hindered the execution of his son's orders.[31][32] Béla also confiscated the estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics, who had plotted against his mother.[31][32]
Béla's youngest brother, Andrew, Prince of Halych, was expelled from his principality in the spring of 1229.[33] Béla decided to help him to regain his throne, proudly boasting that the town of Halych "would not remain on the face of the earth, for there was no one to deliver it from his hands",[34] according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.[32] He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych together with his Cuman allies in 1229 or 1230.[28][32] However, he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops.[28][32] The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle writes that many Hungarian soldiers "died of many afflictions"[35] on their way home.[32]
Béla invaded
His reign
Before the Mongol invasion (1235–41)
King Andrew died on 21 September 1235.[42] Béla, who succeeded his father without opposition, was crowned king by Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár on 14 October.[42][43] He dismissed and punished many of his father's closest advisors.[31] For instance, he had Palatine Denis blinded and Julius Kán imprisoned.[31][40] The former was accused of having, in King Andrew's life, an adulterous liaison with Queen Beatrix, the King's young widow.[44] Béla ordered her imprisonment, but she managed to escape to the Holy Roman Empire, where she gave birth to a posthumous son, Stephen.[45] Béla and his brother Coloman considered her son a bastard.[46][47]
Béla declared that his principal purpose was "the restitution of royal rights" and "the restoration of the situation which existed in the country" in the reign of his grandfather,
After returning from Magna Hungaria in 1236, Friar Julian informed Béla of the
Béla supported the development of towns.[42] For instance, he confirmed the liberties of the citizens of Székesfehérvár and granted privileges to Hungarian and German settlers in Bars (Starý Tekov, Slovakia) in 1237.[46] Zadar, a town in Dalmatia which had been lost to Venice in 1202, acknowledged Béla's suzerainty in 1240.[59]
Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–42)
The Mongols gathered in the lands bordering Hungary and
Duke
With the Cumans' departure Béla lost his most valuable allies.
Upon
The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube early in 1242.[62] A Mongol detachment under the command of Kadan, a son of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town to town in Dalmatia.[70][71] Béla took refugee in the well-fortified Trogir.[70] Before Kadan laid siege to the town in March, news arrived of the Great Khan's death.[62][72] Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei's successor with sufficient troops and ordered the withdrawal of all Mongol forces.[73][74] Béla, who was grateful to Trogir, granted it lands near Split, causing a lasting conflict between the two Dalmatian towns.[75]
"Second Founder of the State" (1242–61)
Upon his return to Hungary in May 1242, Béla found a country in ruins.[69][74] Devastation was especially heavy in the plains east of the Danube where at least half of the villages were depopulated.[76][77] The Mongols had destroyed most traditional centers of administration, which were defended by earth-and-timber walls.[78] Only well-fortified places, such as Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and the Pannonhalma Abbey, had successfully resisted siege.[77][78] A severe famine followed in 1242 and 1243.[79][80][81]
Preparation for a new Mongol invasion was the central concern of Béla's policy.
Béla attempted to increase the number of the soldiers and to improve their equipment.
To replace the loss of at least 15 percent of the population, who perished during the Mongol invasion and the ensuing famine, Béla promoted colonization.[79][80] He granted special liberties to the colonists, including personal freedom and favorable tax treatment.[89] Germans, Moravians, Poles, Ruthenians and other "guests" arrived from neighboring countries and were settled in depopulated or sparsely populated regions.[90] He also persuaded the Cumans, who had in 1241 left Hungary, to return and settle in the plains along the River Tisza.[86][91] He even arranged the engagement of his firstborn son, Stephen, who was crowned king-junior in or before 1246, to Elisabeth, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain.[91][92]
Béla granted the privileges of Székesfehérvár to more than 20 settlements, promoting their development into self-governing towns.[93] The liberties of the mining towns in Upper Hungary were also spelled out in Béla's reign.[94] For defensive purposes, he moved the citizens of Pest to a hill on the opposite side of the Danube in 1248.[95] Within two decades their new fortified town, Buda, became the most important center of commerce in Hungary.[93][96] Béla also granted privileges to Gradec, the fortified center of Zagreb, in 1242 and confirmed them in 1266.[97][98]
Béla adopted an active foreign policy soon after the withdrawal of the Mongols.[99][100] In the second half of 1242 he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to surrender the three counties ceded to him during the Mongol invasion.[72] On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar in the summer of 1243.[72] Béla renounced Zadar on 30 June 1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third of the customs revenues of the Dalmatian town.[72]
Béla set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols.
On 21 August 1245
Béla and Daniil Romanovich united their troops and invaded Austria and Moravia in June 1252.
Béla appointed his son-in-law, Rostislav Mikhailovich
The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against Béla's governor
Discontented with the rule of Béla's son, the Styrian lords sought assistance from Ottokar of Bohemia.[116] Béla and his allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste, and Leszek the Black of Sieradz—invaded Moravia, but Ottokar vanquished them in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 June 1260.[104][117][118] The defeat forced Béla to renounce Styria in favor of the King of Bohemia in the Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261.[104][119] On the other hand, Ottokar divorced his elderly wife, Margarete of Austria, and married Béla's granddaughter—the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich by Anna—Kunigunda.[104][119]
Béla had originally planned to give his youngest daughter,
Civil war (1261–66)
Béla and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in 1261.
Béla's favoritism towards his younger son, Béla (whom he appointed Duke of Slavonia) and daughter, Anna irritated Stephen.[127][128] The latter suspected that his father was planning to disinherit him.[129] Stephen often mentioned in his charters that he had "suffered severe persecution" by his "parents without deserving it" when referring to the roots of his conflict with his father.[129] Although some clashes took place in the autumn, a lasting civil war was avoided through the mediation of the Archbishops Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa who persuaded Béla and his son to make a compromise.[130][131] According to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the country along the Danube: the lands to the west of the river remained under the direct rule of Béla, and the government of the eastern territories was taken over by Stephen, the king-junior.[130]
The relationship between father and son remained tense.
It was again the two archbishops who conducted the negotiations between Béla and his son.[130] Their agreement was signed in the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) on 23 March 1266.[127][130] The new treaty confirmed the division of the country along the Danube and regulated many aspects of the co-existence of Béla's regnum and Stephen's regimen, including the collection of taxes and the commoners' right to free movement.[127][130]
Last years (1266–70)
The "nobles of all Hungary, who are called
King
Béla's favorite son, also named Béla, died in the summer of 1269.
King Béla IV of Hungary left to his son, to Stephen, a prosperous, a rebuilt, a fortified kingdom in 28 years. Béla successfully concluded the alliance between the houses of Árpád and Anjou with a mutual marriage contract. In the last year of his life, in December 1269, Abbot of Monte Cassino Bernhard Ayglerius visited Hungary as the envoy of King Charles I of Anjou. He reported enthusiastically to his lord, the foreign, impartial contemporary envoy saw Béla's court as follows:[143][144]
"The Hungarian royal house has incredible power, its military forces are so large that nobody in the East and the North dares even budge if the triumphant and glorious king mobilizes his army. Most of the countries and princes of the North and East belong to his empire by kinship or conquest."[145][143]
Family
Ancestors of Béla IV of Hungary Berthold IV, Duke of Merania | | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3. Gertrude of Merania | ||||||||||||||||
Béla's wife,
A second daughter, Margaret followed Kunigunda in about 1225; she died unmarried before 1242.[150][152] The third daughter of Béla, Anna was born around 1226.[150][152] She and her husband, Rostislav Mikhailovich were especially favored by Béla.[150][153] Her great-grandson, Wenceslaus—a grandson of her daughter, Kunigunda by King Ottokar II of Bohemia—was King of Hungary from 1301 to 1305.[154]
Béla's fourth daughter, Catherina died unmarried before 1242.
Béla's first son, Stephen was born in 1239.[157] He succeeded his father.[158] Béla's youngest daughter, Margaret was born during the Mongol invasion in 1242.[122] Dedicated to God by her parents at birth, she spent her life in humility in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island and died as a Dominican nun.[122] The King's youngest (namesake) son, Béla was born between around 1243 and 1250.[159]
The Greater Legend of Saint Elisabeth of Hungary (Béla's sister) described Béla's family as a company of saints.
The following family tree presents Béla's offspring, and some of his relatives mentioned in the article.[164]
Yolanda de Courtenay ∞(3)Beatrice d'Este | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Béla IV ∞ Coloman, Duke of Slavonia | (1) Andrew, Prince of Halych | (1) and (2) two daughters | (3) Stephen the Posthumous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
St Kunigunda ∞Boleslav V of Cracow | Margaret | Anna ∞Rostislav Mikhailovich | Catherina | Elisabeth ∞Henry XIII of Bavaria | Constance ∞Lev Danylovich | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saint Margaret | Béla, Duke of Slavonia ∞Kunigunde of Brandenburg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legacy
"See this dear sight, three ring the Virgin's altar,
King, duke, and queen, whom threefold joys attend.
So long as might thy power, King Béla, last,
fraud hid itself, peace flourished, virtue reigned."
Illuminated Chronicle[167]
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Domus Hungarie incredibilem habet potenciam, indicibilem quidem armatorum gentem, ita quod in partibus Orientis et Aquilonis nullus sit pedem ausus movere, ubi triumphator, rex scilicet gloriosus, potentem exercitum suum movit.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 246, 248, 257, Appendices 4–5.
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- ^ Diós, István. "Árpádházi Boldog Kinga [Blessed Kunigunda of the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints]. Szent István társulat. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Diós, István. "Árpádházi Boldog Jolán [Blessed Yolanda of the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints]. Szent István társulat. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Diós, István. "Árpádházi Szent Margit [Saint Margaret of the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints]. Szent István társulat. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 248, 263, Appendices 4–5.
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- ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 179.127), p. 141.
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- Makkai, László (1994a). "Transformation into a Western-type state, 1196–1301". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 23–33. ISBN 963-7081-01-1.
- Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
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- Tanner, Marcus (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16394-0.
- Žemlička, Josef (2011). "The Realm of Přemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslas II". In Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (eds.). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague. pp. 106–116. ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and King-junior Stephen in the 1260s] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
External links
- Béla IV Encyclopædia Britannica