Béla IV of Hungary

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Béla IV
Duke of Styria
Reign1254–1258
PredecessorOttokar V
SuccessorStephen
RegentStephen I Gutkeled
Born1206
Died3 May 1270(1270-05-03) (aged 63–64)
Rabbits' Island, near Buda
Burial
Minorites' Church, Esztergom
Spouse
(m. 1235)
Issue
more...
DynastyÁrpád dynasty
FatherAndrew II of Hungary
MotherGertrude of Merania
ReligionRoman Catholic

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was

noblemen and the prelates
.

The Mongols invaded Hungary and annihilated Béla's army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. He escaped from the battlefield, but a Mongol detachment chased him from town to town as far as Trogir on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Although he survived the invasion, the Mongols devastated the country before their unexpected withdrawal in March 1242. Béla introduced radical reforms in order to prepare his kingdom for a second Mongol invasion. He allowed the barons and the prelates to erect stone fortresses and to set up their private armed forces. He promoted the development of fortified towns. During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring regions to settle in the depopulated lands. Béla's efforts to rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of "second founder of the state" (Hungarian: második honalapító).

He set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols, which included

Barancs
(Braničevo, Serbia) and other newly conquered regions—was established along the southern frontier of Hungary in the 1250s.

Béla's relationship with his oldest son and heir, Stephen, became tense in the early 1260s, because the elderly king favored his daughter Anna and his youngest child, Béla, Duke of Slavonia. He was forced to cede the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary east of the river Danube to Stephen, which caused a civil war lasting until 1266. Nevertheless, Béla's family was famed for his piety: he died as a Franciscan tertiary, and the veneration of his three saintly daughters—Kunigunda, Yolanda, and Margaret—was confirmed by the Holy See.

Childhood (1206–20)

Landgraviate of Thuringia

Béla was the oldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary by his first wife, Gertrude of Merania.[1][2] He was born in the second half of 1206.[1][3] Upon King Andrew's initiative, Pope Innocent III had already appealed to the Hungarian prelates and barons on 7 June to swear an oath of loyalty to the King's future son.[3][4]

Queen Gertrude showed blatant favoritism towards her German relatives and courtiers, causing widespread discontent among the

Pilis Hills on 28 September 1213.[5][7] King Andrew only punished one of the conspirators, a certain Count Peter, after his return from Halych.[8] Although Béla was a child when his mother was assassinated, he never forgot her and declared his deep respect for her in many of his royal charters.[3]

Andrew II betrothed Béla to an unnamed daughter of Tzar

Emperor of Nicaea.[13] She accompanied King Andrew to Hungary and Béla married her in 1220.[1]

Rex iunior

Duke of Slavonia (1220–26)

Klis Fortress (seen from its west point, toward east); Béla captured it from Domald of Sidraga
, a rebellious Dalmatian nobleman in 1223

The senior king ceded the lands between the

Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—to Béla in 1220.[12][16] A letter of 1222 of Pope Honorius III reveals that "some wicked men" had forced Andrew II to share his realms with his heir.[17] Béla initially styled himself as "King Andrew's son and King" in his charters; from 1222 he used the title "by the Grace of God, King, son of the King of Hungary, and Duke of all Slavonia".[13]

Béla separated from his wife in the first half of 1222 upon his father's demand.

Šubići, who had supported Béla during the siege.[21][22]

Duke of Transylvania (1226–35)

King Andrew transferred Béla from Slavonia to

Coloman.[24] As Duke of Transylvania, Béla adopted an expansionist policy aimed at the territories over the Carpathian Mountains.[25][26] He supported the Dominicans' proselytizing activities among the Cumans, who dominated these lands.[26][27] In 1227 he crossed the mountains and met Boricius, a Cuman chieftain, who had decided to convert to Christianity.[28] At their meeting, Boricius and his subjects were baptized and acknowledged Béla's suzerainty.[26] Within a year, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was established in their lands.[29]

Béla had long opposed his father's "useless and superfluous perpetual grants", because the distribution of royal estates destroyed the traditional basis of royal authority.[30] He started reclaiming King Andrew's land grants throughout the country in 1228.[31] The Pope supported Béla's efforts, but the King often hindered the execution of his son's orders.[31][32] Béla also confiscated the estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics, who had plotted against his mother.[31][32]

Ruins of the fortress of Halych
Ruins of the fortress of Halych

Béla's youngest brother, Andrew, Prince of Halych, was expelled from his principality in the spring of 1229.[33] Béla decided to help him to regain his throne, proudly boasting that the town of Halych "would not remain on the face of the earth, for there was no one to deliver it from his hands",[34] according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.[32] He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych together with his Cuman allies in 1229 or 1230.[28][32] However, he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops.[28][32] The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle writes that many Hungarian soldiers "died of many afflictions"[35] on their way home.[32]

Béla invaded

Lower Danube.[27][37][38] In a token of his suzerainty in the lands east of the Carpathians, Béla adopted the title "King of Cumania" in 1233.[26][27] Béla sponsored the mission of Friar Julian and three other Dominican friars who decided to visit the descendants of the Hungarians who had centuries earlier remained in Magna Hungaria, the Hungarians' legendary homeland.[39][40][41]

His reign

Before the Mongol invasion (1235–41)

Illuminated Chronicle
)

King Andrew died on 21 September 1235.[42] Béla, who succeeded his father without opposition, was crowned king by Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár on 14 October.[42][43] He dismissed and punished many of his father's closest advisors.[31] For instance, he had Palatine Denis blinded and Julius Kán imprisoned.[31][40] The former was accused of having, in King Andrew's life, an adulterous liaison with Queen Beatrix, the King's young widow.[44] Béla ordered her imprisonment, but she managed to escape to the Holy Roman Empire, where she gave birth to a posthumous son, Stephen.[45] Béla and his brother Coloman considered her son a bastard.[46][47]

Béla declared that his principal purpose was "the restitution of royal rights" and "the restoration of the situation which existed in the country" in the reign of his grandfather,

local Jews and Muslims in financial administration, which had for decades been opposed by the Holy See.[41][50]

After returning from Magna Hungaria in 1236, Friar Julian informed Béla of the

Tisza River gave rise to many conflicts between them and the local villagers.[52] Béla, who needed the Cumans' military support, rarely punished them for their robberies, rapes and other misdeeds.[52][56] His Hungarian subjects thought that he was biased in the Cumans' favor, thus "enmity emerged between the people and the king",[57] according to Roger of Torre Maggiore.[58]

Béla supported the development of towns.[42] For instance, he confirmed the liberties of the citizens of Székesfehérvár and granted privileges to Hungarian and German settlers in Bars (Starý Tekov, Slovakia) in 1237.[46] Zadar, a town in Dalmatia which had been lost to Venice in 1202, acknowledged Béla's suzerainty in 1240.[59]

Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–42)

The Mongols gathered in the lands bordering Hungary and

Verecke Pass (Veretsky Pass, Ukraine) on 12 March 1241.[54][59]

Duke

Illuminated Chronicle
)

With the Cumans' departure Béla lost his most valuable allies.

Danube River by the end of June.[52][68]

Upon

Crusade against the Mongols, but no reinforcements arrived.[68][69]

The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube early in 1242.[62] A Mongol detachment under the command of Kadan, a son of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town to town in Dalmatia.[70][71] Béla took refugee in the well-fortified Trogir.[70] Before Kadan laid siege to the town in March, news arrived of the Great Khan's death.[62][72] Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei's successor with sufficient troops and ordered the withdrawal of all Mongol forces.[73][74] Béla, who was grateful to Trogir, granted it lands near Split, causing a lasting conflict between the two Dalmatian towns.[75]

"Second Founder of the State" (1242–61)

Upon his return to Hungary in May 1242, Béla found a country in ruins.[69][74] Devastation was especially heavy in the plains east of the Danube where at least half of the villages were depopulated.[76][77] The Mongols had destroyed most traditional centers of administration, which were defended by earth-and-timber walls.[78] Only well-fortified places, such as Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and the Pannonhalma Abbey, had successfully resisted siege.[77][78] A severe famine followed in 1242 and 1243.[79][80][81]

Sáros Castle
(Šarišský hrad in Slovakia), a royal fortress built during the reign of Béla

Preparation for a new Mongol invasion was the central concern of Béla's policy.

Nagysáros (Veľký Šariš, Slovakia), and another castle Béla and his wife had built at Visegrád.[76]

Béla attempted to increase the number of the soldiers and to improve their equipment.

Szepes (Spiš, Slovakia) received their privileges from Béla in 1243.[85][86] He even allowed the barons and prelates to employ armed noblemen, who had previously been directly subordinated to the sovereign, in their private retinue (banderium).[87] Béla granted the Banate of Szörény to the Knights Hospitaller on 2 June 1247, but the Knights abandoned the region by 1260.[81][88]

Seal of Elizabeth the Cuman
Seal of Béla's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth the Cuman

To replace the loss of at least 15 percent of the population, who perished during the Mongol invasion and the ensuing famine, Béla promoted colonization.[79][80] He granted special liberties to the colonists, including personal freedom and favorable tax treatment.[89] Germans, Moravians, Poles, Ruthenians and other "guests" arrived from neighboring countries and were settled in depopulated or sparsely populated regions.[90] He also persuaded the Cumans, who had in 1241 left Hungary, to return and settle in the plains along the River Tisza.[86][91] He even arranged the engagement of his firstborn son, Stephen, who was crowned king-junior in or before 1246, to Elisabeth, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain.[91][92]

Béla granted the privileges of Székesfehérvár to more than 20 settlements, promoting their development into self-governing towns.[93] The liberties of the mining towns in Upper Hungary were also spelled out in Béla's reign.[94] For defensive purposes, he moved the citizens of Pest to a hill on the opposite side of the Danube in 1248.[95] Within two decades their new fortified town, Buda, became the most important center of commerce in Hungary.[93][96] Béla also granted privileges to Gradec, the fortified center of Zagreb, in 1242 and confirmed them in 1266.[97][98]

Béla adopted an active foreign policy soon after the withdrawal of the Mongols.[99][100] In the second half of 1242 he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to surrender the three counties ceded to him during the Mongol invasion.[72] On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar in the summer of 1243.[72] Béla renounced Zadar on 30 June 1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third of the customs revenues of the Dalmatian town.[72]

Béla set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols.

Daniil Romanovich repulsed their attack.[103]

Duke of Austria in the Heiligenkreuz Abbey—he died fighting against the Hungarians in the Battle of the Leitha River
on 15 June 1246

On 21 August 1245

Roman married Gertrude of Austria.[108]

Béla and Daniil Romanovich united their troops and invaded Austria and Moravia in June 1252.

King of Bohemia, ceded Styria to Béla.[110][111]

Map of the Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century

Béla appointed his son-in-law, Rostislav Mikhailovich

Michael Asen I of Bulgaria to cede Belgrade and Barancs (Braničevo, Serbia) in 1255.[112][114] Béla adopted the title of King of Bulgaria, but he only used it occasionally in the subsequent years.[114]

The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against Béla's governor

Duke of Styria.[115][116] In 1259, Batu Khan's successor, Berke, proposed an alliance by offering to marry one of his daughters to a son of Béla, but he refused the Khan's offer.[113][114]

Discontented with the rule of Béla's son, the Styrian lords sought assistance from Ottokar of Bohemia.[116] Béla and his allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste, and Leszek the Black of Sieradz—invaded Moravia, but Ottokar vanquished them in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 June 1260.[104][117][118] The defeat forced Béla to renounce Styria in favor of the King of Bohemia in the Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261.[104][119] On the other hand, Ottokar divorced his elderly wife, Margarete of Austria, and married Béla's granddaughter—the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich by Anna—Kunigunda.[104][119]

Béla had originally planned to give his youngest daughter,

Margaret, in marriage to King Ottokar.[120] However, Margaret, who had been living in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island, refused to yield.[121][122] With the assistance of her Dominican confessor, she took her final religious vows which prevented her marriage.[120] Infuriated by this act, the King, who had up to that time supported the Dominicans, favored the Franciscans in the subsequent years.[120][121] He even became a Franciscan tertiary, according to the Greater Legend of his saintly sister, Elisabeth.[123]

Civil war (1261–66)

Rabbits' Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) where the peace treaty ending the civil war between Béla and his son, Stephen
was signed on 23 March 1266

Béla and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in 1261.

Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria to abandon the region of Vidin.[125] Béla returned to Hungary before the end of the campaign, which was continued by his son.[126]

Béla's favoritism towards his younger son, Béla (whom he appointed Duke of Slavonia) and daughter, Anna irritated Stephen.[127][128] The latter suspected that his father was planning to disinherit him.[129] Stephen often mentioned in his charters that he had "suffered severe persecution" by his "parents without deserving it" when referring to the roots of his conflict with his father.[129] Although some clashes took place in the autumn, a lasting civil war was avoided through the mediation of the Archbishops Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa who persuaded Béla and his son to make a compromise.[130][131] According to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the country along the Danube: the lands to the west of the river remained under the direct rule of Béla, and the government of the eastern territories was taken over by Stephen, the king-junior.[130]

The relationship between father and son remained tense.

Feketehalom (Codlea, Romania) in the easternmost corner of Transylvania.[127][130] The king-junior's partisans relieved the castle and he started a counter-attack in the autumn.[127][130] In the decisive Battle of Isaszeg, he routed his father's army in March 1265.[127]

It was again the two archbishops who conducted the negotiations between Béla and his son.[130] Their agreement was signed in the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) on 23 March 1266.[127][130] The new treaty confirmed the division of the country along the Danube and regulated many aspects of the co-existence of Béla's regnum and Stephen's regimen, including the collection of taxes and the commoners' right to free movement.[127][130]

Last years (1266–70)

Béla IV of Hungary, king, royal, seal, gold, golden bull, Hungary, double cross, Hungarian coat of arm
The seal of Béla from his golden bull

The "nobles of all Hungary, who are called

servientes regis"[134] from both the senior and the junior king's domains assembled in Esztergom in 1267.[135] Upon their request, Béla and Stephen jointly confirmed their privileges, which had first been spelled out in the Golden Bull of 1222, before 7 September.[135][136] Shortly after the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen from each county with the task of revising property rights in Transdanubia.[135]

King

Stephen Uroš I of Serbia invaded the Banate of Macsó, a region under the rule of Béla's widowed daughter, Anna.[137][138] A royal army soon routed the invaders and captured Stephen Uroš.[137][139] The Serbian monarch was forced to pay ransom before being released.[137]

Béla's favorite son, also named Béla, died in the summer of 1269.

Minorites only succeeded in regaining Béla's remains after a long lawsuit.[142]

King Béla IV of Hungary left to his son, to Stephen, a prosperous, a rebuilt, a fortified kingdom in 28 years. Béla successfully concluded the alliance between the houses of Árpád and Anjou with a mutual marriage contract. In the last year of his life, in December 1269, Abbot of Monte Cassino Bernhard Ayglerius visited Hungary as the envoy of King Charles I of Anjou. He reported enthusiastically to his lord, the foreign, impartial contemporary envoy saw Béla's court as follows:[143][144]

"The Hungarian royal house has incredible power, its military forces are so large that nobody in the East and the North dares even budge if the triumphant and glorious king mobilizes his army. Most of the countries and princes of the North and East belong to his empire by kinship or conquest."[145][143]

Family

Minorites' Church in Saint-Pol-de-Léon
in France

Béla's wife,

A second daughter, Margaret followed Kunigunda in about 1225; she died unmarried before 1242.[150][152] The third daughter of Béla, Anna was born around 1226.[150][152] She and her husband, Rostislav Mikhailovich were especially favored by Béla.[150][153] Her great-grandson, Wenceslaus—a grandson of her daughter, Kunigunda by King Ottokar II of Bohemia—was King of Hungary from 1301 to 1305.[154]

Béla's fourth daughter, Catherina died unmarried before 1242.

Duke of Greater Poland.[150]

Béla's first son, Stephen was born in 1239.[157] He succeeded his father.[158] Béla's youngest daughter, Margaret was born during the Mongol invasion in 1242.[122] Dedicated to God by her parents at birth, she spent her life in humility in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island and died as a Dominican nun.[122] The King's youngest (namesake) son, Béla was born between around 1243 and 1250.[159]

The Greater Legend of Saint Elisabeth of Hungary (Béla's sister) described Béla's family as a company of saints.

Lemberg (Lviv, Ukraine), according to the Legend of her sister, Kunigunda.[123]

The following family tree presents Béla's offspring, and some of his relatives mentioned in the article.[164]

Yolanda de Courtenay
∞(3)Beatrice d'Este
(1)
Béla IV
Coloman, Duke of Slavonia
(1)
Andrew, Prince of Halych
(1) and (2)
two daughters
(3)
Stephen the Posthumous
St Kunigunda
Boleslav V of Cracow
MargaretAnna
Rostislav Mikhailovich
CatherinaElisabeth
Henry XIII of Bavaria
Constance
Lev Danylovich
Saint Margaret
Béla, Duke of Slavonia
Kunigunde of Brandenburg

Legacy

Heroes' Square, Budapest
)

Illuminated Chronicle notes that Béla "was a man of peace, but in the conduct of armies and battles the least fortunate"[166] when narrating Béla's defeat in the Battle of Kressenbrunn.[117] The same chronicle preserved the next epigram which was written on his tomb:[117]

"See this dear sight, three ring the Virgin's altar,
King,
duke, and queen, whom threefold joys attend.
So long as might thy power, King Béla, last,
fraud hid itself, peace flourished, virtue reigned."

Illuminated Chronicle[167]

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Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

Béla IV of Hungary
House of Árpád
Born: 1206 Died: 3 May 1270
Regnal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Andrew
Duke of Slavonia
1220–1226
Succeeded by
Coloman
New creation Duke of Transylvania
1226–1235
Vacant
Title next held by
Stephen
Preceded by
Croatia

1235–1270
Succeeded by
Preceded byas opposing claimant
Duke of Styria

1254–1258