B. B. King
B. B. King | |
---|---|
Background information | |
Birth name | Riley B. King |
Born | near Itta Bena, Mississippi, U.S. | September 16, 1925
Died | May 14, 2015 Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. | (aged 89)
Genres | |
Occupation(s) |
|
Instrument(s) |
|
Years active | 1942–2014 |
Labels | |
Website | bbking |
Riley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known professionally as B. B. King, was an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending, shimmering vibrato, and staccato picking that influenced many later blues electric guitar players.[5][6] AllMusic recognized King as "the single most important electric guitarist of the last half of the 20th century".[6]
King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and is one of the most influential blues musicians of all time, earning the nickname "The King of the Blues", and is considered one of the "Three Kings of the Blues Guitar" (along with Albert King and Freddie King, none of whom are related).[7][8][9] King performed tirelessly throughout his musical career, appearing on average at more than 200 concerts per year into his 70s.[10] In 1956 alone, he appeared at 342 shows.[11]
King was born on a cotton plantation of Berclair, near the city of Itta Bena, Mississippi, and later worked at a cotton gin in Indianola, Mississippi. He was attracted to music and taught himself to play guitar and began his career in juke joints and local radio. He later lived in Memphis and Chicago; then, as his fame grew, he toured the world extensively. King died at 89 in Las Vegas in 2015.
Early life
Riley B. King was born on September 16, 1925,[12] on a cotton plantation of Berclair named Bear Creek in Leflore County,[13] near the city of Itta Bena, Mississippi,[6][14] the son of sharecroppers Albert and Nora Ella King.[14] When King was four years old, his mother left his father for another man, so he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Elnora Farr, in Kilmichael, Mississippi,[14] then in Lexington.[13] As a teen, he moved to Indianola, which he referred to as his hometown and he later worked at a cotton gin.[15] King served in the U.S. Army during World War II but was released after being ruled as "essential to the war economy" based on his experience as a tractor driver.[16][17][18]
While young, King sang in the gospel choir at Elkhorn Baptist Church in Kilmichael. King was attracted to the Pentecostal Church of God in Christ because of its music. The local minister performed with a Sears Roebuck Silvertone guitar during services and taught King his first three chords.[19] King's first guitar was bought for him by Flake Cartledge, his employer in Kilmichael, for 15 dollars. Cartledge withheld money from King's salary for the next two months until the debt was repaid.[20][14]
In November 1941, King Biscuit Time first aired, broadcasting on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas. It was a radio show featuring the Mississippi Delta blues. King listened to it while on break at a plantation. A self-taught guitarist, he then wanted to become a radio musician.[21]
In 1943, King left Kilmichael to work as a tractor driver and play guitar with the Famous St. John's Gospel Singers of Inverness, Mississippi, performing at area churches and on WGRM in Greenwood.[22][23]
In 1946, King followed Bukka White to Memphis, Tennessee. White took him in for the next ten months.[14] King returned shortly afterward to Mississippi, where he better prepared himself for the next visit. Two years later, he returned to West Memphis, Arkansas in 1948. He performed on Sonny Boy Williamson's radio program on KWEM in West Memphis, where he began to develop an audience. King's appearances led to steady engagements at the Sixteenth Avenue Grill in West Memphis and later to a ten-minute spot on the Memphis radio station WDIA.[24] The radio spot became so popular that it was expanded and became the Sepia Swing Club.[25]
He worked at WDIA as a singer and disc jockey, where he was given the nickname "Beale Street Blues Boy", later shortened to "Blues Boy", and finally to "B. B."[26][27][28] It was there that he first met T-Bone Walker. King said, "Once I'd heard him for the first time, I knew I'd have to have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!"[29]
Career
1949–2005
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, King was a part of the blues scene on Beale Street. "Beale Street was where it all started for me," King said. He performed with Bobby Bland, Johnny Ace, and Earl Forest in a group known as the Beale Streeters.[30]
According to King and Joe Bihari,
King assembled his band, the B.B. King Review, under the leadership of Millard Lee. The band initially consisted of Calvin Owens and Kenneth Sands (trumpet), Lawrence Burdin (alto saxophone),
King's recording contract was followed by tours across the United States, with performances in major theaters in cities such as Washington, D.C., Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, and St. Louis, as well as numerous gigs in small clubs and juke joints of the southern United States. During one show in Twist, Arkansas, a brawl broke out between two men and caused a fire. He evacuated with the rest of the crowd but returned to retrieve his guitar. He said he later discovered that the two men were fighting over a woman named Lucille. He named the guitar Lucille as a reminder not to fight over women or run into any more burning buildings.[36]
Following his first
From the late 1960s, new manager Sid Seidenberg pushed King into a different type of venue as blues-rock performers like
King was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, and the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2014.[10][46] In 2004, he was awarded the international Polar Music Prize, given to artists "in recognition of exceptional achievements in the creation and advancement of music."[47]
From the 1980s to his death in 2015, he maintained a highly visible and active career, appearing on numerous television shows and sometimes performing 300 nights a year. In 1988, King reached a new generation of fans with the single "
Discussing where he took the Blues, from "dirt floor, smoke in the air" joints to grand concert halls, King said the Blues belonged everywhere beautiful music belonged. He successfully worked both sides of the commercial divide, with sophisticated recordings and "raw, raucous" live performances.[41]
2006–2014
In 2006, King went on a "farewell" world tour, although he remained active afterward.[51] The tour was partly supported by Northern Irish guitarist, Gary Moore, with whom King had previously toured and recorded. It started in the United Kingdom and continued with performances at the Montreux Jazz Festival and in Zürich at the Blues at Sunset. During his show in Montreux at the Stravinski Hall, he jammed with Joe Sample, Randy Crawford, David Sanborn, Gladys Knight, Leela James, Andre Beeka, Earl Thomas, Stanley Clarke, John McLaughlin, Barbara Hendricks and George Duke.[52]
In June 2006, King was present at a memorial of his first radio broadcast at the Three Deuces Building in
In late October 2006, King recorded a concert album and video entitled B.B. King: Live at his B.B. King Blues Clubs in Nashville and Memphis. The video of the four-night production featured his regular B.B. King Blues Band and captured his show as he performed it nightly around the world. Released in 2008, they documented his first live performances in over a decade.[56]
In 2007, King played at Eric Clapton's second Crossroads Guitar Festival[57] and contributed the songs "Goin' Home", to Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (with Ivan Neville's DumpstaPhunk)[58] and "One Shoe Blues" to Sandra Boynton's children's album Blue Moo, accompanied by a pair of sock puppets in a music video for the song.[59]
In the summer of 2008, King played at the
King performed at the
In 2011, King played at the
On February 21, 2012, King was among the performers of "In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues," during which President Barack Obama sang part of "Sweet Home Chicago".[68] King recorded for the debut album of rapper and producer Big K.R.I.T., who also hails from Mississippi.[69] On July 5, 2012, King performed a concert at the Byblos International Festival in Lebanon.[70]
On May 26, 2013, King appeared at the
On October 3, 2014, after completing his live performance at the House of Blues in Chicago, a doctor diagnosed King with dehydration and exhaustion, and the eight remaining shows of his ongoing tour had to be canceled. King did not reschedule the shows, and the House of Blues show would be the last before his death in 2015.[72][73]
Equipment
When I sing, I play in my mind; the minute I stop singing orally, I start to sing by playing Lucille.[74]
King used equipment characteristic of the different periods he played in. He played guitars made by various manufacturers early in his career. He played a Fender Esquire on most of his recordings with RPM Records.[75] Later, he was best known for playing variants of the Gibson ES-355.
In the September edition 1995 of Vintage Guitar magazine, early photos show him playing a Gibson ES-5 through a Fender tweed amp. In reference to the photo, King stated, "Yes; the old Fender amplifiers were the best that were ever made, in my opinion. They had a good sound and they were durable; guys would throw them in the truck and they'd hold up. They had tubes, and they'd get real hot, but they just had a sound that is hard to put into words. The Fender Twin was great, but I have an old Lab Series amp that isn't being made anymore. I fell in love with it, because its sound is right between the old Fender amps that we used to have and the Fender Twin. It's what I'm using tonight."[76]
He later moved on from the larger Gibson hollow-bodied instruments, which were prone to feedback when played at high volumes, to various semi-hollow models, beginning first with the ES-335 and then a deluxe version called the ES-355, which employed a stereo option.
King used a Lab Series L5 2×12" combo amplifier and used this amplifier for a long time. It was made by Norlin Industries for Gibson in the 1970s and 1980s. Other popular L5 users are Allan Holdsworth and Ty Tabor of King's X. The L5 has an onboard compressor, parametric equalization, and four inputs. King also used a Fender Twin Reverb.[78]
He used his signature model strings "Gibson SEG-BBS B.B. King Signature Electric Guitar Strings" with gauges: 10–13–17p–32w–45w–54w and D'Andrea 351 MD SHL CX (medium 0.71mm, tortoiseshell, celluloid) picks.[78]
Blues clubs
In 1991,
Another opened in the New Orleans French Quarter in 2016.[85]Television and other appearances
King made guest appearances in numerous popular television shows including: The Cosby Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Young and the Restless, General Hospital, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Sesame Street,[86] Married... with Children, Sanford and Son and Touched by an Angel.
From the mid-1980s until the mid-1990s, King appeared in multiple advertisements for McDonald's.[87][88] In the early 2000s he also appeared in a campaign for Burger King.[89]
In 2000, the children's show Between the Lions featured a singing character named "B.B. the King of Beasts", modeled on the real King.[90]
B.B. King: The Life of Riley, a feature documentary about King narrated by Morgan Freeman and directed by Jon Brewer, was released on October 15, 2012.[91]
King's performance at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival[92] appears in the 2021 music documentary Summer of Soul.
Personal life
King was married twice, to Martha Lee Denton, November 1946 to 1952, and to Sue Carol Hall, 1958 to 1966. The failure of both marriages has been attributed to the heavy demands made by King's 250 performances a year.[14][93] It is reported that he fathered 15 children with several women.[14][12] After his death, three more have come forward, claiming King as their father as well.[94] Though neither of his marriages produced children, and biographer Charles Sawyer wrote that doctors found his sperm count too low to conceive children,[95] King never disputed paternity of any of the 15 who claimed it, and by all accounts was generous in bankrolling college tuitions and establishing trust funds.[94] In May 2016, the 11 surviving children initiated legal proceedings against King's appointed trustee over his estimated $30 million to $40 million estate. Several of them also went public with the allegation that King's business manager, LaVerne Toney, and his personal assistant, Myron Johnson, had fatally poisoned him. Autopsy results showed no evidence of poisoning. A defamation suit filed by Johnson against the accusing family members (including his own sister, Karen Williams) is pending. Other children have filed lawsuits targeting King's music estate, which remains in dispute.[94]
King was an FAA-certified private pilot and learned to fly in 1963 at what was then Chicago Hammond Airport in Lansing, Illinois.[96][97] He frequently flew to gigs, but in 1995 his insurance company and manager asked him to fly only with another certified pilot. As a result, he stopped flying around the age of 70.[98]
King's favorite singer was Frank Sinatra. In his autobiography, he spoke about how he was a "Sinatra nut" and how he went to bed every night listening to Sinatra's classic album In the Wee Small Hours. During the 1960s, Sinatra had arranged for King to play at the main clubs in Las Vegas. He credited Sinatra for opening doors to black entertainers who were not given the chance to play in "white-dominated" venues.[99]
Philanthropy and notable campaigns
In September 1970, King recorded Live in Cook County Jail, during a time in which issues of racism [100] and class in the prison system were prominent in politics. King also co-founded the Foundation for the Advancement of Inmate Rehabilitation and Recreation, tying in his support for prisoners and interest in prison reform.[100] In addition to prison reform, King also wanted to use prison performances as a way to preserve music and songs in a similar way that Alan Lomax did.[101]
In 2002, King signed on as an official supporter of
Diagnosed with diabetes in 1990,[103] King was a high-profile spokesman in the fight against the disease.[52][104] He appeared in several television commercials for OneTouch Ultra, a blood glucose monitoring device, beginning in the early 2000s. American Idol contestant Crystal Bowersox, who was diagnosed with diabetes at age six, would co-star with King in later commercials.[105][106]
Death and funeral
The last eight shows of King's 2014 tour were canceled because of health problems caused by complications from high blood pressure and diabetes.
King's body was flown to Memphis on May 27, 2015. A funeral procession went down
Discography
Studio albums
- Singin' the Blues (1957)[118]
- The Blues(1958)
- B.B. King Wails (1959)
- King of the Blues (1960)
- Sings Spirituals (1960)
- The Great B.B. King (1960)
- My Kind of Blues(1961)
- Blues for Me (1961)
- Blues in My Heart (1962)
- Easy Listening Blues (1962)
- B.B. King (1963)
- Mr. Blues (1963)
- Confessin' the Blues (1966)
- Blues on Top of Blues (1968)
- Lucille (1968)
- Live & Well(1969)
- Completely Well (1969)
- Indianola Mississippi Seeds (1970)
- B.B. King in London (1971)
- L.A. Midnight (1972)
- Guess Who(1972)
- To Know You Is to Love You (1973)
- Lucille Talks Back (1975)
- King Size(1977)
- Midnight Believer (1978)
- Take It Home(1979)
- There Must Be a Better World Somewhere (1981)
- Love Me Tender(1982)
- Blues 'N' Jazz (1983)
- Six Silver Strings (1985)
- King of the Blues: 1989 (1988)
- There Is Always One More Time (1991)
- Blues Summit (1993)
- Lucille & Friends (1995)
- Deuces Wild(1997)
- Blues on the Bayou (1998)
- Let the Good Times Roll (1999)
- Makin' Love Is Good for You (2000)
- Riding with the King(2000, with Eric Clapton)
- A Christmas Celebration of Hope (2001)
- Reflections(2003)
- B.B. King & Friends: 80(2005)
- One Kind Favor (2008)
Accolades
Awards and nominations
Years reflect the year in which the Grammy was awarded, for music released in the previous year.
Grammy Awards | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Category | Work | Result |
1970 | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
|
"The Thrill Is Gone" | Won |
1981 | Best R&B Instrumental Performance
|
"When I'm Wrong" | Nominated |
1982 | Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording
|
"There Must Be a Better World Somewhere" | Won |
1983 | Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals | "Street Life" | Nominated |
1984 | Best Traditional Blues Recording
|
Blues 'n Jazz | Won |
1986 | My Guitar Sings the Blues | Won | |
1991 | Live at San Quentin
|
Won | |
1991 | Best Country Collaboration with Vocals | "Waiting on the Light to Change" | Nominated |
1992 | Best Traditional Blues Album
|
Live at the Apollo | Won |
1994 | Blues Summit | Won | |
1995 | Best Country Collaboration with Vocals | "Patches" | Nominated |
1997 | Best Rock Instrumental Performance
|
"SRV Shuffle" | Won |
1999 | Best Contemporary Blues Album | Deuces Wild | Nominated |
2000 | Best Traditional Blues Album | Blues on the Bayou | Won |
2001 | Best Traditional Blues Album | Riding with the King
|
Won |
2001 | Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
|
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't (My Baby)" | Won |
2003 | Best Traditional Blues Album | A Christmas Celebration of Hope | Won |
2003 | Best Pop Instrumental Performance
|
"Auld Lang Syne" | Won |
2005 | Best Traditional R&B Performance | "Sinner's Prayer" (with Ray Charles) | Nominated |
2006 | Best Traditional Blues Album | B. B. King & Friends: 80 | Won |
2009 | Best Traditional Blues Album | One Kind Favor | Won |
Other awards
Year | Association | Category | Work | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | Country Music Association | Album of the Year | Rhythm, Country and Blues ("Patches" with George Jones) | Nominated |
2002 | NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special
|
Sesame Street | Nominated |
Additional honors
- Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Tougaloo College (1973)[119]
- Honorary Doctor of Music by Yale University (1977)[120]
- Inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame (1980)[121]
- Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music (1985)[122]
- Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (1987)[123]
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1987)[124]
- The National Medal of Arts (1990)[125]
- The National Heritage Fellowship from the NEA (1991)[126]
- The Kennedy Center Honors – given to recognize "the lifelong accomplishments and extraordinary talents of our nation's most prestigious artists" (1995)[127]
- Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "The Thrill is Gone" – given to recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance" (1998)[128]
- The Library of Congress awarded him the Living Legend Medal for his lifetime of contributions to America's diverse cultural heritage (2000)[129]
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Music awarded him the Polar Music Prize for his "significant contributions to the blues" (2004)[47]
- The Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2004)[130]
- The Presidential Medal of Freedom awarded by President George W. Bush on December 15 (2006)[131]
- An honorary doctorate in music by Brown University (2007)[132]
- The keys to the city of Portland, Maine (2008)[133]
- A Mississippi Blues Trail marker was added for King to commemorate his birthplace (2008)[134]
- Time named King No. 3 on its list of the 10 best electric guitarists (2009)[135]
- King was awarded the MMP Music Award and inducted into the MMP Hall of Fame by the Mississippi Music Project (2018)[136]
- A Google Doodle celebrated what would have been King's 94th birthday (2019)[137]
- A King Homecoming Festival is held in Indianola, Mississippi during the first week in June every year[138]
- Rolling Stone named King the 8th greatest guitarist of all time in 2023.[139]
See also
- African Americans in Mississippi
- B.B. King's Bluesville
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of nicknames of blues musicians
References
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...was born on a cotton plantation, in Itta Bene [sic], Mississippi, just outside the delta town of Indianola.
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- ^ Sesame Workshop. "Sesame Street Beat Newsletter Archive". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- ^ "BB King Mcdonald's Commercial 1987" – via YouTube.
- ^ "McDonalds Australia commercial 1995 featuring Nathan Cavaleri & BB King" – via YouTube.
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1980: B.B. King is inducted into the first class of the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame.
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Further reading
- De Visé, Daniel (2021). King of the Blues: the Rise and Reign of B.B. King (First ed.). New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. OCLC 1261767849.
- Sawyer, Charles (2022). B.B. King: From Indianola to Icon (First ed.). Atglen, PA: Schiffer Books. ISBN 9780764363856.
External links
External videos | |
---|---|
Oral History, B.B. King reflects on his greatest musical influences. Interview date August 3, 2005, NAMM Oral History Library |
- Official website
- B. B. King discography at Discogs
- B. B. King at IMDb
- B.B. King interview on Guitar.com Archived July 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- "Blues Legend B.B. King" episode from In Black America series, distributed by the American Archive of Public Broadcasting