BM-21 Grad

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BM-21 "Grad"
A Russian BM-21-1 on display in Saint Petersburg in May 2009
TypeMultiple rocket launcher
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1963–present
Used bySee operators
Wars
Production history
DesignerSplav State Research and Production Enterprise
Designed1963
ManufacturerSplav State Research and Production Enterprise
Produced1963–present
No. built8000 +[citation needed]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications (9K51)
Mass13.71 tonnes (30,225 lb)
Length7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Barrel length3 m (9 ft 10 in)
Width2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
Height3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
Crew3

Caliber122 mm
Barrels40
Rate of fire2 rounds/s
Muzzle velocity690 m/s (2,264 ft/s)
Effective firing range0.5–52 km
SightsPG-1M panoramic telescope

EngineV8 gasoline ZiL-375
180 hp (130 kW)
Suspension6×6 wheeled
Operational
range
405 km (251 mi)
Maximum speed 75 km/h (47 mph)

The BM-21 "Grad" (

hailstorm') is a self-propelled 122 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union.[8] The system and the M-21OF rocket[9] were first developed in the early 1960s, and saw their first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict.[10] BM stands for boyevaya mashina (Russian: боевая машинаcombat vehicle), and the nickname grad means "hail
". The complete system with the BM-21 launch vehicle and the M-21OF rocket is designated as the M-21 field-rocket system. The complete system is more commonly known as a Grad multiple rocket launcher system.

In

9A52-4 Tornado
. Many similar 122 mm MLRS systems are made by different countries based on the BM-21 Grad.

Description

A BM-21-1 launch vehicle during a military parade in Yekaterinburg, May 2009.

The M-21 field rocket system with a BM-21 launch vehicle (122 mm multiple rocket launcher (MRL) system) entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963 to replace the aging 140 mm

Ural-375D
6x6 truck chassis fitted with a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in a rectangular shape that can be turned away from the unprotected cab.

The vehicle is powered by a water-cooled V8 180 hp

GRAU index "9K51". The launcher itself has the industrial index of "2B5". In 1976, the BM-21 was mounted on the newer Ural-4320 6x6 army truck.[citation needed
]

The three-member crew can emplace the system and have it ready to fire in three minutes. The crew can fire the rockets from the cab or from a trigger at the end of a 64-meter (210 ft) cable. All 40 rockets can be away in as little as 20 seconds, and can be fired individually or in small groups in several-second intervals. A PG-1M panoramic telescope with a K-1 collimator can be used for sighting.[citation needed]

Each 2.87-meter (9 ft 5 in) rocket is slowly spun by rifling in its tube as it exits, which along with its primary fin stabilization keeps it on course. Rockets armed with high explosive-fragmentation, incendiary, or chemical warheads can be fired 20 kilometers (12 mi). Newer high explosive and cargo rockets (used to deliver anti-personnel or antitank mines) have a range of 30 kilometers (19 mi) and more. Warheads weigh around 20 kilograms (44 lb), depending on the type.[citation needed]

The number of rockets that each vehicle is able to quickly bring to bear on an enemy target makes it effective, especially at shorter ranges. One battalion of eighteen launchers is able to deliver 720 rockets in a single volley. The system has lower precision than gun artillery and cannot be used in situations that call for pinpoint accuracy. It relies on a large number of shells dissipating over an area for a certain hit rate on specific targets. Because of the short warning time for the impact of the whole volley, the BM-21 is still considered an effective weapon.[citation needed]

Variants

A BM-21 launch vehicle.
The 9P138 launch vehicle of the Grad-1 multiple rocket launcher system.
VDV
variant.

Russia

  • BM-21: Original version known as the BM-21 launch vehicle. The launcher unit was mounted on a modified
    Ural-375D
    truck chassis.
    • BM-21-1: Launch vehicles are mounted on a family of Ural-4320 truck chassis.
    • 2B17 or also BM-21-1: This upgrade was presented for the first time in 2003 and was developed by Motovilikha Plants from Perm. The system is fitted with a satellite navigation system NAP SNS, automated fire control system ASUNO, APP laying system and can fire a new generation of rockets with a range of 40 km (25 mi). The truck is the Ural-43201.

  • 9P138 "Grad-1": lighter 36-round version, mounted on a 6x6 ZIL-131 chassis. The vehicle with supporting equipment (rockets, transporter 9T450 and resupply truck 9F380) is referred to as complex 9K55. The 9P138 can only use "short-range" rockets with a range of 15 km (9.3 mi). It used to be known in the West as BM-21b or M1976.

  • 9А51 "Prima": 50-round launcher on a Ural-4320 5t chassis. The vehicle together with fire control equipment, the ammunition transporter TZM 9T232M and the new rocket 9M53F is referred to as complex 9K59. Apparently only a small number was produced.
A Grad-P single tube launcher system

  • "Grad-P Light portable rocket system": The complete system comprises a
    Donbas War (2014-2022).[12][13]

  • BM-21PD "Damba" (Protivodiversionnyi): 40-round launcher mounted on Ural-375D or 43201 truck chassis. Developed for protection of naval bases against underwater infiltrations, uses special ammunition PRS-60 (Protivodiversionnyi Reaktivnyi Snaryad). The vehicle together with ammunition transporter is referred to as complex DP-62 "Damba".

  • A-215 "Grad-M": 20-round naval version, entered service in 1978.

Adaptations of the launcher were/are produced by several countries including China, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Poland and Romania.

Belarus

A Belarusian BM-21A "BelGrad"
  • BM-21A "BelGrad": This is a modernized version, based on a MAZ-631705 6×6 truck with 425 hp diesel engine TMZ-8424. Between the cab and the launcher there is another pack of 40 rockets. The system was evaluated from 1997 and entered service in 2001.

China

A WS-22 SPMRL of the Bangladesh Army.
  • WS-22 SPMRL
    : A guided version of 122 mm PR50 MLS with primitive cascade inertial terminal guidance, with standard range of 20 to 30 km
  • CTL-181A MRL: A Dongfeng Mengshi variants fitted with 122 mm multiple rocket launcher and modular ammunition storage unit.[15]

Croatia

A LRSV-122 M-96 "Tajfun
  • LRSV-122 M-92 "Vulkan" (samovozni višecijevni lanser raketa): Modified version of M-77 Oganj with 128 mm barrels replaced with 122 mm barrels due to lack of missiles in 128 mm caliber, in 4 rows of 8 launch tubes for use with Grad caliber.[16]

Georgia

A Georgian RS-122, a heavily upgraded and automated version of the Soviet BM-21 based on the Ukrainian KrAZ-63221 chassis
  • STANAG level 2 or higher. The 40-tube launcher is fitted with a pinpoint targeting system and has a maximum firing distance of 45 km depending on ammunition, guaranteeing much more precision at greater distances. There is enough room for an additional 40-tube pack. The launcher can be deployed and activated directly from inside the crew cab, greatly decreasing time between salvos. However, the traditional external setup is also available. An entire barrage can be fired in less than 20 seconds. The general purpose platform can also be used for more sophisticated rocket systems.[17][18]

Czechoslovakia

A RM-70 launch vehicle, a Czechoslovak variant with the BM-21 launch vehicle launcher unit.
  • RM-70 (122 mm RAKETOMET vz. 70): In 1972 the Czechoslovak Army introduced its own version of the BM-21 launch vehicle, designated the RM-70. The launcher unit comprises a bank of 40 launch tubes arranged in 4 rows of 10 and it is mounted on an 8x8 10-ton modified Tatra 813 truck. Unlike the BM-21, the RM-70 has an armoured cab and enough room behind it to allow for the storage of further 40 rockets. Those rockets can be automatically reloaded into launcher at the same time.
    • RM-70/85: Modification of RM-70 launch vehicle on unarmored Tatra 815 truck.

Czech Republic

  • RM 70 Vampire: RM 70 modern version on
    Tatra 817
    8x8 chassis with digital fire control system, introduced in 2015.
  • BM-21 MT STRIGA: BM-21 launch vehicle on
    Tatra 817
    4x4 chassis with digital fire control system, without spare rack for immediate reload, introduced in 2022.

Pakistan

Pakistan first obtained these MRLS from China in few numbers (52+ Chinese Type-83) and then reverse engineered to develop these multiple rockets indigenously by KRL (Khan Research laboratories). The new missile system were developed with 16 modernization by Pakistani Engineers. A vertical stabilizer was added to the launcher that improved its accuracy. The new indigenously reverse engineered system were named KRL-Ghadab. the range of the indigenously developed rockets were increased to 45 km with <1% CEP.

Poland

A WR-40 Langusta, a deeply modernized and automated version, of the Soviet BM-21 based on the Jelcz P662D.35 6x6 truck, displayed at the MSPO 2007.
  • WR-40 "Langusta" (eng. spiny lobster) (wyrzutnia rakietowa means rocket launcher): This is a modern Polish version with a new fire control system (with ballistic computer BFC201 and navigation system Sigma 30) and a modified launcher based on the Jelcz P662D.35G-27 6×6 truck, produced by Jelcz Komponenty.[19] The first vehicle entered service on 20 March 2007. Probably about half of all 227 Polish BM-21 launchers will be converted into WR-40 launchers. New, modern types of munition were also developed for the launcher: the range is approximately 42 km (26 mi) for fragmentation-HE rockets "Fenix" and 32 km (20 mi) for cargo rockets. The Jelcz P662.D.35 truck with lightly armoured cab is also believed to be the base of a Polish multiple rocket launcher complex, which will possibly be developed in the future.

Egypt

The Egyptians domestically manufacture the rockets Sakr-18 and Sakr-36, with a respective range of 18 km (11 mi) and 36 km (22 mi), and the latest Sakr-45 with a superior range of 45 km (28 mi). Rather than a standard HE-Frag round, the Egyptian military prefers a 23-kilogram (51 lb) cluster munition, which can be extremely effective against lightly armored equipment and troop concentrations. Both rockets, as well as the original Soviet models of course, are fired by locally manufactured rocket launchers like the RL-21 (copy of BM-11) and RC-21 (copy of BM-21, similar to the Hadid HM20). The Helwan Machine Tools Company also produces portable systems with one, three, four and eight launch tubes.

Gaza Strip

Since 2006 Hamas has fired 122 mm Grad rockets, copies made in Iran, and Eastern-bloc versions modified to expand their range, into Israel.[20] The rockets were believed to be brought into the Gaza Strip via tunnels from Egypt.[20] Some of the rockets were of a Chinese Grad variant.[21] Hamas sources said they were pleased by the performance of the Chinese variants of the BM-21 Grad rocket, which demonstrated a far greater range and blast impact than Palestinian-made rockets, as well as Russian-origin Grads or Katyushas.[21][22]

Hamas have used small man-portable single-tube launchers for rockets in attacks against Israel, designated 122 mm 9P132/BM-21-P.

Kiryat Malachi and Gan Yavne
. They also published a clip claiming device mounted used as a multi-barrel rocket launcher on vehicle used for first time in Gaza.[24] On 7 April 2011, the Iron Dome system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza for the first time. The rockets were launched without their dedicated platforms and by untrained operators which causes very low accuracy. Over 50% of the rockets miss entire cities and over 10% end up hitting the sea.[25]

Ethiopia

The

Bishoftu Motorization Engineering Complex
produces the launching tubes and has converted existing trucks to diesel engine. Bishoftu motorization has also produced a six tube launcher to be mounted on light trucks.

North Korea

  • BM-11: North Korean 30-tube version. The tubes are arranged in 2 banks of 15; all rockets can be fired in as little as 15 seconds. The basis for the BM-11 system is an unlicensed copy of the Japanese-manufactured Isuzu HTS12G 2.5 ton truck chassis.
  • MRL 122 mm M1977: U.S. DIA code for a system that appears to be a direct copy of the BM-21 "Grad".
  • MRL 122 mm M1985: This is a more modern version, based on an Isuzu 6×6 truck and probably with a 40-round reload pack mounted between the cab and the launcher.

Iran

D.I.O. from Iran produces copies of the BM-11 and BM-21 systems that can fire the original Soviet rockets as well as the locally developed "Arash
" with a range of 20.5 km (12.7 mi). There is also a rocket with a range of 75 km (47 mi).

Iraq

Various 122 mm-type rockets were deployed by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, modified to deliver nerve agents to targets. This included the 40-inch long, domestically produced Grad MLRS-compatible "Borak" warhead designed to disperse sarin gas.[26]

Italy

Produced a limited number of FIROS 25 and 30 rocket launchers. They had the same configuration, exactly 40 rockets 122 mm caliber, compatible also with BM-21 launcher. Range about 25-32 km, sold to Libya, United Arab Emirates and probably other customers. About 150 produced in '80s-'90s.

Pakistan

Romania

Serbia

A Serbian LRSVM Morava
  • LRSVM Morava: Universal modular MLRS with possibilities to use all models of Grad 122 mm rockets, both with M-77 Oganj and M-63 Plamen 128 mm rockets too.
  • G-2000: Produced by EdePro, G-2000 122 mm missile is with range above 40 km.[34]

South Africa

  • Valkiri: This is a South African design based on Grad 21a Unimog truck chassis by Denel using 127 mm rockets.
  • Bateleur: A newer, more accurate version of the Valkiri. Based on the Withings (White Stallion) military recovery truck chassis. Also produced by Denel it was used against the Ethiopian regime in the war of Ogaden 1977.

Thailand

  • DTI-2: The 122 mm multiple rocket launcher by Defense Technology Institute.[35]

Ukraine

A Ukrainian BM-21 Bastion-1 based on a KrAZ-260 chassis
  • BM-21K: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-260 chassis with an improved fire control system.
  • Bastion-1: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis.
  • Bastion-2: A modernization based on the KrAZ-260 chassis with additional storage space for 40 missiles.
  • BM-21 UM Berest
  • Verba: A modernization based on a modified double-cab KrAZ-6322 chassis with a digital fire control system.

Projectiles

The original "Grad" rocket has a range of about 20 kilometers (12 mi). The first modification called "G-M" increased the range to about 27.5 kilometers (17.1 mi), while the second modification "G-2000" further increased the range to about 40 kilometers (25 mi).[36] The latest technology development has allowed new Grad rockets to have 52 km range.[37] The range may also vary due to the type of warhead.

The 9M22S munition (see below) was developed by

9N510 incendiary elements.[40] Designed to ignite vegetation, storage facilities, or fuel, these incendiary elements consist of hexagonal prisms made from a magnesium alloy known to the Russian GOST as ML-5,[41][42] filled with a thermite mixture.[43] Each element has a nominal length of 40 mm and a width of 25 mm and a burning time of at least 2 minutes. It is also noted that the effect of these incendiary, as well as conventional lighting munitions (especially at night), outwardly resembles the use of phosphorus munitions.[38]

Origin Ammunition type Minimum range Maximum range Length Weight Warhead weight Effective damage radius
metres miles metres miles metres ft in kg lb kg lb
9M22U (M-21OF) USSR/Russia
Fragmentation-HE
5,000 3.1 20,380 12.66 2.87 9 ft 5 in 66.6 147 18.4 41
9M18
USSR/Russia
POM-2
submunitions
9M28F USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE 1,500 0.93 15,000 9.3 2.27 7 ft 5 in 56.5 125 21.0 46.3
9M28K USSR/Russia Anti-tank
mines
13,400 8.3 3.04 10 ft 0 in 57.7 127 22.8 50
9M43 USSR/Russia Smoke 20,000 12 2.95 9 ft 8 in 66 146 20.2 45
9M217 USSR/Russia Anti-tank submunitions 30,000 19 3.04 10 ft 0 in 70 150 25 55
9M218 USSR/Russia
HEAT
submunitions
30,000 19 3.04 10 ft 0 in 70 150 25 55
9M519 USSR/Russia RF jammer 18,500 11.5 3.04 10 ft 0 in 66 146 18.4 41
9M521 USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE 40,000 25 2.87 9 ft 5 in 66 146 21 46
9M522 USSR/Russia Fragmentation-HE 37,500 23.3 3.04 10 ft 0 in 70 150 25 55
PRC-60 USSR/Russia Underwater charge (for BM-21PD) 300 0.19 5,000 3.1 2.75 9 ft 0 in 75.3 166 20 44
Type 90A China Fragmentation-HE 12,700 7.9 32,700 20.3 2.75 9 ft 0 in 18.3 40
M21-OF-FP Romania Fragmentation-HE 5,000–6,000 3.1–3.7 20,400 12.7 2.87 9 ft 5 in 65.4 144 6.35 14.0
M21-OF-S Romania Fragmentation-HE 1,000 0.62 12,700 7.9 1.927 6 ft 3.9 in 46.6 103 6.35 14.0
Edepro G2000/52 Serbia Fragmentation-HE 52,000 32 2.862 9 ft 4.7 in 64.4 142 19.0 41.9
Sakr-45A Egypt AT / AP submunitions 42,000 26 3.31 10 ft 10 in 67.5 149 24.5 54
Sakr-45B Egypt Fragmentation-HE 45,000 28 2.9 9 ft 6 in 63.5 140 20.5 45
9M22S USSR/Russia Incendiary 1,500 0.93 19,890 12.36 2.97 9 ft 9 in 66 146 17.8 39
9M28S USSR/Russia Incendiary 1,650 1.03 15,070 9.36 2.318 7 ft 7.3 in 53 117 17.8 39

Also Incendiary, Chemical, Illumination, Antipersonnel mines.

Operators

A map of BM-21 operators in blue with former operators in red
A fired 122 mm projectile of a RM-70 multiple rocket launcher stuck in muddy land in Vakarai, Batticaloa during the Sri Lankan Civil War (2007).
A Djiboutian Army Rocket Launcher.
A BM-21 on display near the Karen Demirchyan Complex, Yerevan, Armenia

Current operators

Former operators

Evaluation only

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

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