Biosafety level

A biosafety level (BSL), or pathogen/protection level, is a set of

On 18 April 1955, fourteen representatives met at Camp Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The meeting was to share knowledge and experiences regarding biosafety, chemical, radiological, and industrial safety issues that were common to the operations at the three principal biological warfare (BW) laboratories of the U.S. Army.^[8] Because of the potential implication of the work conducted at biological warfare laboratories, the conferences were restricted to top level security clearances. Beginning in 1957, these conferences were planned to include non-classified sessions as well as classified sessions to enable broader sharing of biological safety information. It was not until 1964, however, that conferences were held in a government installation not associated with a biological warfare program.^[9]

Over the next ten years, the biological safety conferences grew to include representatives from all federal agencies that sponsored or conducted research with pathogenic microorganisms. By 1966, it began to include representatives from universities, private laboratories, hospitals, and industrial complexes. Throughout the 1970s, participation in the conferences continued to expand and by 1983 discussions began regarding the creation of a formal organization.^[9] The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) was officially established in 1984 and a constitution and bylaws were drafted the same year. As of 2008, ABSA includes some 1,600 members in its professional association.^[9]

In 1977, Jim Peacock of the

In 2007 a scientific review paper stated that the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, which was designed in the early 1990s, "has become the prototype for modern BSL4 laboratories".^[16]

Starting with the 2020

This level of biosafety is appropriate for work with several kinds of microorganisms including non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms not suspected to contribute to human disease.^[23] Due to the relative ease and safety of maintaining a BSL-1 laboratory, these are the types of laboratories generally used as teaching spaces for high schools and colleges.^[22]

Biosafety level 2

At this level, all precautions used at Biosafety level 1 are followed, and some additional precautions are taken. BSL-2 differs from BSL-1 in that:

• "laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by competent scientists."^[24][25]
• Access to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted.
• Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment.^[21]
• Extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items.

Biosafety level 2 is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment.^[22] This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting.^[26] Examples of pathogens classified as "Risk Group 2" in the United States include hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Plasmodium falciparum, and Toxoplasma gondii.^[26][27] Notably, the European Union departs from the United States and classifies HIV and hepatitis B – G as Risk Group 3 agents best handled at BSL-3.^[28]

Biosafety level 3 is appropriate for work involving microbes which can cause serious and potentially lethal disease via the inhalation route.[21] This type of work can be done in clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities.^[22] Here, the precautions undertaken in BSL-1 and BSL-2 labs are followed, as well as additional measures including:

• A laboratory-specific biosafety manual must be drafted which details how the laboratory will operate in compliance with all safety requirements.^[21]
• All laboratory personnel are provided medical surveillance and offered relevant immunizations (where available) to reduce the risk of an accidental or unnoticed infection.^[21]
• All procedures involving infectious material must be done within a biological safety cabinet.^[21]
• Laboratory personnel must wear solid-front protective clothing (i.e. gowns that tie in the back). This cannot be worn outside of the laboratory and must be discarded or decontaminated after each use.^[21]

In addition, the facility which houses the BSL-3 laboratory must have certain features to ensure appropriate containment. The entrance to the laboratory must be separated from areas of the building with unrestricted traffic flow.^[21] Additionally, the laboratory must be behind two sets of self-closing doors (to reduce the risk of aerosols escaping).^[22] The construction of the laboratory is such that it can be easily cleaned. Carpets are not permitted, and any seams in the floors, walls, and ceilings are sealed to allow for easy cleaning and decontamination.^[21] Additionally, windows must be sealed, and a ventilation system installed which forces air to flow from the "clean" areas of the lab to the areas where infectious agents are handled.^[21] Air from the laboratory must be filtered before it can be recirculated.^[21]

A 2015 study by USA Today journalists identified more than 200 lab sites in the U.S. that were accredited biosafety levels 3 or 4.^[29] The Proceedings of a Workshop on "Developing Norms for the Provision of Biological Laboratories in Low-Resource Contexts" provides a list of BSL-3 laboratories in those countries.^[30]

Biosafety level 3 is commonly used for research and diagnostic work involving various microbes which can be transmitted by aerosols and/or cause severe disease. These include

Biosafety level 4

See also: List of biosafety level 4 organisms

Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) is the highest level of biosafety precautions, and is appropriate for work with agents that could easily be aerosol-transmitted within the laboratory and cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which there are no available vaccines or treatments. BSL-4 laboratories are generally set up to be either cabinet laboratories or protective-suit laboratories. In cabinet laboratories, all work must be done within a class III biosafety cabinet. Materials leaving the cabinet must be decontaminated by passing through an autoclave or a tank of disinfectant. The cabinets themselves are required to have seamless edges to allow for easy cleaning. Additionally, the cabinet and all materials within must be free of sharp edges to reduce the risk of damage to the gloves. In a protective-suit laboratory, all work must be done in a class II biosafety cabinet by personnel wearing a positive pressure suit. To exit the BSL-4 laboratory, personnel must pass through a chemical shower for decontamination, then a room for removing the positive-pressure suit, followed by a personal shower. Entry into the BSL-4 laboratory is restricted to trained and authorized individuals, and all persons entering and exiting the laboratory must be recorded.^[21]

As with BSL-3 laboratories, BSL-4 laboratories must be separated from areas that receive unrestricted traffic. Additionally, airflow is tightly controlled to ensure that air always flows from "clean" areas of the lab to areas where work with infectious agents is being performed. The entrance to the BSL-4 lab must also employ airlocks to minimize the possibility that aerosols from the lab could be removed from the lab. All laboratory waste, including filtered air, water, and trash must also be decontaminated before it can leave the facility.^[21]

Biosafety level 4 laboratories are used for diagnostic work and research on easily transmitted pathogens which can cause fatal disease. These include a number of viruses known to cause

State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo, Russia.^[32]

• 
  Regular inspection of positive-pressure suits to locate any leaks^[33]
• 
  SPECT machine at BSL-4 imaging facility that separates subjects with pathogens from the machines^[1]
• 
  The circular containment tube separates the patient table in the "hot" zone (pathogen present) from the "cold" zone around this

  MRI

  machine.
• 
  Air pressure resistant (APR) door to separate the hot and cold zones
• 
  Working inside a BSL-4 lab with air hoses providing positive air pressure
• 
  Inside a Class III biological safety cabinet with an aerosol control platform
• 
  NIAID

BSL-4 facilities for extraterrestrial samples

Main article: Extraterrestrial sample curation

nanometers, and release of a particle 50 nanometers or larger is unacceptable under any circumstance.^[35]

Because NASA and ESA are collaborating on the Mars Sample Return campaign, due to return samples from Mars in the early 2030s, the need for a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) is becoming more pressing. An SRF is expected to take 7 to 10 years from design to completion,[36]^[37] and an additional two years is recommended for the staff to become proficient and accustomed to the facilities.^[36]

List of BSL-4 facilities

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2014)

According to a U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report published on 4 October 2007, a total of 1,356 CDC/USDA registered BSL-3 facilities were identified throughout the United States.^[38] Approximately 36% of these laboratories are located in academia. 15 BSL-4 facilities were identified in the U.S. in 2007, including nine at federal labs.^[38] As of May 2021, there are 42 BSL-4 facilities in operation around the world, with a further 17 planned or under construction.^[39]

The following is a list of existing BSL-4 facilities worldwide.

Country	Location	Name	Date established	Description
Argentina	Buenos Aires	National Service of Healthcare and Agriculture Quality (SENASA)		Diagnostic laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease.[40]
Australia	Geelong, Victoria	Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness	1985	Capable of housing from large experimental animals to insects under conditions that exceed all BSL 4 requirements. The antecedent of all such facilities developed since the 1980s. Arguably the most researched design and construction project ever. The ACDP is subdivided into a number of isolation zones that can be managed at differing containment levels concurrently. CSIRO AAHL Project Manager and Architect, William Curnow, provided technical reviews to Canadian, Indian, UK and French Authorities and consulted with Dr Jerry Callis [PIADC] to UN FAO on matters of bio-containment. Formerly known as the Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) and renamed to Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness April 2020
	Melbourne	University of Melbourne – Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity	2014	Diagnostic reference lab.[41][12]
		National High Security Laboratory		Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.[42]
Belarus	Minsk	Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology (RPPCM)		Formerly the SRIEM.[43]
Brazil	Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais	Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais (Lanagro/MG)	2014	Focus on Agropecuary diseases and diagnostics, like the foot-and-mouth disease.[44]
	Campinas, São Paulo	Laboratório Nacional de Máxima Contenção Biológica (LNMCB)	2026 (expected)	It was announced in 2021 to be built near the Sincrotron lab.[45][46]
Canada	Winnipeg, Manitoba	National Microbiology Laboratory	1999[47]	Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.[48]
China	Wuhan, Hubei	Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	2015	Wuhan Institute of Virology has existed since 1956 and already hosted BSL-3 laboratories. A BSL-4 facility was completed in 2015, and became the first BSL-4 laboratory in China.[49]
	Harbin, Heilongjiang	Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	2018	Harbin Veterinary Research Institute researches prevention and control of major infectious diseases. China's second, and the first for large animals, BSL-4 lab.[50]
Czech Republic	Těchonín, Pardubice Region	Biological Defense Center	1971, rebuilt 2003–2007	Hospital and research facility. Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center). Operated by Army of the Czech Republic.[51]
France	Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne	French Armed Biomedical Research Institute, French Defence Health Service		French Army laboratory.[52]
	Lyon, Metropolis of Lyon	Jean Mérieux BSL-4 Laboratory	1999	Built and owned by the INSERM.[53]
	Vert-le-Petit, Essonne	French general directorate of armaments (DGA)	2013	Operated by the Ministry of Defense.[54]
Gabon	Franceville, Haut-Ogooué Province	Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville		This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).[55]
Germany	Berlin	Robert Koch Institute	2015	Diagnostic and experimental lab facility.[56]
	Hamburg	Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	2014	Part of the Leibniz Center Infection. National reference lab for tropical viruses.[57]
	Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Friedrich Loeffler Institute	2010	Focus on animal viral diseases and diagnostics.[58]
	Marburg, Hesse	Philipps University of Marburg	2008	Focuses on hemorrhagic fever viruses.[59]
Hungary	Budapest	National Center for Epidemiology	1998	Division of Virology operates three WHO National Reference Laboratories. The BSL-4 biosafety laboratory provides a modern means to process dangerous imported zoonotic viral pathogens.[60]
	Pécs	University of Pécs	2016	Opened in 2016, part of Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont.[61]
India	Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh	National Institute of High Security Animal Disease	1998	This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.[62]
	Hyderabad, Telangana	Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	2009	National BSL-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases.[63]
	Pune, Maharashtra	National Institute of Virology	2012	India's most advanced BSL-4 category lab.[64]
Italy	Rome, Lazio	Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive	1997	The "National Institute of Infectious Diseases" used to operate within the Lazzaro Spallanzani hospital; the facility is now independent and is home to five BSL-3 labs as well as a single BSL-4 laboratory, which was completed in 1997.[65]
	Milan, Lombardy	Ospedale Luigi Sacco	2006
Japan	Musashimurayama, Tokyo	National Institute for Infectious Diseases	2015	Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I. Built in 1981; operated at BSL-3 until 2015 due to opposition from nearby residents.[66]
	Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture	Nagasaki University	2021	Facility for the study of infectious diseases.[67]
	Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture	Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)	1984	Facility completed in 1984 but not operated as BSL-4 due to local opposition.[68]
Philippines	New Clark City, Capas, Tarlac	Virology Institute of the Philippines	2024 (expected)	First BSL-4 Lab in the Philippines when completed.[69]
Russia	Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast	48th Central Scientific Research Institute Sergiev Posad[43]
	Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast	State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR)		One of two variola virus (AKA smallpox).[32]
Singapore	Singapore	DSO National Laboratories	End-2025 (expected)	First BSL-4 Lab in Singapore when completed.[70]
South Africa	Johannesburg, Gauteng	National Institute for Communicable Diseases	2002	[71]
South Korea	Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province	Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	2017	First BSL-4 Lab in South Korea.[72][73]
Sweden	Solna, Stockholm County	Public Health Agency of Sweden	2001	The only BSL-4 facility in the Nordic region. Constructed for research and diagnostics of hemorrhagic fever viruses.[74]
Switzerland	Geneva, Canton of Geneva	University Hospital of Geneva		"Glove box" type laboratory; primarily for handling clinical samples.[75]
	Spiez, Canton of Bern	Spiez Laboratory	2013	Run by the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports.[76]
	Mittelhäusern, Canton of Bern	The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI[77]		Part of the Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO).[78] Primary purpose is diagnostics of highly pathogenic viruses.[76]
Republic of China (Taiwan)	National Defense University	Institute of Preventive Medicine	1983	[79]
	Taipei, Taiwan	Kwen-yang Laboratory		[80][circular reference]
United Kingdom	Camden , Greater London	Francis Crick Institute	2015	Has BSL-4 space but does not work on human pathogens.[81]
	Colindale, Greater London	Public Health England's Centre for Infections		Department of Health laboratory. Diagnostics for various viral diseases.[82] Part of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-4 Laboratories.[83]
	Mill Hill, Greater London	National Institute for Medical Research		Medical Research Council laboratory. Research and diagnostics for highly pathogenic viruses. Closed in 2017 and work moved to the Francis Crick Institute. Site demolished in 2018.[82]
	Potters Bar, Hertfordshire	National Institute for Biological Standards and Control		Department of Health and Home Office laboratory. Develop assays and reagents for research on virulent pathogens.[82]
	Addlestone, Surrey	Animal and Plant Health Agency		Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs laboratory. Diagnostics and research for animal diseases.[82]
	Pirbright, Surrey	Institute for Animal Health		Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council laboratory. Research on highly pathogenic animal diseases.[82]
		Merial Animal Health		Private lab. Produces vaccines against foot and mouth disease and bluetongue disease.[82]
	Porton Down, Wiltshire	Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response		Department of Health laboratory. Diagnostics and research for haemorrhagic fever viruses.[82] Part of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-4 Laboratories.[83]
		Defence Science and Technology Laboratory		Ministry of Defence laboratory. Focuses on protection from biological weapons.[82]
United States	Atlanta, Georgia	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention		Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.[32]
		Georgia State University	1997	Research focus on B virus.[84]
	Manhattan, Kansas	National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University	2023	Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Expected to be operational by 2022–2023.[85]
	Bethesda, Maryland	National Institutes of Health (NIH)		Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.[86]
	Fort Detrick, Maryland	Integrated Research Facility		Operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Focuses on animal models of human diseases.[87]
		National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center		Operated by the Department of Homeland Security. Focus on potential bioterrorism threats.[88]
		US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	1969	Run by the U.S. Army. Research focuses on biological threats to the U.S. military.[89][90]
	Boston, Massachusetts	National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	Built 2008, Opened 2012,[91] BSL-4 Approval in 2017[92]	Focus on potential threats to public health.[93] Operated by Boston University School of Medicine.[94]
	Hamilton, Montana	Rocky Mountain Laboratories Integrated Research Facility	2008	NIAID laboratory. Focus on vector-borne diseases.[95]
	Galveston, Texas	Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility		Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).[96]
		Shope Laboratory	2004	Operated by UTMB.[97]
	San Antonio, Texas	Texas Biomedical Research Institute	1999	The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.[98]
	Richmond, Virginia	Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratories	2003	A BSL-4 lab that also acts as a BSL-3 lab.[99]

Safety concerns

A North Carolina Mosquito & Vector Control Association (NCMVCA) study highlighted safety concerns. In the United States, laboratories can be funded by federal, state, private, non-profit, or academically. The last accounts for 72% of the funding.^[100]

High-containment labs that are registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Select Agent Program must adhere to Department of Defense standards.^[101] Since BSL3 and 4 laboratories in the United States are regulated by either the CDC or USDA or another federal agency (depending on the pathogens they handle), no single federal agency is responsible for regulating or tracking the number of these labs.^[102] U.S. high-containment laboratories that handle pathogens which are declared as "select agents" must be inspected periodically by the CDC or USDA, adhere to certain standards, and maintain ongoing education on biosecurity and biosafety policies as mandated by law.^[103][104]

See also

• Aeromedical Isolation Team
• Biocontainment
• Biological hazard
• Biosafety
• Hazmat suit
• Interplanetary contamination
• Laboratory Response Network
• List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
• Safety engineering
• Security engineering
• Select agent

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External links

• Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, CDC publication
• Federation of American Scientists: Biosafety Level 3 and 4 Labs