BTR-152
BTR-152 | |
---|---|
SGMB light machine gun (1,250 rounds) (12.7 mm DShK 1938/46 heavy machine gun (500 rounds) can be used instead)[3] | |
Secondary armament | 2×7.62mm SGMB light machine guns (1,250–1,750 rounds) on side pintel mounts (optional)[3] |
Engine | ZIS-123 6-cylinder in-line water-cooled petrol (for variants based on ZIS-151) ZIL-137K 6-cylinder in-line petrol (for variants based on ZIL-157)[6] 110 hp (82 kW) at 3,000 rpm. (for variants based on ZIS-151) 107 hp (80 kW) (for variants based on ZIL-157)[6] |
Power/weight | 11.1 hp/tonne (8.3 kW/tonne) 10.8 hp/tonne (8.1 kW/tonne) for BTR-152V[1] |
Suspension | wheeled 6×6 front - 2 leaf springs and hydraulic shock absorbers. rear - equalising type with 2 leaf springs and torsion bars. |
Ground clearance | 300 mm |
Fuel capacity | 300 L (79 gal) |
Operational range | 650 km (404 miles)[3] |
Maximum speed | 75 km/h[7] 65 km/h for BTR-152V[1] |
The BTR-152 is a six-wheeled
BTR-152s were available in several marks, and were manufactured in large numbers for the Soviet military and export. Late production models utilized automotive components from the more reliable
History
Development
During World War II, Red Army tacticians favored combined arms offensives, which emphasized the deployment of light infantry in concert with tanks. However, the Soviet infantrymen lacked the armored protection and rapid mobility of the tanks, and remained comparatively vulnerable to enemy fire.[12]
By the end of the war, the initial Soviet tactic of
Wartime experiences demonstrated that the Red Army had an urgent postwar requirement for more wheeled armored vehicles, and the general staff specified a new reconnaissance vehicle and armored personnel carrier (APC).[13] The APC had to be capable of transporting at least eight troops. A new design bureau at the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ) was set up to study potential concepts accordingly; their final prototype, the Izdeliye 141 (BTR-40), was accepted into service but was regarded as too small to be used in an APC role.[13] Meanwhile, specifications for another APC had been issued, capable of seating 15 to 20 additional passengers and armed with a single heavy machine gun.[15] Existing M3 half-tracks and captured German Sd.Kfz. 251s were studied as potential references for the upcoming design.[12]
Concept work on the new APC began at the Zavod imeni Stalina (ZIS) factory in Moscow, overseen by Soviet engineer Boris Mikhailovich Fitterman, at roughly the same time the Izdeliye 141 was being developed by GAZ. Prototypes were built with automotive components from the ZIS-151 production line; however, the APC chassis incorporated a more powerful engine and a shorter wheelbase than its utility truck counterpart.[15] Design work was carried out by a team of five ZIS employees: Fitterman, K. M. Androsov, A. P. Petrenko, V. F. Rodionov and P. P. Chernyaev.[1] The final prototype was trialed by the Soviet Armed Forces in December 1949 and accepted into service as the BTR-152.[15] Serial production of the BTR-152 under the manufacturer's code ZIS-152 commenced around mid 1950, making it the first mass-produced Soviet APC.[11] Despite being designed around the same time, the BTR-40 did not enter serial production until the end of the year.[13]
The BTR-152 was used by the Soviet military as a command and communications vehicle, fire support vehicle, artillery tractor, and general transporter.[11] Being open-topped, the BTR-152's crew was vulnerable to indirect fire. In later years, the vehicle was not ideal for the prospect of a major conventional war in Europe either, as it lacked amphibious capability or NBC countermeasures.[11] However, these early BTRs remained effective as a low-cost option that allowed the Soviets to rapidly motorize their existing infantry divisions.[14] A program in the late 1950s looked at ways to replace the BTR-152 with a more sophisticated APC utilizing a purpose-designed, amphibious chassis.[11] As the BTR-152's six-wheeled configuration was deemed insufficient to reduce ground pressure on the tires and produce optimal cross-country performance, Soviet engineers embarked on an eight-wheeled APC program, which resulted in the BTR-60.[14]
Approximately 8,600 BTR-152s of all variants were manufactured in the Soviet Union,
Service
BTR-152s first saw combat during the
Egypt was one of the first major export customers for the BTR-152 outside Eastern Europe; in 1954, it ordered 200 from the Soviet Union, and between 1961 and 1966 it received another 600 in second-hand condition, possibly as military aid.[16] Syria likewise received at least 200 BTR-152s in 1966, and another 300 three years later. These were deployed against the Israel Defense Forces during the Six-Day War.[14] In Syrian service, they were utilized as makeshift infantry fighting vehicles rather than APCs; infantrymen remained on board and used the BTR-152 as a firing platform rather than disembark and fight on foot.[19] Nevertheless, failure to coordinate combined arms maneuvers often left the Syrian motorized infantry separated from their supporting tank formations and vulnerable to Israeli heavy armor.[19] Israel captured over 1,000 BTR-152s from Arab armies during the Six-Day War and the subsequent Yom Kippur War.[20]
BTR-152s were deployed by the
BTR-152s formed the mainstay of mechanized units on both sides during the Ogaden War. The Somali National Army ordered enough BTR-152s from the Soviet Union in the late 1960s to equip nine new mechanized battalions.[22] About half of Somalia's BTR-152s appear to have been lost in the Ogaden conflict.[23] Soviet weapons deliveries to Ethiopia accelerated after the outbreak of war, and starting in March 1977 included 40 BTR-152s appropriated from the Soviet Army's reserve stocks.[24] These vehicles were mostly BTR-152Vs[25] but also included the BTR-152A anti-aircraft variant.[26]
The Soviet Union donated at least six BTR-152s to
During the Lebanese Civil War, both Lebanese militias and Syrian Army used BTR-152s.[30]
Description
The BTR-152 is a modified truck chassis with an armored hull and an open-topped troop compartment. The sides and rear of the troop compartment are vertical, with corners sloping inwards to deflect shell fragments.[31] There are firing ports on each side of the troop compartment and two rear doors for rapid debarking.[31] Infantrymen can fire their individual weapons from the relative protection of the vehicle, and exit through these doors or by jumping over the sides. The crew consists of a driver and a single passenger, who operates the radios.[31]
Two types of seating arrangements were available: the first consists of wooden benches on either side of the troop compartment facing inwards; the second consisted of three rows of seats facing forward.[11] Both the driver and the radio operator seated to his right are provided with individual windscreens and, when in combat, these are covered by twin armored shutters with integral vision blocks.[11] Crew members exit the vehicle through side doors, the tops of which are hinged and fold down for observation purposes.[11]
The BTR-152's armor plate is fabricated of welded steel and ranges from 4 mm (0.16 in) to 13.5 mm (0.53 in) in thickness.
Most Soviet BTR-152s were powered by a six-cylinder ZIL-123 in-line water-cooled petrol engine developing 110 hp at 2,900 rpm.[11] Those based on the chassis and components of the ZIL-157 utility truck utilized a slightly different ZIL-137K engine.[6] There are several engine louvers on the front of the hull to prevent overheating; these could be safely closed for short intervals during combat, as long as the driver reduced speed and avoided overtaxing the vehicle.[5] A BTR-152's gearbox comprised five forward gears and one reverse gear with a two-speed transfer box. Fifth gear had an overdrive.[11] The suspension consisted of conventional leaf springs with hydraulic shock absorbers.[11]
In the late 1950s, a little over 200 BTR-152s were produced with enclosed hulls, as opposed to the traditionally open-topped design; these were designated BTR-152K and BTR-152K1. They were also known unofficially as "BTR-152 Model D" or "BTR-152 M1961" by some Warsaw Pact armies.[11] The enclosed hull reduced situational awareness but allowed for the installation of central heating and an NBC overpressure system.[15] Two hatches opening to the right were installed on the new roofline.[11]
The BTR-152 was originally armed with a single pintle-mounted 7.62mm
Because the original BTR-152 utilized the chassis and engine of the ZIS-151, it shared that truck's maintenance problems and poor cross-country mobility. Later variants, using ZIL-157 components, had more power and larger, single tires that reduced the vehicle's shortcomings but did not eliminate them. Serviceability and reliability remained low.[32]
Variants
Former Soviet Union
- BTR-152 (1950) – Basic APC based on ZIS-151 truck, many of which would later be covered and converted for other uses, such as ambulances, radio stations, and engineer vehicles. The basic BTR-152 has no winch, an open top, and no tire pressure control lines.[3]
- BTR-152A (1951) – BTR-152 converted into a SPAAG armed with a double (ZPTU-2) or quadruple (ZPTU-4) KPVT 14.5 mm antiaircraft heavy machine guns (2400 rounds) in a turret manually operated by a single soldier. The entire vehicle crew consisted of eight soldiers in the variant equipped with ZPTU-2 and five soldiers in the variant equipped with ZPTU-4. The turret is placed inside the troop compartment and can be manually operated by a single soldier. It can make a full turn and its guns can elevate between -5 and +80 degrees.[3][5][34]
- BTR-152 converted into a minelayer equipped with racks for anti-tank mines.[32]
- BTR-152B (1952) – Artillery command version with a front-mounted winch and external tires pressure regulation system.[3][32]
- BTR-152C – Communication variant based on BTR-152.[34]
- BTR-152V (1955) – Variant based on ZIL-157 truck with external tires pressure regulation system, a front-mounted winch and night vision devices for the driver.[5]
- BTR-152D (1955) – Armament as BTR-152A, but based on BTR-152V.
- BTR-152I – BTR-152V version for artillery command vehicle.[3]
- BTR-152S – Command and communication post vehicle for infantry commanders. It has a significantly higher full cover roof and additional radios and antennas.[1][32]
- BTR-152V1 (1957) – Received night vision equipment, winch, open top and improved external tires pressure regulation system.[3]
- BTR-152K (1959) – Received an armored roof with three big hatches on top of it, two of which opened to the right over the troop compartment, an internal tires pressure regulation system and a filtering/ventilating system. The weight of the vehicle has increased, the crew went down from 2+18 to 2+13.[5][32][34]
- BTR-152K converted into an armored ambulance.
- BTR-152E – Armament as BTR-152A, but based on BTR-152V1.
- BTR-152U – Command vehicle based on BTR-152V1 equipped with external tires pressure regulation system. This command vehicle has a significantly higher full cover roof and additional radios and antennas. It has equipment for staff operations. This vehicle normally tows a trailer carrying additional equipment.[3][5][32]
- BTR-152K (1959) – Received an armored roof with three big hatches on top of it, two of which opened to the right over the troop compartment, an internal tires pressure regulation system and a filtering/ventilating system. The weight of the vehicle has increased, the crew went down from 2+18 to 2+13.[5][32][34]
- BTR-152V2 – BTR-152V version without winch. It has the internal tire pressure regulation system.[3]
- BTR-152V3 – BTR-152V with winch on the front, open top, infrared driving lights, and internal tire pressure regulation system.[3]
- BTR-E152V (1957) – Experimental version; the second pair of wheels was moved toward the center of the vehicle in order to improve off-road performance.
- BTR-152A (1951) – BTR-152 converted into a SPAAG armed with a double (ZPTU-2) or quadruple (ZPTU-4)
People's Republic of China
- Type 56 – Chinese version of BTR-152.
Egypt
- BTR-152 converted by Egyptians into a SPAAG armed with Czechoslovak KLAD (Egyptian designation is M58) quadruple DShK 1938/46 12.7 mm anti-aircraft heavy machineguns mounted in the troop compartment. It was withdrawn from service in middle of the 1980s.[3][7][32]
former East Germany
- SPW-152 – East German version of BTR-152.[32]
Israel
- BTR-152 captured from Syrians or Egyptians and modified to fulfil the Israeli Army needs.[32]
- BTR-152 TCM-20 – Israeli air defense vehicle based on ex-Syrian or ex-Egyptian BTR-152. It is armed with twin 20 mm cannon in a TCM-20 powered mount.[32]
Lebanon
- BTR-152 modified by Lebanese militias. It was fitted with a
- BTR-152 modified by the South Lebanese Army. It was fitted with a crane inside a cut down troop compartment. One surviving example is at Yad la-Shiryon Museum in Latrun.[32]
Poland
- BTR-152 converted to serve as a mobile command post. It has additional radios.[32]
- BTR-152 converted into an engineering vehicle.[1]
- BTR-152 converted into an armored artillery tractor.[1]
Vietnam
- Unknown name for upgraded version carried out by the Vietnam's Institute of Military Vehicle Technology in 2011.[36] The upgraded version uses a diesel engine with a new gearbox, new driving system with hydraulic transmission, additional armored hood, improved suspension and electricity, lights, optics and other modifications. The upgraded BTR-152 is claimed to have higher speed, lower fuel consumption and is easier to use.[37]
- Armored medevac variant unveiled in October 2018.[38]
Operators
Current operators
- Angola: 50[16]
- Cambodia: 30[16]
- Central African Republic: 4[39]
- People's Republic of China: Reverse engineered as the Type 56[16]
- Congo: 45; 20 BTR-152 and 25 Type 56[16][40]
- Cuba: 150[16]
- Equatorial Guinea: 10[16]
- Eritrea[41]
- Ethiopia: 100[16]
- Guinea: 6[16]
- Guinea-Bissau: 20; Type 56 variant[42]
- Laos[31]
- Mali: 10 received.[16] Only 1 in service as of 2011[update].[43]
- Mongolia: 50[16]
- Mozambique: 106[16]
- Namibia: 6[44]
- Nicaragua: 120[16]
- North Korea: 350[16]
- Seychelles[45]
- Sudan: 37[16]
Former operators
- Democratic Republic of Afghanistan : 100[16]
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania[10]
- Algeria: 350[16]
- People's Republic of Bulgaria[10]
- Cyprus: 32[46]
- East Germany: 759; German designation SPW-152[16]
- Egypt: 1,000; likely replaced by the Walid[16]
- Estonia: 5[47]
- Georgia[48]
- Hungarian People's Republic: 160[16]
- India: 250[16]
- Indonesia: 30[16]
- Iran: 300[16]
- Iraq: 200[16]
- Israel: 1,500; captured from Egypt and Syria[20]
- Libya[14]
- North Yemen: 20[16]
- Polish People's Republic: 400[16]
- Socialist Republic of Romania: 100[16]
- Somalia: 265[16]
- South Yemen: 100[16]
- Soviet Union[8]
- Sri Lanka: 10[16]
- Yugoslavia: 40[16]
- Zaire: small number[49]
- Zimbabwe: 16[50]
Former non-state operators
- Al-Mourabitoun: 5; inherited from the PLO[51][52][53]
- FROLINAT[21]
- Guardians of the Cedars (GoC): handed over by Israel or Syria[54]
- Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF): handed over by Israel and Syria[55][56]
- Lebanese Forces: inherited from the KRF and the Tigers Militia[57]
- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): handed over by the Soviet Union and Syria[10]
- Progressive Socialist Party/People's Liberation Army (Druze PLA): handed over by Syria[58][59]
- South Lebanon Army (SLA): handed over by Israel[60][32]
- SWAPO/People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN): 6; handed over by the Soviet Union and Angola[44]
- Tigers Militia: handed over by Israel and Syria[61][62]
- Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA): unknown number of vehicles handed over by Mozambique.[63][64][65][66]
- Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA): 15; handed over by the Soviet Union.[63][64][65][66]
- Wolfgang Engels: 1, stolen to escape East Germany[67]
See also
- Bulat (APC)
- Nimda Shoet
References
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- ^ a b c AMW – Agencja Mienia Wojskowego Archived 1 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Administrator. "BTR 152 [ZSRR]: Strona 2 - Pancerni.net". Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-78159-381-3.
- ^ KAT-orygie-0/24-49-soderzanie. Web.archive.org (3 November 2006). Retrieved on 21 September 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-531-03299-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-354-01022-0.
- ^ a b Perrett, Soviet Armour Since 1945 (1987) p. 65.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-892848-05-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2010. p. 243
- ^ a b c d e f "Krasnaya Zvezda: BTR-152". Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France: Elephorm en Alsacréations, Lopez, and Houbre. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-61200-345-0.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-472452-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t JED The Military Equipment Directory
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- ^ a b c "-152 (BTR-152 armored personnel carrier) :: -. (r1a.ru)". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "BTR-152 armored personnel carrier". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ Điểm qua một số chương trình nâng cấp vũ khí nổi bật của VN (P3) - 10. Nâng cấp xe thiết giáp BTR-152 Soha.vn (in Vietnamese)
- ^ Nghiệm thu cải tiến, nâng cấp xe thiết giáp BTR-152 Archived 22 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Quân Đội Nhân Dân (in Vietnamese)
- ^ "Vietnamese Army developed BTR-152 armored vehicle medevac variant | April 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year".
- ^ The Military Balance 2021, p. 456.
- ^ United States Army War College (August 1993). The Challenge of Chinese Arms Proliferation: U.S. Policy for the 1990s (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2022.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Touchard, Laurent (18 June 2013). "Armée malienne : le difficile inventaire" [Malian Army: The difficult inventory]. Jeune Afrique (in French).
- ^ a b Guy Martin (3 September 2013). "Namibia Defence Force". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Seychelles People's Defence Forces". defenceweb.co.za. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-84415-081-6. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Armia magazine issue 8/09
- ^ "BTR-152 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC)". www.militaryfactory.com.
- ISBN 978-1-78200-076-1.
- ISBN 978-91-22-01508-6.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 66.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 95.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 193.
- ^ Cooper & Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981 (2021), p. 7.
- ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 58-60.
- ISSN 1957-4193, p. 79.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 37.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 58.
- ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army Through the Eyes of a Lens, 1975–1991 (2019), pp. 53; 67.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 179.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 61.
- ^ "1/35 scale model photos of a Lebanese Tigers Militia BTR-152 APC with a AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mount, c.1976". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ a b Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 10.
- ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 105.
- ^ a b Touchard, Guerre dans le bush! Les blindés de l'Armée rhodésienne au combat (1964-1979), p. 70.
- ^ "Ich habe gerufen: "Nicht schießen!" - Er schoß aber trotzdem. | Chronik der Mauer". www.chronik-der-mauer.de. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
Further reading
- Bassel Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army Through the Eyes of a Lens, 1975–1991, Éditions Dergham, Jdeideh (Beirut) 2019. ISBN 978-614-459-033-1
- Bryan Perrett, Soviet Armour Since 1945, Blandford Press, London 1987. ISBN 0-7137-1735-1
- David Markov & Steven J. Zaloga, Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices, 1945 to Present, Andrew Hull. ISBN 1-892848-01-5
- Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006
- Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 978-9953-0-1256-8
- Paul L. Moorcraft & Peter McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, South Yorkshire 1983 (2008 ed.). ISBN 978-1-84415-694-8
- Peter Abbott, Philip Botham & Mike Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80, Men-at-arms series 183, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1986. ISBN 9780850457285
- Peter Gerard Locke & Peter David Farquharson Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80, P&P Publishing, Wellington (New Zealand) 1995. ISBN 0-473-02413-6
- Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
- Samer Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975–1981, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. ISBN 978-9953-0-2372-4
- Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Battleground Lebanon (1003), Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1990. ISBN 962-361-003-3
- Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
- Laurent Touchard, Guerre dans le bush! Les blindés de l'Armée rhodésienne au combat (1964-1979), Batailles & Blindés Magazine No. 72, April–May 2016, Caraktère, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 64–75. )
- ISBN 978-1-032-01227-8.
- Sex, Zachary; Abi-Chahine, Bassel (2021). Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond. Modern Conflicts Profile Guide. Vol. II. AK Interactive. EAN 8435568306073.
External links
- BTR-152 foto and forum
- FAS.org
- FAS.org
- Photo gallery at armyrecognition.com
- Description and photo gallery at Slujba.ru (Russian language)
- Description and photo gallery at armoured.vif2.ru (Russian language)
- BTR-152 at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum