B virus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1
B virus spread in murine cells with time at 24 and 48-hours post infection (PI)
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom:
Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Peploviricota
Class: Herviviricetes
Order: Herpesvirales
Family:
Orthoherpesviridae
Genus: Simplexvirus
Species:
Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1
Synonyms
  • Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1[1]
  • Herpes virus B[2]
  • Macacine herpesvirus 1[3]

B-virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; McHV-1; formerly Macacine herpesvirus 1,[3] Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1,[1] CHV-1[4]), Herpesvirus simiae, or Herpes virus B[2] is the Simplexvirus infecting macaque monkeys. B virus is very similar to HSV-1, and as such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood.

In the natural host, the

zoonotically infected with B virus, they can present with a severe encephalitis, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients, with a case fatality rate
of approximately 80%. Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection.

Personal protective equipment is necessary when working with macaques, especially with animals that have tested positive for the virus. Bites, scratches, and exposures to mucous membranes, including the eye, have led to infection when not cleaned immediately.

History

Rhesus monkeys are a natural host of B virus and have on occasion caused fatal infections in researchers

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was first identified in 1932 following the death of William Brebner, a young physician who was bitten by a

HSV-1.[7] This isolate was originally termed "W virus."[5]

Within a year of Brebner's death,

HVP-2 and Langur herpesvirus, two other nonhuman primate alphaherpesviruses.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

By 1959, Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 was identified as the causative agent in 17 human cases, 12 of which resulted in death.[16][17][18] Approximately 50 cases had been identified by 2002, although only 26 were well documented. Improvements in handling human cases have been made in the past several decades. Between 1987 and 2004, the mortality rate decreased, largely due to the addition of new forms of treatment and improved diagnosis. There have been a total of five fatalities related to Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in this period.[19]

In 1997 researcher Elizabeth Griffin was splashed in the eye by an infected rhesus monkey while working at the

Yerkes National Primate Research Center and she subsequently died.[20][21]
In 2019, a researcher working with monkeys at a Japanese pharmaceutical company became infected and critically ill.[22] In 2021, a veterinarian in China became infected while performing two dissections on rhesus monkeys and subsequently died.[23]

Virology

Structure

Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 is approximately 200 nm in diameter and has a structure almost identical to that of

DNA primase, and protein kinases.[24][25]

Genome

The B virus genome was fully sequenced in 2003 from an isolate found in a rhesus macaque.[26] Like all herpes viruses, the B virus genome contains double-stranded DNA and is approximately 157 kbp in length. Two unique regions (UL and US) are flanked by a pair of inverted repeats, two of which are found at the termini, with the other two internally located. This arrangement, which is identical in nature to HSV, results in four sequence-oriented isomers. Cytosine and guanine nucleotides represent 75% of the sequence.

Sequence analyses suggest that B virus and HSV types 1 and 2 most likely diverged from a common ancestor during the evolution of these pathogens. Each gene-encoded

nerve cells
, which could explain the drastically different effects of these viruses on humans.

Infection

In the natural host, the

cold sores in humans.[27]

Humans

B virus infection of humans is extremely rare. People typically get infected with B virus if they are bitten or scratched by an infected macaque monkey, or have contact with the monkey's eyes, nose, or mouth. Only one case has been documented of an infected person spreading B virus to another person.[28] Traveling to an area where macaques are known carriers of the virus and interacting in close contact in areas such as temples poses a risk of exposure. However, even in endemic areas, human cases are rare. There have been no known cases of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 in travelers.[19]

When humans are

zoonotically infected with B virus, they can develop encephalitis, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. The severity of the disease increases for untreated patients. As of 2014, there was a case fatality rate of approximately 80%.[27]

As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death.[29] At least 20 of the patients developed some degree of encephalitis.[30][31]

B virus is the only identified old-world-monkey herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans.[citation needed]

Prevention

Personal protective equipment is necessary when working with macaques, especially with animals that have tested positive for the virus. Bites, scratches, and exposures to mucous membranes, including the eye, have led to infection when not cleaned immediately.[32][23][22][21]

Treatment

Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection. Upon potential infection, samples from both the human and, when possible, the macaque should be sent for B virus diagnostic testing.[33]

Acyclovir has prevented progression of the disease in some patients and may be lifesaving, though it is thought to be only one-tenth as effective against B virus as against HSV1.[34] Prompt treatment is essential to prevent permanent neurological impairment.[35]

References

  1. ^ a b Davison, Andrew. "TAXONOMIC PROPOSALS FROM THE HERPESVIRIDAE STUDY GROUP" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 2005.061V.04 To rename Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 in the genus Simplexvirus of the family Herpesviridae as Macacine herpesvirus 1
  2. ^ a b ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p210 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
  3. ^ a b Davison, Andrew (27 January 2016). "Rename species in the family Herpesviridae to incorporate a subfamily designation" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  4. ^ "B Virus | Home | Herpes B | CDC". 2019-02-04.
  5. ^
    PMC 2263097
    .
  6. PMID 21348110. NBK47426. Retrieved 2021-02-05. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  7. S2CID 88005854
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 19870235
    .
  9. ^ Norris, Melissa Cox (2012-09-07). "The Albert B. Sabin Digitization Project: The Case of William Brebner | LiBlog". Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  10. ^
    PMC 2065030
    .
  11. PMID 7613729
    .
  12. PMC 2065027
    .
  13. PMC 2065017
    .
  14. doi:10.1038/icb.1939.4
    .
  15. doi:10.1038/icb.1939.5
    .
  16. PMID 13546633
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  17. PMID 13666979
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  18. PMID 13594926
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  19. ^ a b "2018 Yellow Book Home | Travelers' Health | CDC".
  20. ^ "Welcome ergriffinresearch.org - BlueHost.com". www.ergriffinresearch.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ a b Bragg, Rick (December 14, 1997). "A Drop of Virus From a Monkey Kills a Researcher in 6 Weeks". The New York Times.
  22. ^ a b "Japan's first human infection with B virus | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Archived from the original on 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  23. ^ a b "China reports first human death from Monkey B Virus. All you need to know". Hindustan Times. 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  24. ISBN 9781469830667
    .
  25. ISBN 9780470900598
    .
  26. ^
    PMID 12743273
    .
  27. ^
    ISBN 9781466553965
    .
  28. ^ "Herpes B Virus". www.cdc.gov. 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  29. ^ "B Virus | Cause and Incidence". CDC. January 28, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  30. ^ "Division of Comparative Medicine (DCM) | Research | Washington University in St. Louis". Research. Archived from the original on January 6, 2008.
  31. PMID 1313312
    .
  32. PMID 12410479
    .
  33. ^ "B Virus | Specimen Collection and B virus Detection". CDC. July 18, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  34. PMID 19793452
    .
  35. PMID 9452406
    .

External links

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